青藏高原草地植被覆盖变化及其与气候因子的关系

为揭示气候变化对青藏高原草地生态系统的影响及其生态适应机制,利用1982~1999年间的NOAA/AVHRR NDVI数据和对应的气候资料,研究了近20年来青藏高原草地植被覆盖变化及其与气候因子的关系。结果表明,18年来研究区生长季NDVI显著增加(p=0.015),其增加率和增加量分别为0.41% a^-1和0.001 0 a^-1。生长季提前和生长季生长加速是青藏高原草地植被生长季NDVI增加的主要原因。春季为NDVI增加率和增加量最大的季节,其增加率和增加量分别为0.92% a^-1和0.001 4 a^-1;夏季NDVI的增加对生长季NDVI增加的贡献相对较小,其增加率和增加量分别为0.37% a^-1和0.001 0 a^-1。3种草地(高寒草甸、高寒草原、温性草原)春季NDVI均显著增加(p<0.01;p=0.001; p=0.002); 高寒草甸夏季NDVI显著增加(p=0.027),而高寒草原和温性草原夏季NDVI呈增加趋势,但都不显著(p=0.106; p=0.087);3种草地秋季NDVI则没有明显的变化趋势(p=0.585; p=0.461; p=0.143)。3种草地春季NDVI的增加是由春季温度上升所致。高寒草地(高寒草甸和高寒草原)夏季NDVI的增加是夏季温度和春季降水共同作用的结果。温性草原夏季NDVI变化与气候因子并没有表现出显著的相关关系。高寒草地植被生长对气候变化的响应存在滞后效应。     

不同地形条件下植被盖度信息提取技术研究

为系统地研究特定区域的植被盖度信息提取技术, 在不同的地形条件下, 比较了目前流行的多种高光谱遥感植被盖度提取方法。结果表明: 最优高光谱归一化植被指数(NDVI₁)的建模和验证精度均高于其他两种归一化植被指数(NDVI), 直接采用NDVI建立的回归模型对研究区植被盖度的估测能力低于像元二分模型; 阴坡的最佳模型为基于一阶微分的偏最小二乘回归模型(PLSR模型), 其建模决定系数(R²)为0.810, 均方根误差(RMSE)为6.29, 验证R²为0.773, RMSE为8.85; 阳坡的最佳模型为基于二阶微分的PLSR模型, 其建模R²为0.823, RMSE为6.04, 验证R²为0.801, RMSE为7.35; 平原的最佳模型为全受限的线性光谱混合分解模型(FCLS), 其验证R²为0.852, RMSE为5.86。     

青藏高原高寒草地地上植物碳积累速率对生态系统多功能性的影响机制

在全球气候变暖的背景下, 草地作为陆地生态系统碳库的重要组成部分, 其较小幅度的波动, 会影响整个陆地生态系统碳循环和生态系统多功能性(EMF)。地上植物碳积累速率(CAR)表示从生长季初始到生长季生物量峰值的群落地上部分碳累积速率, 能够很好地表征固碳功能、固碳潜力和效率。因此, 植物CAR的变化会改变地上和地下群落维持EMF的能力。目前EMF的相关报道多探讨地上群落多样性和EMF的关系, 而缺乏高寒草地生态系统植被地上CAR对EMF的影响机制研究。该研究目的是探究高寒草地群落CAR对EMF的调控作用、机理和过程, 这将对草地生态系统管理提供理论支持, 并推进对生态系统多功能性维持机制的理解。2015年7-8月, 在青藏高原地区进行草地样带调查, 共计取115个样点。综合土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷、地上和地下生物量以及微生物生物量碳等13种生态系统参数计算生态系统多功能性指数(M)。利用归一化植被指数(NDVI, 1982-2013年)计算并提取2015年物候数据, 最终获得CAR。采用薄盘光滑样条插值法插值气象数据, 提取样点2011-2015年年降水量和年平均气温, 以供分析CAR对EMF的调控机理。主要结果: 地下生物量、土壤有机碳、全磷和微生物生物量碳含量对CAR和M有较高的权重(0.58、0.80、0.83和0.79; 1.05、0.98、1.02和0.97), CAR和M呈显著线性正相关关系(R² = 0.45, p < 0.01)。在降水和气温要素的影响下, 植物地上群落和地下土壤要素的协同作用, 影响植被CAR, 进一步调控EMF。     

