云雾山不同恢复方式下草地植物与土壤的化学计量学特征

研究云雾山天然草地、灌草地、禁牧地、撂荒地4种恢复方式下草地各植物组分(植物地上部分、枯落物、根系)与土壤C、N、P化学计量特征及其相互关系.结果表明: 土壤与植物地上部分和根系的化学计量学特征显著相关,并且植物地上部分与根系之间P的联系比N紧密,土壤与植物地上部分和根系之间N的联系比P紧密,而土壤与枯落物、根系与枯落物的化学计量学特征相关性不显著.不同恢复方式间植物地上部分和根系总体的C、N储量无显著差异,P储量差异显著且以撂荒地最大(0.49 g·m^-2),禁牧地最小(0.29 g·m^-2).禁牧年限对植物和土壤的化学计量学特征影响较小;耕地撂荒恢复12年后土壤C、N(分别为9.98和1.07 g·kg^-1)仍显著低于天然草地(分别为14.27和1.55 g·kg^-1),两者植物化学计量特征的差异由撂荒地各植物组分P浓度高引起;由于根系生物量的稀释作用,天然草地根系N、P浓度最低(分别为6.25和0.57 g·kg^-1);灌草地地上部分N、P浓度偏低(分别为12.77和 0.98 g·kg^-1),但根系N、P浓度偏高(分别为9.30和0.77 g·kg^-1).物种组成是影响植物生态化学计量学特征变化的主要因素,不同恢复方式间群落相似度高则整体化学计量特征差异小.     

三江平原典型湿地枯落物早期分解过程及影响因素

枯落物分解是湿地物质循环和能量流动的关键环节,是维持湿地功能的重要过程之一。采用分解袋法对三江平原3种典型湿地植物枯落物分解过程及影响因素进行了研究。研究表明,在164d实验过程中乌拉苔草分解速率始终最快;在分解前103d中毛果苔草分解速率大于小叶章,但在103~164d间小叶章分解速率大于毛果苔草;分解164d,小叶章、乌拉苔草和毛果苔草枯落物的失重率分别为初始重的31.98%、32.99%和28.91%。分解过程中小叶章和毛果苔草枯落物中有机碳浓度波动较大,而乌拉苔草枯落物中持续下降;3种枯落物有机碳绝对含量都表现为净释放。小叶章枯落物中N浓度波动较大,绝对含量发生净释放;毛果苔草枯落物N浓度持续增加,绝对含量净增加;乌拉苔草枯落物N浓度先增加后减少,绝对含量发生净释放。3种枯落物中P浓度都先迅速下降后缓慢上升,绝对含量都表现为净释放。3种枯落物中C/N和C/P也相应的发生变化。小叶章和乌拉苔草枯落物分解速率与枯落物C/P显著相关,而毛果苔草枯落物与枯落物N浓度显著相关;对应3种枯落物分解速率的主要环境因子分别为土壤含水量、土壤容重和土壤温度。3种枯落物分解速率和营养物质含量动态受到枯落物自身质量和温湿条件、周围环境营养状况等自然环境条件的共同影响,相比而言,受枯落物质量的影响更大。     

三江平原小叶樟、毛果苔草枯落物中氮素变化分析

以三江平原沼泽湿地主要优势植物小叶樟(Deyeuxiaangustifolia)和毛果苔草(Carexlasiocarpa)枯落物为例,探讨了N素在枯落物中的季节变化、含量特征以及对维持生态系统物质平衡的作用．结果表明,枯落物N含量随气温升高和地上生物量增大而减少;枯落物失重率随时间延长而增大;小叶樟年累积失重率为32．2％,毛果苔草为27．7％;小叶樟群落N素年累积输入量为1478mg     

