梓醇对鱼藤酮所致小鼠脑线粒体损伤的保护作用

目的:研究梓醇对鱼藤酮所致小鼠脑线粒体损伤的保护作用.方法:小鼠随机分为对照组、模型组和治疗组.模型组腹腔注射鱼藤酮21d;治疗组先注射鱼藤酮21d,后用梓醇治疗10d.测定小鼠中脑、纹状体和皮层中线粒体复合酶Ⅰ、谷胱甘肽(GSH)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性、膜电位、活性氧(ROS)的含量.结果:梓醇能够提高小鼠复合酶Ⅰ活性,增加GSH的含量,减少膜电位的丢失和活性氧的生成,抑制LDH的释放.结论:梓醇对鱼藤酮损伤小鼠脑线粒体具有保护作用.     

梓醇对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用研究

目的:探讨梓醇对缺血再灌注大鼠脑损伤后的保护作用.方法:采用传统大脑中动脉阻塞(MCAO)方法制备大鼠局灶性缺血模型,根据随机数字表法将SD大鼠分为MCAO组、对照组(vehicle组)及梓醇处理组(catalpol组),缺血再灌注48 h后观察各组大鼠神经功能学评分和脑梗死容积.分别于术前、术后6h、24 h、48 h取大鼠脑组织样本,检测匀浆中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)和丙二醛(MDA)的变化情况.结果:与vehicle组和MCAO组相比,catalpol处理组神经功能学评分降低(P＜0.05);其梗死容积较小(P＜0.05).组织匀浆结果显示catalpol处理组脑匀浆中GSH-PX活力升高,MDA含量下降(P＜0.05).结论:梓醇可能通过降低脑内自由基水平、控制脂质过氧化程度,对缺血再灌注引起的大鼠脑损伤产生神经保护作用.     

原儿茶酸对帕金森模型鼠脑组织抗氧化能力的影响

目的:观察原儿茶酸对鱼藤酮诱导的帕金森模型小鼠脑组织中相关抗氧化酶活性的影响,为原儿茶酸治疗帕金森病提供理论依据。方法:选用昆明小鼠为实验动物,连续5周腹腔注射鱼藤酮(1mg/kg.d)建立帕金森模型,之后2周分别注射原儿茶酸(5mg/kg.d)和阳性药物美多芭(125mg/kg.d)。应用生物化学方法,观察原儿茶酸对帕金森模型小鼠中脑和纹状体内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)活力以及脂质过氧化物丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响。结果:实验数据显示原儿茶酸可提高帕金森模型小鼠中脑和纹状体SOD、CAT、GSH-PX活力,降低MDA含量。同时病理切片染色显示原儿茶酸可减轻鱼藤酮诱导的脑组织损伤。结论:原儿茶酸具有神经保护作用,保护机制可能是提高脑组织内源性抗氧化酶活力,减少体内自由基的产生,进而减轻了脑组织的病理损伤。     

复方中药提取物对大鼠不同状态下脑组织自由基代谢影响的研究

目的:探讨复方中药提取物对大鼠脑组织自由基代谢和抗氧化系统能力的影响机制。方法:选取70只健康Wistar大鼠,随机分为2组(n=35):对照组(N)和服药组(M)。适应性喂养1周,服药组大鼠连续服用8周的复方中药提取物,9周后将2组大鼠分别于安静状态、定量负荷、力竭运动即刻、力竭恢复12 h、力竭恢复24 h状态下处死。分别测定上述2组大鼠在不同功能状态下脑组织中丙二醛(MDA)含量,谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)、还原性谷胱甘肽(GSH)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)活性。结果:五种状态下,服药组MDA含量均显著低于对照组,GSH-PX、GSH、SOD、T-AOC活性均不同程度的高于对照组。结论:复方中药提取物可降低不同功能状态下大鼠脑组织中的MDA含量,提高其脑组织GSH-PX、GSH、SOD、T-AOC活性。     

