α-半乳糖苷酶

最近各种媒体不断报道红血球类型可以通过酶处理进行转换 ,这对于输血和开拓血源有十分重要的意义 ,所用的酶是α 半乳糖苷酶。α 半乳糖苷酶 (α ｇａｌａｃｔｏｓｉｄａｓｅ ,α Ｄ ｇａｌａｃｔｏｓｉｄｅｇａｌａｃｔｏｈｙｄｒｏｌａｓｅ ,ＥＣ 3.2 .1 .2 2 )能专一地催化α 半乳糖苷键的水解。它广泛存在于各种植物和动物体内 ,许多微生物如双歧杆菌 (Ｂｉｆｉｄｏｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍ)、黑曲霉菌 (Ａｓｐｅｒｇｉｌｌｕｓｎｉｇｅｒ) [1] 、大肠杆菌 (Ｅｓｃｈｅｒｉｃｈｉａｃｏｌｉ)Ｋ 1 2 1 [2 ]的抽提液中也发现有α 半乳糖苷酶的…     

纳豆激酶

纳豆激酶 (ｎａｔｔｏｋｉｎａｓｅ)是一种枯草杆菌蛋白激酶 ,是在纳豆发酵过程中由纳豆枯草杆菌 (Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓｓｕｂｔｉｌｉｓ/ｎａｔｔｏ)产生的一种丝氨酸蛋白酶。 1 987年由日本的须见洋行等首先发现[1～ 3] 。研究发现 ,纳豆激酶具有纤溶活性 ,可治疗和预防血栓病 ,它还可激活体内的纤溶酶原 ,从而增加内源性纤溶酶的量与作用[4] 。目前常用的及一些还在开发的治疗心脑血管栓塞疾病的药品 ,如链激酶 (ｓｔｒｅｐ ｔｏｋｉｎａｓｅ ,ＳＫ)、尿激酶 (ｕｒｏｋｉｎａｓｅ ,ＵＫ)、重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂 (ｒｅｃｏｍｂｉｎａｎｔ…     

反相色谱分离蚯蚓纤溶酶的初步研究

蚯蚓纤溶酶是由日本宫崎医科大学的Ｍｉｈａｒａ^［１］于１９８２年从蚯蚓的肠和体液中发现的。由于蚯蚓纤溶酶有良好的溶解血检的作用,可以治疗一系列与血栓形成有关的疾病,因而在临床上有很大的应用价值^[2],有可能成为一种新型的溶栓药物,继尿激酶、链激酶等之后应用于临床[4].关于蚯蚓纤溶酶的分离纯化,大多采用盐析、凝胶层析及离子交换层析等方法^[2-6],也有人采用亲和层析的方法^[7].本文以赤子爱胜蚓纤溶酶粗品为对象,对用反相色谱技术分离蚯蚓纤溶酶进行了初步尝试,现将结果报道如下。     

贵州远盲属蚯蚓一新种记述（单向蚓目：巨蚓科）

本文报道发现于贵州的远盲属蚯蚓一新种,命名为陈氏远盲蚓Ａｍｙｎｔｈａｓｃｈｅｎｉｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。模式标本采于贵州省梵净山。     

蚯蚓纤溶酶新基因EfP-0的电子克隆及其编码区序列RT-PCR验证

利用生物信息学手段,以期获得蚯蚓纤溶酶F-Ⅰ-0组分的基因。根据从粉正蚓(Lumbricusrubellus)中分离的F-Ⅰ-0组分的N端氨基酸序列VVGGSDTTIGQYPHQL,利用DNAMAN软件通过电子克隆方法,从Lumbricidae的dbEST中获得该组分的核酸序列信息,设计特异引物,经过RT-PCR,成功地从赤子爱胜蚓(Eiseniafoetida)中克隆到一条蚯蚓纤溶酶新基因,命名为EfP-0。EfP-0基因全长678bp,编码225个氨基酸的成熟肽,属丝氨酸蛋白酶,胰蛋白酶家族,与F-Ⅰ-0组分的氨基酸组成非常接近。BLAST证明,EfP-0与已报道的蚯蚓纤溶酶基因之间的相似性均低于40%,因此为蚯蚓纤溶酶中的一个新基因,GenBank登录号为DQ836917。构建的pMAL-c2x-EfP-0重组质粒,在大肠杆菌TB1中获得融合蛋白MBP-EfP-0的可溶性表达,表达产物有酪蛋白平板溶解活性。     

