UV-B辐射增强和O3浓度升高对大豆叶片内源激素和抗氧化能力的影响

揭示大豆叶片内源激素对UV-B和臭氧胁迫的代谢机制和响应方式,为从分子水平研究植物内源激素对UV-B(Ultraviolet-B)和O3(Ozone)胁迫的适应机制奠定基础。以大豆(Glycine max.)为试验材料,利用开顶式气室研究UV-B(0.32W/m2)和O3((110±10)nmol/mol)复合胁迫对大豆叶片内源激素含量及活性氧代谢系统的影响。结果表明:在大豆整个生育期内,与对照相比,UV-B胁迫使大豆叶片ABA(Abscisic acid)含量、ZR(Zeatin riboside)含量和IAA(Indoleacetic acid)含量显著降低,IAA/ABA、ZR/ABA、(IAA+ZR)/ABA比值升高,O·-2(Superoxide anion free radical,O·-2)产生速率和MDA(Malonaldehyde)含量升高,SOD(Superoxide dismutase)、CAT(Catalase)和POD(Peroxidase)活性显著降低;高浓度O3胁迫下,大豆叶片ABA和IAA含量显著下降、ZR含量显著增加,IAA/ABA、ZR/ABA、(IAA+ZR)/ABA值显著升高,O·-2产生速率和MDA含量增加,SOD、CAT和POD活性显著降低;UV-B和O3复合胁迫下,大豆叶片ABA含量、ZR含量和IAA含量降低,ZR/ABA、(IAA+ZR)/ABA值下降,而IAA/ABA值升高,O·-2产生速率和MDA含量显著增加,SOD、CAT和POD活性显著降低。UV-B辐射增强和O3浓度升高单一及复合作用使大豆叶片内源激素间平衡改变,进而影响大豆叶片的代谢水平。持续胁迫下,植株抗氧化能力下降,对大豆表现为伤害效应。UV-B和O3复合胁迫比单独胁迫时的影响有所加深,但是小于两者单独作用时影响的简单累加。     

UV-B辐射增强对两种不同抗性水稻叶片光合生理及超显微结构的影响

在UV-B辐射增强条件下,研究了两个不同水稻品种叶片光合作用系统的变化。结果表明：（1）UV-B辐射胁迫使两个水稻品种叶片总叶绿素含量,叶绿素a与叶绿素b（Chla／Chlb）比值下降,叶绿素a荧光诱导动力学参数改变,光系统Ⅱ活性受抑制,光合作用效率降低,其中Dular受抑制的程度较Lemont大。（2）利用扫描电镜（SEM）和透射电镜（TEM）进一步研究表明,UV-B辐射胁迫使水稻叶片气孔器受破坏,叶绿体结构变形,基粒片层排列稀疏紊乱,两个供试品种结构上受破坏的程度与它们光合生理受抑制的程度一致。（3）叶片边缘受破坏的程度较主脉两侧轻,这可能与硅质乳突密度较大有关。（4）两个供试品种叶片表面主脉两侧的硅质乳突数量及其受UV-B辐射影响的特性存在明显的差异,Lemont叶表面的乳突分布密度较大,且在UV-B辐射胁迫下有增加的趋势,而Dular则相反。这说明硅质体的累积特性可能是水稻对UV-B辐射胁迫的适应机制之一。     

铅对水稻植物激素含量的影响

目的:研究铅对水稻植物激素含量的影响.方法:以湘早籼24和八两优100为材料,通过盆栽试验,采用高效液相色谱法测定不同浓度铅处理下水稻根和叶中植物激素的含量.结果:在低浓度铅胁迫下,湘早籼24叶中GA1和CTK含量以及与ABA比值、八两优100叶中GA1和IAA含量以及与ABA比值均增加,两个品种根中GA1和IAA含量以及与ABA比值增加、而ABA含量均有降低趋势.在高浓度铅胁迫下,两个品种的叶和根中GA1、IAA和CTK含量以及与ABA比值均降低;根中ABA含量增加.两个品种叶中ABA含量均随铅处理浓度的增加而增加.结论:低浓度铅能促进水稻的生长发育,而在高浓度铅胁迫下,水稻的生长发育受到抑制,这些作用与其差异调节水稻体内多种植物激素含量和激素间比值有关.     