原儿茶酸对帕金森模型鼠脑组织抗氧化能力的影响

目的：观察原儿茶酸对鱼藤酮诱导的帕金森模型小鼠脑组织中相关抗氧化酶活性的影响,为原儿茶酸治疗帕金森病提供理论依据。方法：选用昆明小鼠为实验动物,连续5周腹腔注射鱼藤酮（1mg／kg．d）建立帕金森模型,之后2周分别注射原儿荼酸（5mg／kg．d）和阳性药物关多芭（125mg／kg．d）。应用生物化学方法,观察原儿茶酸对帕金森模型小鼠中脑和纹状体内超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-PX）活力以及脂质过氧化物丙二醛（MDA）含量的影响。结果：实验数据显示原儿茶酸可提高帕金森模型小鼠中脑和纹状体SOD、CAT、GSH-PX活力,降低MDA含量。同时病理切片染色显示原儿茶酸可减轻鱼藤酮诱导的脑组织损伤。结论：原儿茶酸具有神经保护作用,保护机制可能是提高脑组织内源性抗氧化酶活力,减少体内自由基的产生。进而减轻了脑组织的病理损伤。     

小鼠海马结构氧化/抗氧化相关因子和神经营养因子表达的增龄性变化

目的通过观察小鼠年龄增长过程中海马氧化/抗氧化相关因子谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)活性、丙二醛(MDA)和脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)、胶质细胞源性神经营养因子(GDNF)水平的变化,探讨海马内抗氧化损伤能力及神经营养因子水平的变化与海马老化的关系。方法通过β-半乳糖苷酶染色观测青年组(2-3月)、中年组(6-8月)、老年组(18-20月)雄性C57小鼠海马细胞衰老程度。比色法、硫代巴比妥酸法、酶联免疫吸附试验分别检测GSH、GSH-PX、MDA、BDNF、GDNF在各组小鼠海马内的水平。结果研究显示随着年龄增长,海马组织衰老程度逐渐增加,而抗氧化的GSH含量减少、GSH-PX活性降低;氧化损伤产物MDA含量增加;海马组织神经营养因子BDNF、GDNF水平降低。结论本研究结果提示,海马结构的老化可能与海马抗氧化能力下降、氧化损伤程度增加和BDNF、GDNF等神经营养因子水平的降低有关。     

红景天苷对癫痫大鼠认知功能障碍的治疗作用及其可能机制

目的:探讨红景天苷(Sal)对癫痫大鼠认知功能障碍的治疗作用及其可能机制。方法:将24只成年雄性SD大鼠随机分为健康对照组、模型组、Sal[按体重1g/(kg·d)]干预组。采用Morris水迷宫方法检测大鼠学习记忆功能变化,并检测大鼠脑组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)、丙二醛(MDA)相应的比酶活力及含量变化。结果:(1)模型组大鼠寻找平台的潜伏期明显长于对照组,具有统计学意义(P<0.05),Sal组寻找平台的潜伏期相对于模型组显著缩短(P<0.05)。撤离平台后,模型组大鼠在平台所在象限的停留时间明显短于对照组(P<0.05),Sal治疗后大鼠在平台所在象限的停留时间较模型组显著延长(P<0.05)。(2)模型组SOD、GSH、GSH-PX显著下降,MDA明显增高,Sal干预组SOD、GSH、GSH-PX明显增高,而MDA显著下降,有统计学差异(P<0.05)结论:Sal可减轻癫痫持续状态所致的认知功能障碍,其可能机制是通过减轻海马区氧化应激减轻海马区的损伤,进而改善认知功能。     