蜘蛛牵引丝蛋白cDNA的扩增、克隆与序列分析

蜘蛛是一种能在同一生物体内产生具有不同功能的多种丝的生物。蜘蛛丝的本质是蛋白质。牵引丝 (Ｄｒａｇｌｉｎｅｓｉｌｋ)是由蜘蛛的主壶腹腺 (Ｍａｊｏｒａｍｐｕｌｌａｔｅ ,ＭＡ)产生的 ,其较高的抗张强度 (4× 10 9Ｎ ｍ2 )与弹性 (35 % ) [1 ,2 ] ,使之成为一种有广阔应用前景的生物材料。目前 ,国外已有实验室通过构建ｃＤＮＡ文库的方法获得Ｎｅｐｈｉｌａｃｌａｖｉｐｅｓ中的两个牵引丝蛋白Ｓｐｉｄｒｏｉｎ1与Ｓｐｉｄｒｏｉｎ2的ｃＤＮＡ片段[3 ,4] ;但国内尚未见有相关报道。本文介绍的工作是利用简单便捷的ＰＣＲ技术对牵引丝…     

甘肃鼢鼠的求偶和交配行为

甘肃鼢鼠 (Ｍｙｏｓｐａｌａｘｃａｎｓｕｓ)主要分布在我国黄土高原地区 ,该鼠的繁殖生态学已有许多报道[1～3] 。其繁殖行为尚未见报道。国内外已对高原鼢鼠 (Ｍｙｏｓｐａｌａｘｂａｉｌｅｙｉ)、裸瞎鼠 (Ｈｅｔｅｒｏｃｅｐｈａｌｕｓｇｌａｂｅｒ)、鼹形鼠 (Ｓｐａｌａｘｅｈｒｅｎｂｅｒｇｉ)和囊鼠 (Ｔｈｏｍｏｍｙｓｂｏｔｔａｅ)等地下鼠的繁殖行为作了研究[4～8] 。由于甘肃鼢鼠营严格的地下生活 ,在野外其繁殖行为无法观察。本文对室内甘肃鼢鼠的求偶行为和交配行为进行初步观察 ,将结果予以报道。1　材料和方法实验用成年甘肃鼢…     

MCP-1结构与功能的分子基础

ＭＣＰ 1 (ｍｏｎｏｃｙｔｅｃｈｅｍｏａｔｔｒａｃｔａｎｔｐｒｏｔｅｉｎ 1 )是第一个被克隆鉴定的ＣＣ家族趋化因子 ,最早的研究起源于Ｃｏｃｈｒａｎ等[1] 报道的小鼠基因ＪＥ ,该基因从经血小板衍生因子 (ＰＤＧＦ)刺激的成纤维细胞中克隆 ,编码的蛋白质具有趋化白细胞功能。 1 989年 ,Ｙｏｓｈｉｍｕｒａ等[2 ]从神经胶质瘤系Ｕ 1 0 5ＭＧ筛到一ｃＤＮＡ克隆 ,其核苷酸和氨基酸序列与鼠ＪＥ同源 ,命名为ＭＣＰ 1。同年Ｆｕｒｕｔａｎｉ[3] 和Ｒｏｂｉｎｓｏｎ[4] 亦报道相同的趋化因子 ,分别命名为ＭＣＡＦ(ｈｕ ｍａｎｍｏｎｏｃｙ…     