基于Sentinel-2数据的草地植物功能多样性遥感反演及其与生产力的关系

生物多样性与生态系统功能的关系是当前生态学研究的焦点和难点。植物功能多样性是影响生态系统功能的重要指标, 开展植物功能多样性的研究对了解生物多样性与生态系统功能之间的关系有着重要意义。传统的草地植物功能多样性研究多以实地调查为主, 不仅费时费力, 而且由于受到时空的限制, 很难拓展到大尺度的研究中。遥感技术的发展为评估草地功能多样性提供了一种经济、有效的手段。该研究选取内蒙古自治区锡林郭勒盟乌拉盖管理区草甸草原为研究区, 利用Sentinel-2卫星影像和野外实测数据, 选取了波段及植被指数等46个特征变量, 探讨了逐步回归、偏最小二乘法(PLSR)和随机森林(RFR)等3种不同方法对草地植物功能丰富度(FRic)、功能均匀度(FEve)和功能离散度(FDiv)的反演精度, 并基于PLSR反演草地地上生物量, 进一步分析了研究区功能多样性与生产力的关系。研究结果表明: (1)波段B11、优化型土壤调节植被指数(OSAVI)、水波段指数(WBI)对FRic解释度最高; 波段B6、B10、B12、类胡萝卜素反射指数1 (CRI1)、双峰光学指数(D)、归一化差值指数45 (NDI45)等6个特征变量对FEve解释度最高; 波段B5、B9、B10、B11、加权差分植被指数(WDVI)、凸包面积等对FDiv解释度最高; (2)基于十折重复交叉验证, 利用逐步回归估算的FRic和FEve反演精度远高于其他两种回归方法, R²分别为0.52和0.44; 而利用PLSR方法估算的FDiv反演精度最高(R² = 0.61); (3)群落地上生物量反演精度为R² = 0.61; FRic与地上生产力的关系最好(R² = 0.40), 其次为FDiv (R² = 0.28)和FEve (R² = 0.27)。研究发现, 基于Sentinel-2卫星影像能较好地反演草地功能多样性和生产力, 为下一步能在大尺度上进行草地功能多样性估算及其与生产力关系研究提供了参考和依据。     

黄土高原北部典型灌丛枝条生物量估算模型

于2015年8月末在陕西神木县六道沟小流域采集200个柠条和210个沙柳枝条,测定枝条的基径(D)、长度(H)、含水量(W₀)、鲜质量(W_F)和干质量(W),选用指数函数和异速生长方程建立了4种由枝条形态指标估算枝条生物量的简易模型,并对模型的拟合效果进行验证. 结果表明: 对于柠条和沙柳灌丛,基于D、H二者组合变量(D²H)的异速生长方程是估算枝条生物量的最优模型,该模型经线性转化后可以消除生物量数据的异方差性,且拟合效果最优,决定系数(R²)最大,平均误差(ME)、平均绝对误差(MAE)、总相对误差(TRE)、平均系统误差(MSE)和平均绝对百分误差(MPSE)整体上最小,基本满足生态学研究的精度要求.     