极端干旱区多枝柽柳叶片气孔导度的环境响应模拟

气孔通过调节植物体水分散失和CO₂吸收在植物适应环境变化和环境胁迫中发挥重要作用。该文在对极端干旱区多枝柽柳(Tamarix ramosissma)叶片气体交换参数观测的基础上, 引入诊断函数f(H)对BWB模型和BBL模型提出的气孔导度(g_s)模型中的空气湿度(h_s或D_s)进行了评价, 并将评价结果引入叶子飘和于强推导出的g_s机理模型。结果表明: (1) BWB和BBL模型对h_s (或D_s)的模拟效果存在很大差异: BWB模型拟合效果较好(R² = 0.5354), BBL模型的结果显著但效果较差(R² = 0.1103)。试验结果显示: 随h_s(或D_s)的增大, g_s呈先增大后减小的趋势, 可用Gauss模型进行拟合, R²分别为0.593和0.258, 说明g_s与h_s的关系要比D_s更密切; (2)叶子飘和于强给出的简化模型(Simple模型)和该文给出的指数模型(Gauss-h模型)均具有较好的模拟效果(R²分别为0.8707和0.8286), η值分别为0.1245和0.0171, 其值均介于0-1之间; (3)模型验证中Gauss-h模型较Simple模型明显低估了观测值, 当观测条件无限趋近于Simple模型的假设时, Simple模型的拟合效果可得到显著提高(R² = 0.9606)。     

三江平原草甸湿地土壤呼吸和枯落物分解的CO2释放

利用静态箱-碱液吸收法研究了三江平原草甸湿地土壤呼吸和枯落物分解的CO2释放速率,讨论了影响CO2释放的环境因素,估算了枯落物分解的CO2释放对于总释放的贡献.结果表明,生长季,小叶章沼泽化草甸和小叶章湿草甸各部分CO2释放均具有明显的时间变化特征,温度和水分是重要制约因素.两类草甸湿地的平均土壤呼吸速率分别为4.33g·m-2·d-1和6.15g·m-2·d-1,枯落物分解的CO2平均释放速率分别为1.76g·m-2·d-1和3.10g·m-2·d-1,枯落物分解的CO2释放占总释放量的31%和35%,说明在碳素由地上植物碳库转移到地下土壤碳库的过程中,湿地枯落物是一个不可忽略的碳损失源.     

基于物候相机归一化植被指数估算高寒草地植物地上生物量的季节动态

准确评估地上生物量对优化草地资源管理和理解草地碳、水和能量平衡具有重要意义。该文通过近地遥感归一化植被指数(NDVI)构建最优经验模型, 对青藏高原高寒草地地上生物量进行估算。该文利用2018-2019年5-9月野外实测的地上生物量和植物冠层光谱仪(RapidSCAN)测定的NDVI_RS数据, 构建了生长季不同时期地上生物量的估算模型; 并结合2018年NetCam物候相机测定的NDVI_Cam时间序列数据, 实现地上生物量季节动态的模拟。主要结果: (1) NDVI_Cam、NDVI_RS与地上生物量具有相似的单峰型季节变化格局, 但NDVI峰值出现的时间(7月)较地上生物量(8月)更早; (2)基于NDVI的生物量估算最优经验模型在5、7和9月是幂函数, 在6和8月是二次多项式, 估算精度为0.29-0.77; (3)基于NDVI_Cam时间序列数据, 生长季不同时期建模(R² = 0.91)较单一时期(9月)建模(R² = 0.49)对地上生物量季节动态的估算更为准确。这些结果表明, 近地遥感是估算高寒草地植物地上生物量的有效手段, 开展季节性植物生长调查将有助于准确评估草地资源。     

1999—2015年若尔盖草原湿地净初级生产力时空变化

植被净初级生产力(NPP)是草原湿地生态系统碳收支平衡和气候变化的核心内容之一。本研究基于植被指数、气象数据(降水和气温)、植被类型数据,利用CASA模型对若尔盖草原湿地1999—2015年NPP进行估算,分析了若尔盖草原湿地NPP时空格局特征及其与气候因子的关系。结果表明: NPP实测值与模拟值之间显著相关,R²为0.78,均方根误差为120.3 g C·m^-2·a^-1;研究区年均和生长季(4—9月)NPP分别为329.0、229.4 g C·m^-2·a^-1,年际间波动明显,以2.3、1.6 g C·m^-2·a^-1的微弱趋势下降,不同植被类型的年均及生长季NPP的年际波动与整个研究区的波动趋势基本一致;年均和生长季NPP的变化斜率分别为-21.3～18.7、-31.5～23.1 g C·m^-2·a^-1,显著增加的面积分别占研究区总面积的0.3%和0.7%,主要分布于森林覆盖区和湿地生态补偿区;显著下降的面积分别占研究区总面积的1.4%和6.4%,主要分布于人类活动集中的地区;研究区不同植被的固碳能力存在差异,其中,森林最强,草地次之,湿地最弱;降水是影响草原湿地植被NPP的主导气候因子。     