蚯蚓纤溶酶的成分分析

蚯蚓纤溶酶（ｅａｒｔｈｗｏｒｍｆｉｂｒｉｎｏｌｙｔｉｃｅｎｚｙｍｅｓ,ＥＦＥ）是从蚯蚓体内提取的一类纤维蛋白水解酶,是一种新的溶栓药．利用亲和层析技术,自蚯蚓匀浆液一步提取蚯蚓纤溶酶,并对该酶的成分进行了分析．实验表明,蚯蚓纤溶酶是一组非均一的糖蛋白,含糖量为５％左右,以中性已糖为主;等电点（ｐＩ）在４．０以下;富含Ａｓｐ,而Ｍｅｔ、Ｔｒｐ和Ｌｙｓ含量很少;ｌｍｇ蚯蚓纤溶酶相当于２５０～３００尿激酶单位．     

双蜺腔蚓的生殖器官多态现象（寡毛纲：巨蚓科）

报道腔蚓属Ｍｅｔａｐｈｉｒｅ蚯蚓Ｍｅｔａｐｈｉｒｅｆａｎｇｉ（Ｃｈｅｎ,１９３６）及Ｍｅｔａｐｈｉｒｅｂｉｐａｐｉｌｌａｔａ（Ｃｈｅｎ,１９３６）应作为Ｍｅｔａｐｈｉｒｅｂｕｃｃｕｌｅｎｔａ（Ｇａｔｅｓ,１９３５）的同种异名,并记述该种的生殖器官多态现象。     

Expression and characterization of pro alpha 2-plasmin inhibitor

alpha s-Plasmin inhibitor (alpha 2PI), one of the serine protease inhibitors in plasma, was expressed in baby hamster kidney (BHK) cell line. The expression vector was constructed with its genomic DNA and cDNA, and was transfected into BHK cells by the calcium phosphate method. The recombinant alpha 2PI which was secreted from the cells was estimated by SDS-PAGE to have a molecular mass of 67 kDa, which is indistinguishable from that of normal plasma alpha 2PI. The leader peptide of 12 amino acids was retained at the amino terminus of the recombinant alpha 2PI. This finding suggests that alpha 2PI has pre-pro type processing and the propeptide of 12 amino acids is not removed in BHK cells. This pro-alpha 2PI shows essentially the same inhibitory activity on plasmin and the same affinity for plasmin(ogen) as those of normal alpha 2PI. However, the cross-linking ability to fibrin is reduced to less than one-third of that of normal alpha 2PI. The cross-linking site is the glutamine residue located at the second position from the amino terminus of normal alpha 2PI. The conformational change of this region caused by the addition of the propeptide may have affected the cross-linking capacity of the inhibitor.     

Molecular cloning of a cDNA that encodes a serine protease with chymotryptic and collagenolytic activities in the hepatopancreas of the shrimp Penaeus vanameii (Crustacea, Decapoda).

Two clones were isolated by screening a shrimp hepatopancreas cDNA library with a DNA fragment obtained by PCR amplification using two oligonucleotides based on the partial protein sequence of Penaeus vanameii chymotrypsin purified earlier. One of these clones, PVC 7 contains a complete cDNA coding for a serine protease. The deduced amino acid sequence shows the existence of a 270 residue-long preproenzyme containing a highly hydrophobic signal peptide of 14 amino acids. This suggests the existence of a putative zymogen form of the enzyme containing a 30 amino acid-long peptide which is cleaved to give a mature protein of 226 residues. A highly preferred codon usage is observed for this protein. The other obtained cDNA was found to encode the less predominant variant of the protein. Sequence alignments show that shrimp chymotrypsin is highly homologous with crab collagenase (77% homology taking into account the same amino acid at the same position, and 83% homology taking into account amino acids with conserved function) and that it is more similar to mouse trypsin (41% homology of strictly conserved amino acids) than to hornet chymotrypsin (35% homology).     