UV-B辐射引起的绿豆幼苗叶片Rubisco量降低与H2O2含量升高有关

为了探讨UV-B辐射引起的Rubisco含量降低的可能机制,研究了两个绿豆品种(秦豆-20和中绿-1)幼苗在UV-B辐射下叶片Rubisco含量、蛋白水解酶活性和H2O2含量的变化.结果表明:UV-B辐射显著加速了两个绿豆品种幼苗叶片H2O2含量和蛋白水解酶活性上升,使Rubiscco含量下降.秦豆-20品种在UV-B辐射下H2O2含量和蛋白水解酶活性的上升程度明显大于中绿-1,相应其Rubisco含量的下降程度也大于中绿-1.抗坏血酸处理能明显降低UV-B辐射下两品种幼苗叶片H2O2含量,同时明显抑制蛋白水解酶活性的上升及Rubisco含量的下降.结果说明UV-B辐射诱导Rubisco含量的降低可能通过提高H2O2水平从而加强蛋白水解酶系统的活化而加速了Rubisco的降解.     

灌浆期高温对水稻光合特性、内源激素和稻米品质的影响

以2个籼稻品种:温度钝感型品种K30和温度敏感型品种R21为材料,利用人工气候室控温,在水稻灌浆期设置高温(日均温度34.9℃)和适温(日均温度28.0℃)处理,测定不同灌浆时期(5,10,15,20,25d和30d)光合特性、内源激素含量及稻米品质的变化。结果表明,高温增强了K30的光合能力,K30高温处理净光合速率(Pn)在整个灌浆期都明显高于对照;R21在灌浆前期(5、10d和15d)高温处理与适温处理Pn差异不明显,在灌浆后期(20、25d和30d)高温处理Pn下降。高温增加了K30叶片和籽粒脱落酸(ABA)含量;而R21高温处理和适温处理叶片与籽粒ABA含量的对比不明显。高温处理对两个水稻品种叶片和籽粒赤霉素(GA3)与生长素(IAA)含量也有不同程度影响。高温胁迫降低稻米品质,但K30比R21表现出更强的温度钝感特性。     

增强UV-B辐射和接种稻瘟病菌对2个水稻品种幼苗叶片3个生理指标的影响

通过盆栽实验研究了单一增强UV-B辐射(2.5、5.0和7.5 kJ·m-2·d-1)以及增强UV-B辐射和稻瘟病菌(Magnaporthe grisea,菌株Y98-16T和Y99-63C)侵染复合胁迫对水稻(Oryza sativa L. )品种'黄壳糯'('Huangkenuo')和'合系41'('Hexi-41')幼苗叶片相对电导率、MDA含量和SOD活性3个生理指标的影响.结果表明:在低剂量(2.5和5.0 kJ·m-2·d-1)单一UV-B辐射条件下,2个水稻品种幼苗叶片的3个生理指标均较对照(自然光)有所降低;而在高剂量(7.5 kJ·m-2·d-1)单一UV-B辐射条件下,2个水稻品种幼苗叶片的3个生理指标均较对照有所增加.与对照(仅接种稻瘟病菌)相比,经低剂量(2.5和5.0 kJ·m-2·d-1) UV-B辐射后再接种稻瘟病菌,'黄壳糯'幼苗叶片的3个生理指标总体上均降低;而经高剂量(7.5 kJ·m-2·d-1)UV-B辐射后再接种稻瘟病菌,'黄壳糯'幼苗叶片的3个生理指标均有所增加.经不同剂量UV-B辐射后再接种稻瘟病菌,'合系41'幼苗叶片的3个生理指标总体上均有所增加,且2个水稻品种幼苗叶片的相对电导率与SOD活性均有显著的正相关性(P<0.05).与对照(仅接种稻瘟病菌)相比,接种稻瘟病菌后再经不同剂量UV-B辐射处理,'黄壳糯'幼苗叶片的3个生理指标均有所增加;而 '合系41'幼苗叶片的3个生理指标变化各异.接种稻瘟病菌菌株Y98-16T后再用UV-B辐射处理,2个水稻品种幼苗叶片的3个生理指标间均有显著或极显著的正相关性(P<0.05或P<0.01);而接种稻瘟病菌菌株Y99-63C后再用UV-B辐射处理,2个水稻品种幼苗叶片的3个生理指标间无明显的相关性.研究结果显示,在增强UV-B辐射和稻瘟病菌侵染复合胁迫条件下,因2个胁迫因子的作用顺序不同、稻瘟病菌菌株不同、UV-B辐射量不同以及水稻品种的差异,水稻幼苗叶片的细胞膜透性、MDA含量和SOD活性呈现出不同的变化趋势.     