温带-亚热带栓皮栎种子形态的变异及其与环境因子的关系

在区域尺度上(25.14°-40.25° N, 99.87°-122.07° E), 采集20个栓皮栎(Quercus variabilis)种群的种子样品, 测定种宽、种长, 并计算宽长比形态指标, 探讨了区域尺度上种子形态变异特点及其与环境因子的关系。结果表明, 栓皮栎种子的宽度和长度变化幅度分别为1.21-2.18 cm和1.20-2.96 cm; 宽长比的变化幅度为0.57-1.10。栓皮栎的种宽与种长呈显著的正相关关系。单因素方差分析表明, 种宽、种长和宽长比在种群间差异显著(p < 0.001)。种长与等效纬度呈负线性(R² = 0.18; p = 0.05), 与经度呈凸型的变异关系(R² = 0.43; p = 0.009)。种宽和种长与最热月平均气温呈极显著正相关(R² = 0.35; p = 0.006; R² = 0.30; p = 0.012), 而与最湿季降水量呈显著负相关(R² = 0.28, p = 0.019; R² = 0.24, p = 0.017)。种子宽长比没有明显的变化趋势, 大致趋于恒定(0.88 ± 0.08)。     

黑河中游荒漠草地地上和地下生物量的分配格局

草地生态系统中地上和地下生物量的分配方式对于研究生态系统碳储量和碳循环有着重要的意义。为了解黑河中游荒漠草地的地上和地下生物量分配格局, 从群落和个体两个水平对黑河中游的地上和地下生物量进行了调查。结果表明: 群落水平上地上生物量介于3.2-559.2 g·m^-2之间, 地下生物量介于3.3-188.2 g·m^-2之间, 个体水平上地上生物量介于6.1-489.0 g·株^-1之间, 地下生物量介于2.4-244.2 g·株^-1之间, 群落水平上的根冠比(R/S)为0.10-2.49, 个体水平上为0.07-1.55, 地下生物量均小于地上生物量, 群落水平上R/S值大于个体水平。群落和个体水平地上和地下生物量的拟合斜率分别为1.1001和0.9913, 与1没有显著差异, 说明地上与地下生物量呈等速生长关系。群落和个体水平土壤表层0-20 cm和0-30 cm的根系生物量分别占全部根系生物量的89.81%、96.95%和81.42%、93.62%, 表明地下生物量主要集中在0-20 cm和0-30 cm土壤表层。     

三江平原不同群落小叶章氮素的累积与分配

2004年5—10月,对三江平原典型小叶章草甸和小叶章-苔草沼泽化草甸群落优势植物小叶章的氮素累积与分配特征进行了研究.结果表明：典型草甸和沼泽化草甸小叶章地上器官及枯落物的全氮含量在生长季均呈递减变化,符合指数衰减模型(T_N=Aexp(-t/B₁)+B₂,R²≥0.94),二者根的全氮含量波动较大,且在生长高峰期前的15～30 d存在一个明显的养分蓄积时期.不同器官和枯落物的氮累积量和累积速率(V_N)季节变化明显,且典型草甸小叶章地上部分的氮累积量和V_N明显高于沼泽化草甸,而地下部分则相反.两个群落小叶章不同部位的氮分配比差异明显,其中根分配比高达(59.38±12.86)%和(84.58±3.38)%,地上部分的氮分配比以叶最高,为(24.28±12.09)%和(8.18±3.32)%,其他部分较低.二者地上与地下部分的氮分配比呈相反规律变化,反映了其在氮供给方面的密切联系.典型草甸和沼泽化草甸小叶章氮的年吸收量和最大现存量分别为23.02、36.30 g·m^-2和28.18、51.43 g·m^-2,前者的氮吸收系数(0.017)和利用系数(0.634)明显高于后者(0.015和0.548),说明典型草甸在氮的吸收与利用方面强于沼泽化草甸.     