Cloning of the cDNA for the serine protease homolog CAP37/azurocidin, a microbicidal and chemotactic protein from human granulocytes

Human cationic antimicrobial protein (CAP37) is a neutrophil granule protein with monocyte chemotactic and antibacterial activity. A CAP37 cDNA clone of 899 bp was isolated from an HL-60 cDNA library using degenerate oligonucleotide probes based on partial N-terminal sequence of the CAP37 protein. The cDNA sequence predicts an open reading frame of 753 bp encoding a protein of 251 amino acids. A 26-residue eukaryotic signal peptide and a potential 7 amino acid pro-peptide are present at the N-terminus of the protein. The cDNA sequence also predicts three N-linked glycosylation attachment sites and eight intramolecular cysteines. The deduced amino acid sequence of CAP37 shows 44, 42, and 32% homology at the amino acid level to neutrophil elastase, myeloblastin, and cathepsin G, respectively, suggesting that CAP37 is a member of the serine protease gene family. CAP37 does not possess serine protease activity probably due to mutations in two of three residues in the catalytic triad of the "charge relay system." Whereas CAP37 is expressed in undifferentiated HL-60 cells no message is detected in mature neutrophils.     

Specific phosphorylation of the acidic central region of the N-myc protein by casein kinase II.

The central region of the N-myc protein has a characteristic amino acid sequence EDTLSDSDDEDD, which is very similar to those of particular domains of adenovirus E1A, human papilloma virus E7, Simian virus 40 large T, c-myc and L-myc proteins. Domains of these three viral oncoproteins have recently been shown to be specific binding sites for the tumor-suppressor gene retinoblastoma protein. We have noted that the sequence of serine followed by a cluster of acidic amino acids is exactly the same as that of a typical substrate of casein kinase II (CKII). Therefore, we investigated whether these nuclear oncoproteins are phosphorylated by CKII. For this purpose, we fused the beta-galactosidase and N-myc genes including this domain and expressed it in Escherichia coli cells. Several mutant N-myc genes, containing single amino acid substitutions in this domain, were also used to produce fused proteins. Strong phosphorylation by CKII was detected with the fused protein of wild-type N-myc. However, no phosphorylation of beta-galactosidase itself was observed and the phosphorylations of fused mutant proteins were low. Another fused N-myc protein containing most of the C-terminal region downstream of this acidic region was not phosphorylated by CKII. Analysis of phosphorylation sites in synthetic peptides of this acidic region identified the major sites phosphorylated by CKII as Ser261 and Ser263. On two-dimensional tryptic mapping of phosphorylated N-myc proteins, major spots of in vitro-labeled and in-vivo-labeled N-myc proteins were detected in the same positions. These results suggest that two serine residues of the acidic central region of the N-myc protein are phosphorylated by CKII in vivo as well as in vitro. The functional significance of this acidic domain is discussed.     

Gene identification and molecular characterization of solvent stable protease from a moderately haloalkaliphilic bacterium, Geomicrobium sp. EMB2

Cloning and characterization of the gene encoding a solvent-tolerant protease from the haloalkaliphilic bacterium Geomicrobium sp. EMB2 are described. Primers designed based on the N-terminal amino acid sequence of the purified EMB2 protease helped in the amplification of a 1,505-bp open reading frame that had a coding potential of a 42.7-kDa polypeptide. The deduced EMB2 protein contained a 35.4-kDa mature protein of 311 residues, with a high proportion of acidic amino acid residues. Phylogenetic analysis placed the EMB2 gene close to a known serine protease from Bacillus clausii KSM-K16. Primary sequence analysis indicated a hydrophobic inclination of the protein; and the 3D structure modeling elucidated a relatively higher percentage of small (glycine, alanine, and valine) and borderline (serine and threonine) hydrophobic residues on its surface. The structure analysis also highlighted enrichment of acidic residues at the cost of basic residues. The study indicated that solvent and salt stabilities in Geomicrobium sp. protease may be accorded to different structural features; that is, the presence of a number of small hydrophobic amino acid residues on the surface and a higher content of acidic amino acid residues, respectively.     