大气二氧化碳浓度升高对银杏叶片内源激素的影响

采用开顶箱系统,研究了银杏叶片内源激素脱落酸(ABA)、吲哚乙酸(IAA)、玉米素核苷(ZR)和赤霉素(GA₃)对大气CO₂浓度升高(环境CO₂浓度+350 μmol·mol^-1,EC)的响应.结果表明,EC处理能使ABA含量降低,与对照(CK)相比, ABA含量最大降低63.0%(处理后120 d).EC处理使叶片IAA和ZR含量增加,而且随着处理时间的延长,差异均达显著水平;IAA含量在处理后100 d为CK的2倍,ZR含量在处理后80 d时为CK的2.5倍.EC处理使叶片GA₃峰值提前出现. (IAA+GA₃+ZR)/ABA比值随着银杏的生长逐渐降低,在处理后期(处理后40～120 d)明显高于CK,表明大气CO₂浓度升高可促进银杏的生长发育.     

大田条件下增强UV-B辐射对元阳梯田2个地方水稻品种叶片形态解剖结构的影响

研究了大田原位种植条件下,人工模拟UV-B辐射增强(0、2.5、5.0、7.5kJ·m-2)对元阳梯田2个地方水稻品种——月亮谷、白脚老粳分蘖期、拔节期和孕穗期的叶片形态解剖结构的影响。结果表明:(1)UV-B辐射增强导致2个供试水稻叶片的叶长、叶宽和单叶面积逐渐减小;叶片厚度显著或极显著增加;叶片上表皮厚度不同程度的增加和下表皮厚度显著或极显著减小;叶片上、下表皮角质层厚度显著或极显著增加;(2)对叶片解剖结构观察进一步发现,UV-B辐射增强导致水稻叶肉细胞排列疏松,细胞间隙增大;(3)2个供试水稻相比,只有5.0与7.5kJ·m-2UV-B辐射处理的白脚老粳叶片下表皮角质层厚度显著大于月亮谷,其他处理均没有显著性差异;(4)各辐射处理间的抑制率相比,2个供试水稻5.0和7.5kJ·m-2UV-B辐射处理的叶长、叶片上表皮厚度和下表皮角质层厚度以及白脚老粳7.5kJ·m-2UV-B辐射处理的单叶面积和叶片上表皮角质层厚度显著或极显著大于2.5kJ·m-2UV-B辐射处理,其他处理均无显著性差异。表明UV-B辐射增强对元阳梯田地方水稻品种叶片的形态、解剖结构有显著影响。     

水稻、玉米和狼尾草花粉低温贮藏期间激素和维生素含量及呼吸速率变化

测定了水稻、玉米和狼尾草花粉在低温(4±1℃)贮藏时内源激素(IAA、GA3、ZT和ABA)、维生素B.维生素C、维生素E、类胡萝卜素含量和呼吸速率的变化,结果表明IAA、GA3、ZT、维生素B2、维生素C、维生素E、类胡萝卜素的含量和呼吸速率在贮藏期间下降,而脱落酸的含量不断上升.与短寿命的水稻和玉米花粉相比,长寿命的狼尾草花粉的IAA和GA3含量及呼吸速率低,下降速度慢,而ABA始终保持较高水平.     

茭白生育过程中地上各部位内源激素的含量变化

以两个茭白品种为试材,测定了植株茎蘖生育过程中地上各部位主要激素及肉质茎膨大过程中的干重变化。结果显示：茭白植株生育过程中各部位的激素以玉米素及玉米素核苷(Z ZR)的含量最高,生长素(IAA)其次,赤霉素(GA3)和脱落酸(ABA)含量很低;在各部位间总体以茎尖最高,叶鞘其次,叶片最低。其中Z ZR含量在肉质茎膨大前即已明显上升,膨大开始后显著下降;IAA含量在肉质茎膨大后期至末期才出现下降;叶片内ABA含量在肉质茎膨大前即开始上升,叶鞘内ABA．含量在肉质茎膨大后期上升,茎尖内则无明显变化;各部位GA2含量在整个生育期内无明显变化。肉质茎的干重增加也与其Z ZR含量下降密切相关。认为Z ZR是刺激肉质茎膨大的关键激素。品种间差异表现为各部位激素含量及其变化有一定差异,尤其是肉质茎膨大阶段差异比较明显。     

Influence of supplemental ultraviolet-B on indoleacetic acid and calmodulin in the leaves of rice (Oryza sativa L.)

