半乳甘露聚糖胶物理增粘技术的研究

本文对瓜尔胶、胡芦巴胶、皂荚胶、野皂荚胶、田菁胶的水合增粘工艺进行了研究,并比较了螺杆盘磨式和轧辊刨片式两种增粘机。与原胶相比,增粘胶1％胶液粘度提高了50％,水不溶物含量降低了15％。     

从制胶后的胡芦巴种子中提取甾体长甙元的研究

胡芦巴为一年生草植物,本文以制胶后的胡芦巴种子剩余物为实验原料,研究了甾体皂甙元的最佳提取工艺路线和工艺。在该工艺条件下的重复试验表明,胡芒巴甾体皂甙元的得率在1.15％以上,熔点大于187.5℃,其中薯蓣皂甙元含量达86.5％,结果具有工业化开发价值。     

我国三种半乳甘露聚糖胶粉比较研究

本文阐述了瓜尔豆胶、胡芦巴胶、田菁胶的胶粉形态及其１％基液粘度、冷水不溶物的情况,讨论了它们之间的差异,为不同胶粉的粉未鉴定提供了一些基础资料。并指出胡芦巴胶粉冷水不溶物低,对其化学改性十分有利。     

胡芦巴多糖胶开发现状及发展对策

胡芦巴胶是我国自主研制开发的新一代半乳甘露聚糖胶.胡芦巴胶性能优良,资源丰富,在半乳甘露聚糖胶的一些应用领域完全可以替代进口瓜尔胶使用.但是近年来在进口瓜尔胶较低价格的形势下,国内胡芦巴胶产业走向发展的低谷.针对目前现状,对胡芦巴胶应用前景和产业发展的制约因素进行了讨论.     

植物多糖胶流变性质的研究

胡芦巴、皂荚、野皂荚和塔拉多糖胶水溶液随着浓度的增加,溶液表现为假塑性流体．表现粘度随剪切速率增大而减小。通过Cross模型和实验数据计算得到1％多糖胶零剪切速率时表现粘度η0、无穷大剪切速率时表现粘度η∞和弹性松驰时间等重要流变参数。根据Arrhenius方程和实验数据计算得到1％浓度多糖胶的粘度流化能E和常数A,皂荚胶和塔拉胶的粘流活化能大。时间对多糖胶液粘度影响较大,新配制的多糖胶液随着水化时间的延长,胶液表观粘度增大,胶液放置时间超过24h后,表现粘度随时间的延长而降低。pH值、冻融处理和盐离子对多糖胶表现粘度的影响不太大。多糖胶与硼离子形成的冻胶．其粘度因多糖胶品种而异,其中胡芦巴冻胶粘度最高,是野皂荚冻胶粘度的165倍和瓜尔胶冻胶粘度的2．7倍。     

胡芦巴籽中特征性香味成分分析

为建立胡芦巴籽中特征性香味成分胡芦巴内酯含量的分析方法,采用溶剂提取及Oldershow柱浓缩胡芦巴籽中的胡芦巴内酯,气相色谱外标法定量分析胡芦巴内酯的含量,气相色谱-质谱法定性鉴定胡芦巴内酯的结构;并测定了安徽产的胡芦巴籽中的胡芦巴内酯的含量;结果标明采用气相色谱法分析胡芦巴内酯,高效、准确、重现性好、分析时间适中。     

我国半乳甘露聚糖胶资源利用前景初探

半乳甘露聚糖植物胶加工是我国70年代中期兴起的新兴产业。本文从我国植物资源发展的角度。重点论证了瓜尔豆（Cyanopsis tetragonoloba（L.）Taubert.）、田菁（Sesbania cannabina(Retz.)Pers.)、胡芦巴（Trigonella foenum-graecum L.）的生产情况,认为胡芦巴适应性强、产量高、易于机械化大面积种植与轮作,并具有改良土壤以及经济效益好等优势。因此,发展半乳甘露聚糖胶资源,大量种植胡芦巴是最好的选择。     

五种豆科种子胚乳细胞的微观结构的比较

运用光学显微镜和电子显微镜分别对胡芦巴、野皂荚、皂荚、瓜尔豆、塔拉豆等五种豆科种子内胚乳细胞的形态、大小、壁厚等微观结构进行了观察比较。研究结果表明：五种种子内胚乳细胞壁几乎完全由胶状的透明的半乳甘露聚糖所填充,细胞的形态、大小差异较大,瓜尔豆、塔拉豆的内胚乳细胞呈球形或近球形;胡芦巴内胚乳细胞为多角形或多角椭圆形,它们细胞壁界限清晰,细胞排列整齐有规律;皂荚、野皂荚则为不规则的长椭球形,细胞壁彼此连接成片,界限模糊。一般地说：当细胞壁壁厚小于4μm时,胚乳胶粉中的水不溶物含量较低,1％浓度的胶液的粘度较高,而当壁厚大于4μm时,情况反之。本文的研究目的是为植物胶生产、加工提供一定的细胞学方面的依据。     

胡芦巴种子的类脂物成分

胡芦巴(Trigonella foenum graeeum L.)系豆科植物,主要分布于印度、北部非洲和地中海国家。胡芦巴的嫩叶可以当蔬菜吃,种子可作调味品。最近,胡芦巴作为优质蛋白质资源而引起人们的广泛重视。胡芦巴种子含有类脂物7.5％,其物化特征如下: 外观: 25～30℃时金黄色液状     

HPLC测定生物胶中三氯生杀菌剂含量研究

研究建立了一种采用甲醇溶剂与超声波萃取生物胶体系中的三氯生,以及高效液相色谱法测定萃取液中三氯生含量的方法。考察了萃取剂种类、萃取剂比例和超声时间等因素对生物胶体系中萃取三氯生含量的影响。实验结果表明,以甲醇-水为提取剂(体积比90︰10)、超声时间20 min时提取效率最适宜,但要准确配制甲醇-水的标准液及样品的预处理。高效液相色谱法测定胶体中三氯生含量,加标回收率及精密度均满足测试要求。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.