Molecular cloning, sequencing, and expression of a fibrinolytic serine-protease gene from the earthworm Lumbricus rubellus

The full-length cDNA of the lumbrokinase fraction 6 (F6) protease gene of Lumbricus rubellus was amplified using an mRNA template, sequenced and expressed in E. coli cells. The F6 protease gene consisted of pro- and mature sequences by gene sequence analysis, and the protease was translated and modified into active mature polypeptide by N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis of the F6 protease. The pro-region of F6 protease consisted of the 44 residues from methionine-1 to lysine-44, and the mature polypeptide sequence (239 amino acid residues and one stop codon; 720 bp) started from isoleucine-45 and continued to the terminal residue. F6 protease gene clones having pro-mature sequence and mature sequence produced inclusion bodies in E. coli cells. When inclusion bodies were orally administrated rats, generated thrombus weight in the rat's venous was reduced by approximately 60 % versus controls. When the inclusion bodies were solubilized in pepsin and/or trypsin solutions, the solubilized enzymes showed hemolytic activity in vitro. It was concluded the F6 protease has hemolytic activity, and that it is composed of pro- and mature regions.     

Characterization of an extracellular protease inhibitor of Bacillus brevis HPD31 and nucleotide sequence of the corresponding gene.

A novel proteinaceous protease inhibitor was isolated from the culture supernatant of Bacillus brevis HPD31. The protease inhibitor of B. brevis (designated BbrPI) was produced extracellularly in multiple forms having at least three different molecular weights. One of them, BbrPI-a, was purified to near homogeneity and only showed inhibitory activity toward serine proteases, such as trypsin, chymotrypsin, and subtilisin. BbrPI was presumed to form a trypsin-inhibitor complex in a molar ratio of 1:1. The inhibitor was found to be heat resistant at neutral and acidic pHs. The gene coding for BbrPI was cloned into Escherichia coli, and its nucleotide sequence was determined. The sequence suggested that BbrPI is produced with a signal peptide of 24 amino acid residues. The amino acid sequence of the protein deduced from the DNA sequence contained the amino acid sequences of amino termini of the inhibitors, a, b, and c, and their putative precursor determined chemically. The molecular weight of the precursor was about 33,000, and the molecular weights of inhibitors a, b, and c were about 22,000, 23,500, and 24,000, respectively. It is presumed that the secreted precursor protein, which is probably inactive, is cleaved by protease into several active protease inhibitor molecules. BbrPI shows no significant homology to the protease inhibitors described previously and is unique in not having any cysteine residues in its molecule.     

Characterization of an extracellular protease inhibitor of Bacillus brevis HPD31 and nucleotide sequence of the corresponding gene.

A novel proteinaceous protease inhibitor was isolated from the culture supernatant of Bacillus brevis HPD31. The protease inhibitor of B. brevis (designated BbrPI) was produced extracellularly in multiple forms having at least three different molecular weights. One of them, BbrPI-a, was purified to near homogeneity and only showed inhibitory activity toward serine proteases, such as trypsin, chymotrypsin, and subtilisin. BbrPI was presumed to form a trypsin-inhibitor complex in a molar ratio of 1:1. The inhibitor was found to be heat resistant at neutral and acidic pHs. The gene coding for BbrPI was cloned into Escherichia coli, and its nucleotide sequence was determined. The sequence suggested that BbrPI is produced with a signal peptide of 24 amino acid residues. The amino acid sequence of the protein deduced from the DNA sequence contained the amino acid sequences of amino termini of the inhibitors, a, b, and c, and their putative precursor determined chemically. The molecular weight of the precursor was about 33,000, and the molecular weights of inhibitors a, b, and c were about 22,000, 23,500, and 24,000, respectively. It is presumed that the secreted precursor protein, which is probably inactive, is cleaved by protease into several active protease inhibitor molecules. BbrPI shows no significant homology to the protease inhibitors described previously and is unique in not having any cysteine residues in its molecule.