IR68 and Dular rice cultivars were grown under ambient, 13.0 (simulating 20% ozone depletion) and 19.1 (simulating 40% ozone depletion) kJ m^-2 day^-1 of biologically effective ultraviolet-B (UV-B_BE) for 4 weeks. Plant height and leaf area were significantly reduced by supplemental UV-B_BE radiation. Greater reduction in leaf area than of plant height was observed. A decrease in indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) content and increase in peroxidase and IAA oxidase activities of UV-B treated plants in both cultivars were observed compared with ambient control. Calmodulin content also decreased after plants were treated with high supplemental UV-B for two weeks and medium UV-B treatment for four weeks. The results indicated that peroxidase and IAA oxidase activities in rice leaves were stimulated by supplemental UV-B, resulting in the destruction of IAA which in turn may cause inhibition of rice leaf growth. Although the mechanism is unclear, calmodulin is most likely involved in leaf growth.     

UV-B辐射增强对水稻多胺代谢及内源激素含量的影响

研究表明,在处理前期（7－14d),增强的UV－B辐射能使供试水稻汕成63（Sy63）的精氨酸脱羧酶（ADC）、鸟氨酸脱羧酶（ODC）和s－腺苷蛋氨酸脱羧酶（SAMDC）活性分别平均增加165．74％、104．60％和89．60％,南川（NC）的这3种酶活性分别增加59．91％、41．30％和23．68％,IR65600－85只表现出ADC和ODC活性分别平均提高115．93％、14．45％,SAMDC活性却下降33．01％,在处理后期（21－28d）,Sy63的ADC－ODC活性分别对照平均增加89．72％、3．71％,NC则分别增加73．95％、27．38％,IR656000－85表现为ADC活性增加94．41％,ODC活性却下降13．57％,就SAMDC而言,处理后期（21－28d）,三者分别下降40．06％、19．20％和38．21％,多胺氧化酶（PAO）活性变化趋势恰好相反,从而引起多胺（PA）含量特别是腐胺（Put）含量明显上升,此外,UV－B辐射增强能使IAA和GA11／3含量在整个处理期间（7－28d）供试水稻品种（组合）Sy63分别平均下降58．92％和45．48％,NC分别减少43．31％和56．20％,IR65600－85则分别降低38．69％和47．33％,所有供试水稻品种（组合）的ZRs含量表现为处理前期（7－14d）有所降低,处理后期（21－28d）则明显提高,就ABA含量而言,整个处理时间（7－28d）,3个品种（组合）均比对照显著或后期（21－28d）则明显提高,就ABA含量而言,整个处理期间（7－28 d）,3个品种（组合）均比对照显著或极显著增加,三者分别提高了14．4%、99．6％和56．7％,从而显著降低IAA／ABA、GA1／3／ABA和ZRs/ABA的比值,影响水稻生长发育。     

Interactive effects of α-NAA and UV-B radiation on the endogenous hormone contents and growth of Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim seedlings