Significance of instream autotrophs in trophic dynamics of the Upper Mississippi River

Trophic dynamics of large river–floodplain ecosystems are still not well understood despite development of several conceptual models over the last 25 years. To help resolve questions about the relative contribution of algal and detrital organic matter to food webs in the Upper Mississippi River, we (1) separated living and detrital components of ultrafine and fine transported organic matter (UTOM and FTOM, respectively) by colloidal silica centrifugation; (2) identified stable isotope signatures (δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N) for these two portions of transported organic matter and other potential organic matter sources; and (3) employed a multiple source, dual-isotope mixing model to determine the relative contribution of major energy sources to primary consumers and the potential contribution of basal sources to the biomass of secondary consumers. The δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N of living and detrital fractions of UTOM and FTOM were distinct, indicating clear differences in isotopic composition of the algal and detrital fractions of transported organic matter. Living and detrital transported organic matter also differed from other potential organic matter sources by either δ¹³C or δ¹⁵N. A six-source mixing model using both δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N indicated that algal transported organic matter was the major resource assimilated by primary consumers. The contribution of detrital transported organic matter was small in most cases, but there were a small number of taxa for which it could potentially contribute to more than half the assimilated diet. Colloidal dissolved organic matter, which includes heterotrophic bacteria, accounted for only a small fraction of the organic matter assimilated by most primary consumers, indicating that coupling between microbial processes and metazoan production is minimal. Terrestrial C₃ litter from the floodplain forest floor and aquatic macrophytes were also relatively unimportant to the assimilated diet of primary consumers. Application of the mixing model to compare basal source isotopic ratios to secondary consumers revealed that most organic matter moving from primary to secondary consumers originated from algal TOM. Our findings indicate that autochthonous organic matter is the major energy source supporting metazoan production in the main channel of this large river, at least during the summer. This study joins a number of other investigations performed globally that indicate organic matter originating from instream production of sestonic and benthic microalgae is a major driver in the trophic dynamics of large river ecosystems.     

Decomposition and nitrogen dynamics of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rhynchospora asperula</Emphasis> in floating soils of Esteros del Iberá, Argentina

In floating soils, organic matter accumulation is the result of the imbalance between decomposition rate and macrophytes’ production, and it can limit nutrient availability. In this study, we determined the percentage of litter that is added to the floating soil in one year and the nitrogen dynamics of Rhynchospora asperula (Nees) Steud (Cyperaceae), an abundant species in Esteros del Iberá, a South American wetland with extended areas of floating soils. According to the decomposition rate determined (k = 0.0032 day⁻¹), the annual percentage of mass lost was 69%. Conditions of the floating soil were simulated in a 146-day field experiment. The results show that the decomposition rate was higher when the litter was in water contact, and the mass loss in the field sampling at the beginning of the decomposition was similar to that of the treatments that simulated this condition. The nitrogen concentration in the aboveground biomass was almost constant, and the results indicate that there was translocation from the senescent leaves, but not a preferential nitrogen translocation from the rhizomes and roots. During summer the maximum biomass and the low nitrogen concentration in the floating soil coincide, but the nitrogen intake by the aboveground biomass was only 4% of the total nitrogen content of the floating soil. Nitrogen concentration in the litter increased and, though immobilization cannot be ruled out, there was net mineralization. The nitrogen mineralized in the first decomposition year was 30% of the nitrogen added to aboveground biomass during the study period.     