维生素E 对癫痫大鼠认知功能障碍的治疗作用及其可能机制

目的:探讨维生素E(VitE)对癫痫大鼠认知功能障碍的治疗作用及其可能机制。方法:将30只成年雄性SD大鼠随机分为健康对照组、单纯致痫组(SE组)、VitE[按体重100mg/(kg.d)]干预组(VitE组)。采用Morris水迷宫实验方法检测致癫后大鼠学习记忆功能变化,同时检测脑组织匀浆中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)、丙二醛(MDA)的水平。结果:(1)SE组大鼠寻找平台的潜伏期明显长于对照组,具有统计学意义(P<0.05),VitE组寻找平台的潜伏期相对于SE组显著缩短(P<0.05)。撤离平台后,SE组大鼠在平台所在象限的停留时间明显短于对照组(P<0.05),VitE治疗后大鼠在平台所在象限的停留时间较SE组显著延长(P<0.05)。(2)SE组SOD、GSH-PX、GSH显著下降,MDA明显增高,VitE干预组SOD、GSH-PX、GSH显著增高,而MDA明显下降,具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:VitE可改善癫痫持续状态后大鼠认知功能,其可能机制是通过减轻海马区的氧化应激反应减轻海马区的损伤,从而实现改善认知功能。     

红景天苷对高原缺氧大鼠认知功能障碍的治疗作用及其可能机制

目的:探讨红景天苷(Sal)对高原缺氧大鼠认知功能障碍的治疗作用及其可能机制。方法:将30只成年雄性SD大鼠随机分为健康对照组、模型组(Model组)、Sal[按体重1g/(kg.d)]治疗组(sal组)。采用Morris水迷宫实验方法检测缺氧后大鼠学习记忆功能变化,同时检测脑组织匀浆中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)、丙二醛(MDA)的水平。结果:(1)模型组大鼠寻找平台的潜伏期明显长于对照组,具有统计学意义(P<0.05),Sal组寻找平台的潜伏期相对于模型组显著缩短(P<0.05)。撤离平台后,模型组大鼠在平台所在象限的停留时间明显短于对照组(P<0.05),Sal治疗后大鼠在平台所在象限的停留时间较模型组显著延长(P<0.05)。(2)模型组SOD、GSH-PX、GSH显著下降,MDA明显增高,Sal干预组SOD、GSH-PX、GSH显著增高,而MDA明显下降,具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:Sal可改善高原缺氧大鼠认知功能,其可能机制是通过减轻海马区的氧化应激反应减轻海马区的损伤,从而实现改善认知功能。     

小檗碱对血管性认知功能障碍模型大鼠学习记忆能力的影响*

目的:观察小檗碱(berberine)对血管性认知功能障碍(VCI)大鼠学习记忆的影响。 方法:68只Wistar大鼠随机分为:正常组10只、 假手术组10只、造模组48只。造模组大鼠行双侧颈动脉结扎术制备血管性认知功能障碍模型,造模后大鼠又随机分为血管性认知功能障模型组、小檗碱低剂量(20 mg/kg)组、中剂量(40 mg/kg)组和高剂量(60 mg/kg)组(每组大鼠10只)。治疗组腹腔注射不同剂量的小檗碱,其余组腹腔注射生理盐水,每天1次,共34 d。给药28 d后,Morris水迷宫检测大鼠学习记忆能力;水迷宫实验后,检测超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和谷胱甘肽(GSH)、丙二醛(MDA)以及前脑皮层TNF-α、IL-1β、5-HT的含量与单胺氧化酶(MAO)的含量。 结果:与假手术组比较,模型组大鼠逃避潜伏期显著延长(P＜0.01),通过平台次数显著减少(P＜0.01),海马或前脑皮层SOD、GSH和5-HT水平明显降低(P＜0.01),MDA、TNF-α、IL-1β和MAO水平明显升高(P＜0.01);与模型组相比,小檗碱各治疗组逃避潜伏期显著缩短(P＜0.01,P＜0.05),通过平台的次数显著增加(P＜0.01,P＜0.05),海马或前脑皮层SOD、GSH 和5-HT水平明显升高(P＜0.01),MDA、TNF-α、IL-1β和MAO水平明显降低(P＜0.01)。结论:小檗碱显著提高血管性认知功能障碍模型大鼠的空间学习记忆能力,其机制可能与小檗碱调节大鼠的海马抗氧化应激、抗炎性反应和前脑皮层单胺类神经递质系统的作用有关。小檗碱60 mg/kg组作用较好。     

