梓醇对鱼藤酮损伤小鼠的记忆、抗氧化能力的影响及安全性评价

目的:研究梓醇对鱼藤酮损伤小鼠的学习记忆能力及皮层抗氧化系统的影响,并对其安全性进行评价.方法:腹腔注射鱼藤酮建立小鼠皮层抗氧化系统损伤模型,腹腔注射给药21 d后进行Y迷宫试验,再测定各组小鼠皮层谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GST)、丙二酫(MDA)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)水平;梓醇安全性评价采取小鼠急性毒性试验和大鼠长期毒性试验.结果:梓醇能够改善小鼠的迷宫成绩,增强GSH-PX活性和GSH含量,降低GST活性和MDA含量,抑制LDH的释放.小鼠腹腔注射给药梓醇的LD50为206.5mg/kg.;大鼠尾静脉注射90天,未见动物出现血液学、血液生化及主要脏器的毒性变化.结论:梓醇能改善鱼藤酮损伤小鼠的记忆能力,减轻皮层氧化应激损伤;长期使用无明显的毒副作用.     

人参花食用安全性研究

目的:对人参花食用安全性进行毒理学评价.方法:采用大鼠经口急性毒性试验、遗传毒性试验(Ames试验、小鼠骨髓细胞微核试验、小鼠精子畸形试验)、大鼠30 d喂养试验.结果:雌、雄大鼠经口最大耐受剂量(MTD)均大于17.4 g/kg·bw.3项遗传毒性试验结果均为阴性.在大鼠30 d喂养试验中,6.0 g/kg·bw,3.0 g/kg·bw及1.5g/kg· bw 3个剂量组的实验动物均生长发育良好,体重、摄食量、饮水量、血液学、血液生化学、脏器系数及病理组织学相关指标均未见异常变化.结论:人参花属于实际无毒物,未见遗传毒性,长期服用是安全的.     

热感赛比斯坦颗粒毒理学实验研究

观察热感赛比斯坦颗粒对小鼠的急性和大鼠长期毒性反应。将热感赛比斯坦颗粒生药浸膏液干燥,粉碎,以最大浓度及小鼠最大给药体积对小鼠灌胃,进行最大耐受量试验,观察两周之内出现的急性毒性反应。采用SD大鼠分别给予37.50 g/(kg·d)、12.50 g/(kg·d)、3.75 g/(kg·d)药物灌胃,空白组给予同等体积的蒸馏水,进行长期毒性试验。在给药30 d、停药15 d测定生化、血象指标、脏器系数和各主要脏器病理切片。急性毒性试验测得小鼠最大耐受量为299.70 g/kg,无死亡现象,解剖后发现小鼠各主要脏器无肉眼可见病变。长期毒性试验给药及恢复期间各组大鼠体重无统计学差异。血液学、血生化及脏器系数检查,给药组与对照组之间个别指标有差异,无毒性意义。主要脏器的病理组织学检查,未见明显病理改变。本研究证明热感赛比斯坦颗粒临床成人拟用给药剂量远低于其毒性剂量,安全性良好。     

四种不同方法注射眼镜蛇蛇毒对小鼠LD_(50)的影响分析

目的比较小鼠经不同途径注射眼镜蛇蛇毒的半数致死量(LD_(50)),并观察中毒症状。方法将小鼠分别经四种途径注射眼镜蛇毒冻干粉溶液,并根据各组小鼠死亡情况,运用Bliss软件测定LD_(50)估计值、置信区间等。观察各组小鼠生物学行为及死亡情况,并对死亡小鼠和存活小鼠进行解剖分析。结果小鼠经静脉、腹腔、肌肉和皮下注射眼镜蛇蛇毒的LD_(50)分别为0.691 mg/kg、0.741 mg/kg、0.803 mg/kg和0.915 mg/kg,95%CI分别为0.634～0.742 mg/kg、0.676～0.792 mg/kg、0.754～0.856 mg/kg和0.851～1.05 mg/kg。各组小鼠中毒症状明显,表现为呼吸困难、精神萎靡、眼球昏暗、眼角有分泌物、身体出现扭体抽搐等反应,均在2～9 h内死亡。结论小鼠经静脉注射眼镜蛇毒溶液中毒的毒性剂量最小,皮下注射眼镜蛇毒溶液中毒的毒性剂量最大。小鼠经四种不同途径注射眼镜蛇蛇毒的LD_(50)的值按从大到小的排序为皮下注射,肌肉注射,腹腔注射,静脉注射。     