Simulating Carbon Stocks and Fluxes of an African Tropical Montane Forest with an Individual-Based Forest Model

Tropical forests are carbon-dense and highly productive ecosystems. Consequently, they play an important role in the global carbon cycle. In the present study we used an individual-based forest model (FORMIND) to analyze the carbon balances of a tropical forest. The main processes of this model are tree growth, mortality, regeneration, and competition. Model parameters were calibrated using forest inventory data from a tropical forest at Mt. Kilimanjaro. The simulation results showed that the model successfully reproduces important characteristics of tropical forests (aboveground biomass, stem size distribution and leaf area index). The estimated aboveground biomass (385 t/ha) is comparable to biomass values in the Amazon and other tropical forests in Africa. The simulated forest reveals a gross primary production of 24 t_cha^-1yr^-1. Modeling above- and belowground carbon stocks, we analyzed the carbon balance of the investigated tropical forest. The simulated carbon balance of this old-growth forest is zero on average. This study provides an example of how forest models can be used in combination with forest inventory data to investigate forest structure and local carbon balances.     

三江平原不同群落小叶章种群地上生物量动态及其时间序列分析

本文通过对三江平原典型草甸、沼泽化草甸、沼泽3个群落的优势植物小叶章种群地上生物量及其时间序列分析。结果表明:3个群落小叶章种群地上生物的季节动态均呈单峰型,均在7月末达到极大值。其抛物线拟合效果良好。时间序列分析准确地反映了小叶章种群地上生物量的季节动态变化规律。     

Trade-offs in plant responses to herbivory influence trophic routes of production in a freshwater wetland

Responses of aquatic macrophytes to leaf herbivory may differ from those documented for terrestrial plants, in part, because the potential to maximize growth following herbivory may be limited by the stress of being rooted in flooded, anaerobic sediments. Herbivory on aquatic macrophytes may have ecosystem consequences by altering the allocation of nutrients and production of biomass within individual plants and changing the quality and quantity of aboveground biomass available to consumers or decomposers. To test the effects of leaf herbivory on plant growth and production, herbivory of a dominant macrophyte, Nymphaea odorata, by chrysomelid beetles and crambid moths was controlled during a 2-year field experiment. Plants exposed to herbivory maintained, or tended to increase, biomass and aboveground net primary production relative to controls, which resulted in 1.5 times more aboveground primary production entering the detrital pathway of the wetland. In a complementary greenhouse experiment, the effects of simulated leaf herbivory on total plant responses, including biomass and nutrient allocation, were investigated. Plants in the greenhouse responded to moderate herbivory by maintaining aboveground biomass relative to controls, but this response occurred at the expense of belowground growth. Results of these studies suggest that N. odorata may tolerate moderate levels of herbivory by reallocating biomass and resources aboveground, which in turn influences the quantity, quality and fate of organic matter available to herbivores and decomposers.     

三江平原湿地小叶章群落磷素积累动态与生物量动态分析

采用野外定位观测结合室内分析的方法,对三江平原典型小叶章湿地两种类型小叶章生长季磷的积累及植物生物量的季节动态进行研究,以揭示三江平原湿地中磷在植物中积累的季节动态变化及其与植物生物量积累之间的关系,进一步认识磷在湿地系统中通过植物吸收迁移转化的机制。结果表明,两种小叶章群落地上、地下生物量以及植物体磷储量有明显的季节动态变化,但二者季节变化特征不同。此外,植物体地上、地下部分磷素积累量和生物量在整个植物体所占的比重两种类型也存在一定差异,这与植物所处的生境及其生态适应有一定关系。分析两种小叶章群落的生长速率(AGR)以及磷素的积累速率(Vp),表明在生长初期,磷是植物生长的重要营养元素。两种小叶章的AGR、Vp的变化曲线相似,说明对于这两种小叶章群落,生境不是磷积累速率的主要影响因素。     