基于植被指数的典型草原区生物量模型——以内蒙古锡林浩特市为例

利用遥感估测地上生物量是国内外生态学与地理学的研究热点。但基于植被指数的生物量回归模型结果差异较大,究竟哪种植被指数与哪种模型更适合典型草原的生物量反演,是现代草地遥感急需解决的问题之一。该文基于TM影像数据的不同植被指数(VI)差异性,分别选取了RVI(比值植被指数)、NDVI(归一化差异植被指数)、SAVI(土壤调节植被指数)、MASVI(修改型土壤调整植被指数)和RSR(简化比率植被指数)5种植被指数,与同期的内蒙古典型草原区地面实测地上生物量做相关分析,分别建立了5种植被指数与地上生物量的线性及3种非线性(对数、二次多项式、三次多项式)回归模型。研究结果表明:对于中国北方典型草原区而言,地上生物量与5种植被指数(RVI、NDVI、SAVI、MSAVI和RSR)均呈现出显著相关,但地上生物量与后4种植被指数是正相关,与RVI为负相关;利用5种植被指数(RVI、NDVI、SAVI、MSAVI和RSR)监测草地植被生物量的复相关系数均大于0.6,充分说明利用植被指数检测典型草原生物量是一种简单可行的方法;NDVI建立的生物量回归模型,其复相关系数大于其它4类植被指数(RVI、SAVI、MSAVI和RSR),说明NDVI-生物量模型优于植被指数RVI、SAVI、MSAVI和RSR 模型,其模拟地表生物量的效果好;对于TM影像来说,植被生物量的线性模型与3种非线性模型(三次多项式生物量模型、二次多项式生物量模型、对数模型)都表现出较好的模拟效果,都通过了0.01的显著性检验,而且该研究的结果显示出三次多项式生物量回归模型最优,其次是二次多项式生物量模型,再次是线性模型,相对较差的是对数模型。通过NDVI-生物量三次多项式回归模型模拟锡林浩特草原的生物量,可以看出整个研究区的地上生物量基本上是东高西低、东南高西北低的趋势,这与研究区的地形、气候及土地利用等多种因素有关。     

黑河中游荒漠生态系统归一化植被指数对降水的响应

降水是荒漠生态系统主要的水分来源, 是植被结构和功能变化的根本驱动力。该研究以黑河中游砾质荒漠(砾漠)和沙质荒漠(沙漠)为研究对象, 基于2000-2012年中分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS)获取的归一化植被指数(NDVI)数据以及日降水数据, 运用多元线性回归法, 分析了砾漠和沙漠植被生长季(5-9月)、生长季早期(5-6月)和晚期(7-9月)累积NDVI (NDVI_INT, INT表示某时间段的累积值)对冷季降水(P_c, 前一年9月至当年2月累积降水)、暖季降水(P_w, 当年3月至8月累积降水)、前一年生长季NDVI_INT (NDVI_INT-pys)以及干湿气候期(干旱期: 2001-2003; 湿润期: 2004-2007年)的响应。研究结果表明: (1)砾漠植被生长季NDVI_INT年际变化的影响因素排序为NDVI_INT-pys > P_c > P_w, 沙漠植被NDVI_INT则为P_w > NDVI_INT-pys; 砾漠生长季NDVI_INT早期NDVI_INT年际变化的影响因素排序为NDVI_INT-pys > P_c, 晚期则为NDVI_INT-pys > P_c = P_w; 而沙漠生长季早期NDVI_INT年际变化的影响因素为NDVI_INT-pys, 晚期是P_w。(2)在干湿气候期内, 降水量并非是影响荒漠NDVI_INT变化的关键因子。干湿气候期交替时, 砾漠NDVI_INT较沙漠增加明显; 湿润期内, 湿润期持续的长短是影响两种生境植被NDVI_INT的关键因子, 以沙漠较为明显。黑河中游砾漠和沙漠植被生产力对冷暖季降水及干湿气候期响应具有明显的差异, 但总体显示出荒漠植被生产力对降水响应具有滞后性特征。以上结论可为揭示荒漠植被生产力对降水的响应机理提供参考。     

三江平原湿地小叶章生产力模拟模型

利用气象台站的常规观测资料,依据植物生长模拟理论,以d为步长,建立了湿地小叶章(Deyeuxia angustifolia)植被生产力动态模拟模型。该模型包括3个子模块:1)光合作用与呼吸作用;2)干物质积累;3)同化物分配,主要考虑了温度和积水因子对植物生长的影响。并利用实测资料对该模型进行了检验,结果表明:小叶章地上活体、枯落物、茎、叶各器官枯落物的模拟值与实测值之间均呈极显著的线性相关(R²分别为0.98、0.99、0.99和0.92)。在相邻区域的检验结果也表明,季节性积水沼泽化草甸小叶章的地上生物量明显高于常年积水沼泽。两类湿地小叶章地上生物量的模拟值与实测值之间均呈极显著线性相关(R²分别为0.66和0.79)。相近区域长期定位观测点连续2年的模拟结果与实测值之间也具有极显著的线性相关(R²分别为0.97和0.76)。     