The impact of UV-B radiation on endogenous hormones in plants has recently drawn attention from researchers. The mechanism for reduced stem elongation by UV-B might be due to changes in the phytohormone levels, especially IAA, which plays a role in stem elongation. In this study, effects of UV-B radiation on Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim (T. kirilowii) seedlings in greenhouse-grown plants were investigated. The results indicated that: (1) In comparison to controls, exposure to 0.029 Jm^?2 s^?1. UV-B radiation led to accumulation of endogenous abscisic acid (ABA) and zeatinriboside (ZR) in the plant contents, and decreased contents of endogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and gibberellic acid (GA_1/3). Exposure to UV-B radiation reduced the height and leaf area of plants. As a result, total biomass (plant dry weight) was lower. (2) In comparison to controls, addition of 2 mg l^?1 α-naphthaleneacetic acid (α-NAA) slightly increased the contents of IAA, GA_1/3 and ZR, and decreased the content of ABA in leaves. This addition of α-NAA significantly increased plant height and leaf area, but only slightly increased total biomass. (3) Addition of α-NAA to UV-B-exposed plants: increased the content of endogenous IAA, GA_1/3 and ZR; decreased accumulation of endogenous ABA; and increased plant height and leaf area in comparison to plants that only were exposed to UV-B. Moreover, total biomass increased slightly. This suggests that addition of α-NAA may compensate to a certain extent for the lack of IAA resulting from UV-B radiation; it also increases the content of GA_1/3 and ZR, decreases the accumulation of ABA, and promotes the growth of plants.     

Low doses of ultraviolet-B or ultraviolet-C radiation affect phytohormones in young pea plants

Pea (Pisum sativum L., cv. Scinado) seedlings were exposed to low doses of ultraviolet-B (UV-B; 4.4 and 13.3 kJ m⁻² d⁻¹) or UV-C (0.1 and 0.3 kJ m⁻² d⁻¹) radiation for 14 d. Aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid (ACC), indoleacetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) contents were quantified by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The accumulation of ACC upon irradiation was dose-dependent. ABA content was reduced and IAA content increased upon UV-C treatment whereas the UV-B doses used did not cause significant changes in ABA and IAA contents.     

A Proteomic Analysis of Leaf Responses to Enhanced Ultraviolet-B Radiation in Two Rice (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza sativa</Emphasis> L.) Cultivars Differing in UV Sensitivity

To determine the proteomic response to UV irradiation, two cultivars, i.e., Lemont (UV tolerant) and Dular (UV sensitive), were exposed to natural and enhanced ultraviolet-B (UV-B) irradiation for 1, 7, and 14 days, and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis in combination with mass spectrometry (MS) and bioinformatics were used to compare the different proteomic responses in the leaves of the two cultivars. Thirty-nine proteins were up- or downregulated following the UV-B treatments. Among them, 30 increased or decreased more than 1.5-fold in abundance. They were further tested by using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight MS and performed a database search. Twenty-four proteins were thus identified. These identified proteins were mostly upregulated in Lemont, whereas only 14 of them upregulated in Dular. Nine proteins involved in glycometabolism and fatty acid metabolisms, signal transduction, and protein synthesis and folding in Dular were not changed. These results suggest that there was a complex regulative mechanism on the proteomes in rice leaves upon UV-B exposure.     

Response of oxidative stress defense systems in rice (Oryza sativa) leaves with supplemental UV-B radiation

The impact of elevated ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B, 280–320 nm) on membrane systems and lipid peroxidation, and possible involvement of active oxygen radicals was investigated in leaves of two UV-B susceptible rice cultivars (Oryza sativa L. cvs IR74 and Dular). Rice seedlings were grown in a greenhouse for 10 days and then treated with biologically effective UV-B (UV-B_BE) radiation for 28 days. Oxidative stress effects were evaluated by measuring superoxide anion (O₂) generation rate, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) content, malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration and relative electrolyte conductivity (EC) for IR74 and Dular at 0 (control), 6 or 13 kJ m^?2 day^?1 UV-B_BE. Significant increases in these parameters were found in rice plants grown at 13 vs 0 kJ m^?2 day^?1 UV-B_BE after 28 days; indicating that disruption of membrane systems may be an eventual reason for UV-B-induced injury in rice plants. There was a positive correlation between O₂^? generation and increases in EC or MDA in leaves. Activities of enzymatic and nonenzymatic free radical scavengers were measured for IR74 after 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of exposure to 13 or 0 UV-B_BE to evaluate dynamics of these responses over time. Activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase (but not ascorbate peroxidase) and concentrations of ascorbic acid and glutathione were enhanced by 13 vs 0 UV-B_BE after 14 days of UV-B exposure. Further exposure to 28 days of UV-B was associated with a decline in enzyme activities and ascorbic acid, but not glutathione. It is suggested that UV-B-induced injury may be associated with disturbance of active oxygen metabolism through the destruction and alteration of both enzymatic and nonenzymatic defense systems in rice.