杉木林年龄序列地下碳分配变化

  森林地下碳分配在森林碳平衡和碳吸存中具有重要作用, 而揭示人工林生长过程中地下碳分配变化对于人工林碳汇估算和碳汇管理等有重要意义。通过采用年龄序列方法研究了杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)林生长过程中地下碳分配变化特点。年龄序列为福建省南平7 a生(幼龄林)、16 a生(中龄林)、21 a生(近熟林)、41 a生(成熟林)和88 a生(老龄林)的杉木林。细根净生产力测定采用连续土芯法, 根系呼吸测定采用壕沟法, 生物量增量测定采用异速生长方程, 地上年凋落物量采用凋落物收集框测定。结果表明: 杉木林细根净生产力在中龄林前没有显著差异, 维持在较高水平; 但此后则显著下降。细根净生产力/地上凋落物量比值随林龄增加而显著下降。老龄林的根系呼吸显著低于其它林龄林分, 根系呼吸与细根生物量间呈显著线性相关。中龄林和近成熟林的地下碳分配(Total belouground carbon allocation, TBCA)显著高于幼龄林和成熟林, 而老龄林的则最低。中龄林、近成熟林和成熟林的地上部分净生产力/TBCA比值显著高于幼龄林和老龄林, 而杉木林的根系碳利用效率(RCUE)则呈现出随林龄增加而降低的趋势。     

滇西北高原纳帕海湿地湖滨带优势植物生物量及其凋落物分解

选取滇西北高原湿地纳帕海湖滨带优势植物茭草(Zizania caducifolia)、水葱(Scirpus tabernaemontani)和刘氏荸荠(Heleocharis liouana),研究其生物量及其凋落物分解特征,结果表明:水葱、茭草、刘氏荸荠为纳帕海湿地湖滨带单优植物群落,均具有较高的地上生物量,不同植物群落地上生物量不同,其中,茭草地上生物量(853.6±58.2)g·m-2·a-1显著高于水葱(730.7±7.8)g·m-2·a-1与刘氏荸荠(338.9±32.6) g·m-2·a-1的地上生物量.3种植物群落凋落物分解速率不同、并随月平均气温升高均呈增加的趋势,其中,刘氏荸荠分解速率k值最大(0.067±0.0026)、茭草(0.062±0.0072)其次、水葱最小(0.039±0.0062).凋落物经过1年的分解,水葱、茭草和刘氏荸荠凋落物存留率分别为(62.0±8.8)％、(47.5±9.0)％和(44.5±7.9)％.综合3种湖滨带植物地上生物量与凋落物年分解,水葱地上生物量年存留量(453.1±4.9)g·m-2·a-1显著高于茭草(405.4±27.7)g·m-2·a-1和刘氏荸荠(150.9±14.5) g·m-2·a-1.研究进一步表明滇西北高原湿地湖滨带植物具有极高的生物量存留率,成为该类型湿地生态系统碳汇功能的基础,其碳汇过程及其贡献率需要进一步深入研究.     

滨海湿地植被地上生物量遥感反演

盐沼植被生物量是滨海湿地生态系统碳循环研究的重要参数,是湿地生态系统健康评价、资源可持续利用的关键指标,开展盐沼植被地上生物量监测方法研究具有重要意义。目前,遥感技术在湿地生物量监测领域已经得到广泛应用,但反演方法仍以统计模型为主,模型构建需要实测数据支撑,时空拓展性不强。选择江苏盐城丹顶鹤保护区为研究区,基于冠层辐射(PROSAIL)传输模型,通过局部和全局敏感性分析,对模型参数本地化,构建了互花米草地上生物量半经验反演模型,应用于Landsat 8 OLI遥感影像,获得了互花米草地上生物量的时空分布。研究结果表明,利用PROSAIL模型模拟互花米草冠层反射率,叶面积指数(LAI)、叶片干物质含量(Cm)、叶倾角分布参数(LIDF)、等效水厚度(Cw)、叶绿素含量(Cab)、叶片结构参数(N)为高敏感性参数,类胡萝卜素含量(Car)、土壤参数(P_soil)为低敏感性参数;利用不同时刻的遥感影像反演了地上生物量,遥感反演结果与实测数据对比,拟合度R²为0.83,均方根误差(RMSE)为0.43kg/m²,平均相对误差(MRE)为15.7%,精度较高,模型具有较好的时空普适性。研究发展了盐沼植被地上生物量遥感反演方法,解决了以往过于依赖现场实测数据构建反演模型的局限性,该方法可以为研究滨海湿地生态系统碳循环以及准确估算其碳汇潜力提供技术支持。