毛乌素沙地油蒿-杨柴灌丛生态系统蒸散组分分配及其影响因子

蒸散发(ET)是生态系统水分循环和能量流动的重要组成部分,准确估算ET及其各组分,对认识生态生理过程对水分平衡和植物水分利用策略的影响具有重要意义。本研究于2019年5月20日至9月15日,利用涡度相关技术和微型蒸渗仪对毛乌素沙地油蒿-杨柴灌丛生态系统ET、蒸发(E)和蒸腾(T)进行测定和估算,量化了油蒿-杨柴灌丛生态系统ET组分,并分析ET及其组分的季节特征及影响因素。结果表明: T为毛乌素沙地油蒿-杨柴灌丛生态系统生长季ET的主要组分,T/ET为53.1%。T/ET值随降水减少而升高,E/ET值随降水减少而减少,蒸散组分分配主要受降水调控。在季节尺度上,E与10 cm深处土壤含水量(SWC₁₀)和太阳净辐射(R_n)呈显著正相关,其中,SWC₁₀是E的主要影响因素;T随R_n和叶面积指数(LAI)的升高而升高,随30 cm处土壤含水量(SWC₃₀)的升高呈先升高后降低的单峰趋势,受到SWC₃₀、R_n和LAI的共同影响;水分是ET的主要影响因素。生长季蒸散/降水量(ET/P)为109.2%,5月ET/P为250.5%,表明生长季初期ET耗水部分来自非生长季降水。     

一种基于数码相机图像和群落冠层结构调查的草地地上生物量估算方法

草地地上生物量是影响其生态系统功能最重要的因素之一, 也是草地生态学研究中不可或缺的监测指标。草地地上生物量监测多采用收割法进行, 但这种破坏性取样方法会对研究区域带来巨大干扰, 尤其是面积较小的长期定位监测或者控制实验研究样地, 从而使得地上生物量监测的频次受到很大限制。因此, 通过获取某些原位易测变量, 建立地上生物量的估算方法具有重要意义。该研究依托内蒙古典型草地刈割控制实验平台, 通过数码照片获取不同土地利用方式下的植被覆盖度, 并对样方内的叶面积指数、植被高度、物种多样性等参数进行了测定, 最后利用一元回归模型、逐步回归模型和随机森林模型对地上生物量进行估算。结果表明, 植被覆盖度、叶面积指数、植被平均高度、植被最大高度和物种丰富度是影响地上生物量的主要驱动因素。通过构建适宜于本地的逐步回归模型, 可以实现草地地上生物量的准确预测。在该研究区域中, 预测模型的决定系数(R²) = 0.91, 均方根误差(RMSE) = 35.60 g·m^-2。该研究提供了一种快速、准确且非破坏性测定草地地上生物量的方法, 可作为传统收割法的有效补充。     

Spectral feature differences between shrub and grass communities and shrub coverage retri- eval in shrub-encroached grassland in Xianghuang Banner,Nei Mongol,China

Aims Shrub-encroached grassland has become an important vegetation type in China’s arid and semi-arid region. Our study objective is to explore the spectral features of shrub and grass communities, as well as their empirical relationships with shrub coverage. The quantitative estimation of shrub cover based on medium-resolution Landsat satellite imagery provides the practical basis for long term retrieval of large areas of shrub expansion in the grassland region. Methods Linear models and Multiple Endmember Spectral Analysis Model (MESMA) based on medium resolution Landsat satellite imagery were developed to quantify the shrub coverage in a shrub-encroached grassland region in Xianghuang Banner, Nei Mongol using the spectral features and their seasonal differences between the shrub and grass communities. Important findings Compared to Leymus chinensis and Stipa krylovii dominated grass communities, Caragana microphylla community had a higher normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), modified red edge normalized difference vegetation index (mNDVI₇₀₅), and red edge slope. The red edge position of C. microphylla community shifted to longer wavelengths. The average and the maximum shrub coverage was 13% and 25%, respectively, in the shrub-encroached grassland based on both models. The correlation coefficient of determination (R²) and root mean square error (RMSE) of the linear model was 0.31 and 0.05, respectively. We found that the linear model based on seasonal differences of shrub and grass community was more suitable for retrieving shrub coverage in the study area from medium resolution imagery than the MESMA model that is based on mid-summer images.     