番茄叶水提物急性毒性及其对急性炎症的影响

本文观察了番茄叶水提物对小鼠的急性毒性及其对脂多糖诱导急性炎症模型大鼠的影响。采用经典的急性毒性试验方法,观察小鼠口服给予番茄叶水提物的死亡率,按寇氏法计算半数致死量(LD50)。50只SD大鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、阳性药泼尼松5 mg/kg组与番茄叶水提物3.19、1.59 g/kg组,连续给药10 d,每天一次。以腹腔注射脂多糖(LPS)建立急性炎症模型,ELISA法测定血清白细胞介素1(IL-1)、白细胞介素6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)。结果显示,番茄叶水提物单次灌胃给药的LD50为46.44g/kg,95%可信限为39.52～54.60 g/kg。3.19 g/kg番茄叶水提物可明显降低LPS诱导的急性炎症小鼠血清IL-1、IL-6和TNF-α水平。番茄叶水提物抑制LPS诱导急性炎症的作用机制可能与其降低血清炎症因子水平有关。     

苦豆碱对小鼠的急性毒性研究

本文拟探讨苦豆碱对小鼠的急性毒性,并明确其半数致死量(LD_(50))以及毒性靶器官。采用腹腔注射给药方式,给予600.00、480.00、384.00、307.20、245.76 mg/kg的苦豆碱,实验后观察7 d,记录体重变化及自主活动情况,检测苦豆碱对小鼠的急性毒性作用,用加权回归几率法(Bliss)计算LD_(50),并对死亡小鼠进行主要脏器的病理学检查。结果显示,苦豆碱的小鼠LD_(50)为395.62 mg/kg,95%可信限为305.23~535.04 mg/kg,LD_5为143.00 mg/kg,LD95为1094.47 mg/kg。7 d内小鼠体重有增长趋势。病理结果显示,苦豆碱对小鼠的主要毒性靶器官为肝脏。     

九里香蛋白多糖的抗生育及其它生物活性

九里香蛋白多糖有明显的抗生育作用,小鼠腹腔注射剂量2.08mg/kg,抗早孕率达72—83％。能增强小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬功能,吞噬指数和吞噬百分数分别为对照组的5.42和1.70倍。能增加致敏动物血清中溶血素含量,小鼠HC_(50)为对照组的5.1倍。对大鼠新鲜红细胞有明显的促进凝集作用,凝集率为31.1％。能对抗环磷酰胺引起的白细胞减少,对照组和九里香蛋白多糖组白细胞下降率分别为42.7％和26.7％。对二甲苯所致小鼠耳部炎症也有对抗作用,抑制率达52％。有抗凝血作用,家兔静脉注射18mg/kg,凝血时间延长1.76分钟。毒性较低,小鼠腹腔注射LD_(50)为462±56.7mg/kg。     

水杨柳根D_(101)树脂提取物保肝降酶作用的实验研究

目的研究水杨柳根D_(101)树脂提取物(HRE)对肝损伤模型动物的保护作用。方法取小鼠行连续灌胃给予50%白酒30天制造酒精性肝损伤模型,于小鼠腹腔注射CCl_4制造急性肝损伤模型,每周2次于大鼠腹腔连续注射CCl_430天制造慢性肝损伤模型,然后分别测定各动物血清ALT和AST水平。结果在酒精性和CCl_4慢性肝损伤动物模型中,HRE高、中剂量组(小鼠为2.7g/kg,1.8g/kg;大鼠为3.9g/kg,2.6g/kg)均能显著降低血清ALT和AST水平(P0.01或P0.05);在CCl_4急性肝损模型小鼠中,HRE高、中剂量组(2.7g/kg,1.8g/kg)也能显著降低血清ALT和AST水平(P0.01或P0.05)。结论水杨柳根的D_(101)树脂提取物的主要成分为黄酮、多糖和皂苷,具有保肝降酶作用,且随剂量增加而增强。     

变异白色红花总黄酮提取物安全性毒理学评价

本文通过急性毒性试验、三项遗传毒性试验和30 d喂养试验,对变异白色红花总黄酮提取物(TFES)进行安全性毒理评价。结果表明,TFES对小鼠急性毒性试验,LD5010.0 g/kg·BW,按急性毒性剂量分级,属实际无毒物质;三项遗传毒性试验即Ames试验、小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验、小鼠精子畸形试验结果均为阴性;TFES对大鼠30 d喂养试验,动物未见明显的中毒症状和死亡,TFES各剂量组大鼠体重、总食物利用率、血清生化指标、血液学指标、脏器系数指标以及病理组织学等指标与对照组比较,无显著性差异。TFES在本实验条件下,未观察到明显毒性作用,为其进一步开发应用提供了安全依据。     

桑色素对小鼠的急性毒性研究

桑色素是一种天然的黄酮类化合物,具有抗炎、抗肿瘤及抗氧化等作用,本实验中使用上下法主试验,腹腔注射给予ICR雌雄小鼠不同剂量的桑色素(230、280、330、390、450、530、630 mg/kg),观察动物的毒性反应,存活动物观察14 d,计算半数致死量LD50。观察期结束后,通过体重、外周血指标、血清生化指标和病理组织学检查来衡量桑色素对小鼠的急性毒性。研究发现,高剂量桑色素对小鼠有一定的急性毒性,腹腔注射半数致死量LD50为463.24 mg/kg,并且毒性强弱与给药剂量密切相关。     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