利用简易测量板估测白三叶群落地上生物量

地上生物量是草地群落的一个重要指标,而直接收割法对生态系统较脆弱的地区有极大的破坏.为了更有效地估测白三叶群落地上生物量而又不破坏草地,采用自制测量板对陕西省杨凌区大寨镇杜寨村的白三叶群落高度和地上生物量进行了研究.采用铝塑板和高分子板不同规格的17种测量板,将各测量板分别置于白三叶群落上方,记录测量板下方到地面的植物群落高度,重复20次,然后将测量板下方对应面积内的植物齐地面刈割,烘干后,称量得到地上生物量,最后进行数学模型建立、相关性分析,并对模型进行验证.结果表明: 以测量板下方群落高度为自变量,对应面积内群落地上生物量为因变量,建立多种回归方程,群落高度和地上生物量之间呈正相关,R²为0.37～0.76;铝塑板与高分子板相比,其测量得到的生物量变异系数和建立的回归方程决定系数均表现较好,精度较高;最佳测量板为直径35 cm的圆形铝塑板,其最优估测模型为: y=1.6460x-3.3462 (R²=0.76),预测精度达到92.1%.     

Changes in normalized difference vegetation index of deserts and dunes with precipitation in the middle Heihe River Basin

AimsPrecipitation is the major water source for desert ecosystems, with its temporal dynamics significantly driving the changes of ecosystem structure and function in desert regions. The objectives of this study are to evaluate the changes in normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) with seasonal precipitation and different climate years in two cover types (desert and dune).MethodsBased on the daily rainfall dataset of 2000-2012 in the middle Heihe River Basin in Northwest China and the NDVI extracted from the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) images, we performed linear regression analysis to examine the correlation of NDVI_INT (accumulated NDVI) with precipitation in two cover types (desert and dune). Two measures of the precipitation are P_c (cool-season precipitation from last September to late February) and P_w (warm-season precipitation in between March and August), while NDVI was characterized with NDVI_INT-pys (previous-year during the different climate years (dry: 2001-2003, wet: 2004-2007)) and the different periods of a growing season (i.e. whole growing season from May through September, early growing season in between May and June, and late growing season in between July and September).Important findings We found that: (1) the determinants of growing season NDVI_INT and their order were NDVI_INT-pys > P_c > P_w for the deserts, while the order was P_w > NDVI_INT-pys for the dunes. The determinants and their order of NDVI_INT in early growing season were NDVI_INT-pys > P_c for the desert, while they were NDVI_INT-pys > P_c = P_w for the late growing season. However, for the dunes, NDVI_INT of the early and late growing season appeared determined by NDVI_INT-pys and P_w, respectively. (2) During the dry and wet periods, precipitation was not a significant factor influencing NDVI_INT for the desert and dune. However, significant increases in NDVI_INTwere observed at dune under wet condition. With the wet years continued, the length of the wet years become an important determinant of NDVI_INT at both cove types, particularly at dune. In addition, it appeared that different changes in NDVI with precipitation existed between the two cover types, but with very similar effects of time-lag. These findings provide useful references for further understanding the mechanisms of NDVI changes with precipitation.     