Cytoskeleton and mitochondrial morphology and function

It has been well established that the cytoskeleton is an essential modulator of cell morphology and motility, intracytoplasmic transport and mitosis, however cytoskeletal linkage to the organelles has not been unequivocally demonstrated. Indeed, cytoskeleton appears to be essential in determining and modulating gene phenotype as a function of cellular environment. According to recent studies, the organization of the cytoskeleton network together with associated protein(s) could be essential in regulating mitochondrial function and particularly the permeability of the mitochondrial outer membrane to ADP. The aim of this chapter is to summarize the main properties of the cytoskeletal environment of mitochondria and the possible role(s) of this network in mitochondrial function in myocytes.     

人血管能抑素基因的克隆、表达及其表达产物的纯化和生物活性测定

以人胎盘脐带组织为材料,提取组织总RNA,用netRTPCR方法合成人血管能抑素cDNA基因,将该cDNA克隆进pSP72载体获得重组质粒pSP72C, DNA序列分析结果与预期序列一致。用BamHⅠ和NdeⅠ双酶切,切下pSP72C上的血管能抑素cDNA,插入pET3c载体的相应位点获得重组表达质粒pETC, 转化E. coli BL21(DE3), SDSPAGE分析显示：在IPTG诱导下,血管能抑素基因获得了高效表达,表达量约占菌体总蛋白的 27.9 %,主要以包涵体形式存在。包涵体经过洗涤、裂解、蛋白复性以及Sephadex G75凝胶过滤层析等步骤后,获得了纯度达91.4 %的人血管能抑素。CAM实验证明10 μg纯化蛋白就能显著抑制鸡胚新生血管生成。     

Vascular volumes and hematology in male and female runners and cyclists

To examine the hypothesis that foot-strike hemolysis alters vascular volumes and selected hematological properties is trained athletes, we have measured total blood volume (TBV), red cell volume (RCV) and plasma volume (PV) in cyclists (n = 21) and runners (n = 17) and compared them to those of untrained controls (n = 20). TBV (ml x kg(-1)) was calculated as the sum of RCV (ml x kg(-1)) and PV (ml x kg(-1)) obtained using 51Cr and 125I-labelled albumin, respectively. Hematological assessment was carried out using a Coulter counter. Peak aerobic power (VO2peak) was measured during progressive exercise to fatigue using both cycle and treadmill ergometry. RCV was 15% higher (P < 0.05) in male cyclists [35.4 (1.0), mean (SE); n = 12] and runners [35.3 (0.98); n = 9] compared to the controls [30.7 (0.92); n = 12]. Similar differences existed between the female cyclists [28.2 (2.1); n = 9] and runners [28.4 (1.0); n = 8] compared to the untrained controls [24.9 (1.4); n = 8]. For the male athletes, PV was between 19% (cyclists) and 28% (runners) higher (P < 0.05) in the trained athletes compared to the untrained controls. The differences in PV between the female groups were not significant. Although the males had a higher (P < 0.05) TBV, RCV and PV than the females, no differences between cyclists and runners were found for either gender. Mean cell volume was not different between the athletic groups. VO2peak (ml x kg(-1) x min(-1)) was higher (P < 0.05) in both male [68.4 (1.5)] and female [54.8 (2.1)] runners when compared to the untrained males [47.1 (1.0)] and females [40.5 (2.1)]. Although differences existed between the genders in VO2peak for both cyclists and runners, no differences were found between the athletic groups within a gender. Since the vascular volumes were not different between cyclists and runners for either the males or females, foot-strike hemolysis would not appear to have an effect on that parameter. The significant correlations (P < 0.05) found between VO2peak and RCV (r = 0.64 and 0.64) and TBV (r = 0.82 and 0.63) for the males and females, respectively, suggests a role for the vascular system in realizing a high aerobic power.     

Microbial and bioconversion production of D-xylitol and its detection and application

D-Xylitol is found in low content as a natural constituent of many fruits and vegetables. It is a five-carbon sugar polyol and has been used as a food additive and sweetening agent to replace sucrose, especially for non-insulin dependent diabetics. It has multiple beneficial health effects, such as the prevention of dental caries, and acute otitis media. In industry, it has been produced by chemical reduction of D-xylose mainly from photosynthetic biomass hydrolysates. As an alternative method of chemical reduction, biosynthesis of D-xylitol has been focused on the metabolically engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida strains. In order to detect D-xylitol in the production processes, several detection methods have been established, such as gas chromatography (GC)-based methods, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-based methods, LC-MS methods, and capillary electrophoresis methods (CE). The advantages and disadvantages of these methods are compared in this review.