环青海湖地区天然草地和退耕恢复草地植物群落生物量对氮、磷添加的响应

植物群落生物量反映了植被的初级生产能力, 是陆地生态系统碳(C)输入的最主要来源, 往往受到自然界中氮(N)、磷(P)元素供应的限制。该试验以青藏高原环青海湖地区的高寒草原为研究对象, 探讨了天然草地和退耕恢复草地植被群落生物量对N (10 g·m^-2)、P (5 g·m^-2)养分添加的响应。N、P添加显著增加了天然草地禾草的生物量, 进而促使地上总生物量显著提高。退耕恢复草地禾草和杂类草的生物量对N添加均有一致的正响应, 从而促使地上总生物量显著增加174%, 群落地上和地下总生物量显著增加34%; 而P添加对恢复草地生物量各项参数均无显著影响。回归分析显示: 天然草地植物群落地上生物量随土壤中NO₃^--N含量的增加而增加(p < 0.05), 退耕恢复草地植被地上、地下和总生物量均与土壤NO₃^--N含量显著正相关(p < 0.01), 说明环湖地区高寒草原植物生长主要受N供应的限制, P的限制作用随土地利用方式的转变和群落演替阶段的不同而变化; 相比天然草地, 恢复草地在现阶段植被初级生产力受N的限制作用更强烈, 土壤中可利用N含量是限制其植被自然恢复和重建的关键因子。     

Responses of plant community biomass to nitrogen and phosphorus additions in natural and restored grasslands around Qinghai Lake Basin

Aims Plant biomass reflects the primary productivity of community vegetation, and is the main resource of carbon input in the terrestrial ecosystem. It is usually limited by nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) availability in the soil. Alpine grassland around Qinghai Lake Basin has experienced extensive land-use changes due to the cultivation of native grassland and vegetation recovery on cropped land. In this experiment, two grassland types were chosen, natural alpine grassland (NG) and its adjacent restored grassland (RG), to determine the responses of plant community biomass to N and P additions with different land-use. Methods NH₄NO₃ and Ca(H₂PO₄)₂·H₂O were added in a completely randomized block design, with medium levels of 10 g N·m^-2 and 5 g P·m^-2. Soil NO₃^--N and available P contents, and the plant community biomass were measured in the two grasslands. Two-way ANOVA was used to determine the effects of nutrient additions on all measured indicators, and regression analysis was used to analyze the correlations between plant biomass and soil NO₃^--N and available P contents.Important findings Results showed: (1) N and P additions both increased grass biomass in the NG, and significantly elevated the total aboveground biomass, with the promoting effect of N addition higher than that of P addition; N addition significantly increased both grass and forb biomass in the RG, and markedly promoted the total aboveground biomass, while P addition had no effects on the functional groups and total aboveground biomass (p > 0.05). (2) N and P additions both had no effects on the belowground and total biomass in the NG, whereas N addition significantly increased the total biomass by 34% in the RG, which suggested that the effect of N limitation on the vegetation primary productivity was stronger in the RG at present stage. (3) The aboveground biomass in the NG increased with soil NO₃^--N content (p < 0.05), and the above- and below-ground as well as the total biomass were all positively correlated with soil NO₃^--N content in the RG (p < 0.01). These results indicated that the plant growth in alpine grassland around Qinghai Lake Basin was prone to N limitation, and the effect of P limitation changed with land-use. Soil available N might be the key limiting factor for vegetation restoration and reconstruction in the RG. The “Grain for Green” project (the land-use policy) and atmospheric N deposition are benefiting both plant growth and C accumulation in the alpine grassland ecosystem around Qinghai Lake Basin.     

环境和生物因子对黄河三角洲滨海湿地净生态系统CO2交换的影响

通过涡度相关和微气象观测技术,对黄河三角洲滨海湿地净生态系统CO₂交换(NEE)以及环境、生物因子进行了观测,探究湿地NEE变化规律及环境和生物因子对NEE的影响. 结果表明: 在日尺度上,生长季NEE呈明显“U”型曲线,非生长季变幅较小;在季节尺度上,NEE生长季波动较大,表现为碳汇,非生长季波动较小,表现为碳源;在年尺度上,滨海湿地生态系统表现为碳汇,总净固碳量为-247 g C·m^-2. 白天NEE主要受控于光合有效辐射(PAR),且生态系统表观量子产量(α)与白天生态系统呼吸(R_eco,d)均于8月达到最大值,最大光合速率(A_max)于7月达到最大值;夜间NEE随气温(T_a)呈指数增加趋势,生态系统的温度敏感系数(Q₁₀)为2.5,且土壤含水量(SWC)越高,Q₁₀值越大.非生长季NEE只与净辐射(R_n)呈显著的线性负相关,与其他环境因子无显著相关关系.生长季NEE与R_n、T_a、土壤10 cm温度(T_{s 10})等环境因子以及叶面积指数(LAI)呈显著的线性负相关,但与地上生物量(AGB)无显著相关关系.多元回归分析表明,R_n和LAI对生长季NEE的协同影响达到52%.     

玉米农田冠层光合参数的多光谱遥感反演

冠层光合参数的准确定量遥感反演是生态系统遥感模型的核心与关键。基于2011年玉米(Zea mays)整个生长发育期的冠层光谱反射率、生态系统CO₂通量、微气象因子以及玉米光合生理生态指标的观测数据, 开展了玉米农田生态系统冠层光合能力(P_max, 最大光合速率)与光合效率(ε_N, 净CO₂通量交换/吸收光合有效辐射(NEE_CO2/APAR); ε_G, 总初级生产力/吸收光合有效辐射(GPP/APAR); α, 表观量子效率)参数的多光谱遥感反演能力评估研究。结果表明, P_max和α在整个生长季呈现单峰型变化趋势, 分别于7月底、8月初达到峰值, 而光合效率参数ε_N和ε_G在玉米营养生长早期数值较高, 随着玉米生长发育迅速降低, 而后呈现单峰型的变化趋势, 峰值出现时间基本与P_max最大值发生时间一致。基于两波段任意组合的遥感植被指数NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index)、RVI (ratio vegetation index)、WDRVI (wide dynamic range vegetation index)、EVI2 (2-band enhanced vegetation index)和CI (chlorophyll index)与玉米冠层4个光合参数的统计分析表明, EVI2对冠层光合效率与光合能力参数的反演与表征效果最佳。研究表明, 多光谱遥感信息对玉米生态系统冠层光合参数的变异具有较强的敏感性, 可以用来监测玉米冠层光合作用的季节动态变化以及准确定量评估作物生产力和生态系统CO₂交换能力。     

Alpine grassland water use efficiency based on annual precipitation,growing season precipitation and growing season evapotranspiration

Water use efficiency (WUE) is an important parameter to understand the coupling between the water, and carbon cycles of terrestrial ecosystems. Previous studies on the grassland ecosystem WUE on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau mainly based on annual precipitation (AP). However, vegetation water use mainly occurs in growing season. Therefore, we aimed to explore the differences of ecosystem WUE between alpine meadow and alpine steppe, and the relationships between ecosystem WUE and environmental factors from 2000 to 2010, using annual precipitation use efficiency (PUE_a), growing season precipitation use efficiency (PUE_gs), growing season water use efficiency (WUE_gs) based on AP, growing season precipitation (GSP) and growing season evapotranspiration (ET_gs ) respectively. Combining satellite-derived above-ground net primary productivity (ANPP), satellite-derived evapotranspiration and meteorological data from 2000 to 2010, we calculated PUE_a (ANPP / AP), PUE_gs (ANPP / GSP) and WUE_gs (ANPP / ET_gs) to find the differences of PUE_a, PUE_gs and WUE_gs between alpine meadow and alpine steppe. Moreover, we explored the relationships between PUE_a, PUE_gs or WUE_gs and precipitation (or evapotranspiration) or air temperature. We found that (1) the PUE_a and PUE_gs of alpine meadow were higher than that of alpine steppe, but there were no significant difference between WUE_gs of the two grassland types, indicating that there may be similar intrinsic water use efficiencies of the two grassland types. (2) The inter-annual variation of PUE_a and PUE_gs were similar while WUE_gs showed a larger fluctuation, implying that ET-based WUE_gs was more sensitive than precipitation-based PUE_a and PUE_gs, therefore WUE_gs is a better indicator of ecosystem water use efficiency than PUE_a or PUE_gs. (3) The PUE_a, PUE_gs and WUE_gs were negatively correlated with AP, GSP and ET_gs respectively, reflecting a consistency of the three water use efficiency measurements. In the alpine steppe, only WUE_gs was observed positively correlated with air temperature among the three measurements, but in the alpine meadow, no significant relationships between water use efficiency and air temperature was detected, suggesting that the WUE_gs of alpine steppe was more sensitive to air temperature than that of alpine meadow.