梓醇对氧糖剥夺诱导PC1 2 细胞凋亡的保护作用

目的：观察梓醇对氧糖剥夺（OGD）诱导PC12细胞凋亡的保护作用。方法：采用Hoechst 33258 DNA染色法,四甲基偶氮唑盐（MTT）检测细胞活性;化学比色法测定乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）的释放量,用流式细胞技术检测细胞凋亡比例以及P53和Bcl-2蛋白。结果：OGD可导致PC12细胞活力明显下降,LDH释放量增加、P53蛋白表达上升,Bcl-2蛋白表达下降。梓醇可明显改善细胞形态结构,显著降低LDH释放量、降低P53蛋白的表达,提高Bcl-2蛋白的表达,降低细胞凋亡率。结论：梓醇通过调节细胞凋亡相关基因的表达而抑制细胞凋亡。     

Lyophilized Powder of Catalpol and Puerarin Protects Neurovascular Unit from Stroke

Hunting for an effective medicine for brain stroke has been a medical task in neuroscience for decades. The present research showed that the lyophilized Powder of Catalpol and Puerarin (C-P) in all the tested doses (65.4 mg/kg, 32.7 mg/kg, 16.4 mg/kg) significantly reduced the neurological deficiency, infarct volume and apoptotic cells in ischemic/reperfusion (I/R) rats. It also promoted astrocyte processes and prolonged neuron axons in infarct area. Further, it decreased MDA, NO, NF-κB/p65, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 and enhanced the EPOR and GAF-43. 65.4 mg/kg and 32.7 mg/kg C-P could up-regulated EPO and VEGF significantly. In vitro, 49 μg/mL and 24.5 μg/mL C-P decreased the leakage of sodium fluorescein and increased the activity of γ-GTP. Additionally, it increased SOD and decreased MDA, NO, and LDH and decreased NF-κB/p65, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 and unregulated EPO, EPOR, VEGF, and GAP-43. Only the dose of 49 μg/mL increased TEER and Claudin-5 and turned the typically damaged morphologies of neurons, astrocytes and endothelium into a favorable trend. These data imply that C-P improved the recovery of neurological deficiency in motor, sense, balance and reflex, and protected the whole NVU by anti-oxidative stress, anti-inflammation and up-regulating some protective factors. This research provides a candidate medicine for brain stroke and, at the same time, a pattern for drug study targeting NVU in vitro.     

Catalpol protects dopaminergic neurons from LPS-induced neurotoxicity in mesencephalic neuron-glia cultures

Inflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Microglia, the resident immune cells in the central nervous system, are pivotal in the inflammatory reaction. Activated microglia can induce expression of inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS) and release significant amounts of nitric oxide (NO) and TNF-alpha, which can damage the dopaminergic neurons. Catalpol, an iridoid glycoside, contained richly in the roots of Rehmannia glutinosa, was found to be neuroprotective in gerbils subjected to transient global cerebral ischemia. But the effect of catalpol on inflammation-mediated neurodegeneration has not been examined. In this study, microglia in mesencephalic neuron-glia cultures were activated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the aim of the study was to examine whether catalpol could protect dopaminergic neurons from LPS-induced neurotoxicity. The results showed that catalpol significantly reduced the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS), TNF-alpha and NO after LPS-induced microglial activation. Further, catalpol attenuated LPS-induced the expression of iNOS. As determined by immunocytochemical analysis, pretreatment by catalpol dose-dependently protected dopaminergic neurons against LPS-induced neurotoxicity. These results suggest that catalpol exerts its protective effect on dopaminergic neurons by inhibiting microglial activation and reducing the production of proinflammatory factors. Thus, catalpol may possess therapeutic potential against inflammation-related neurodegenerative diseases.     

Catalpol and methylcatalpol: naturally occurring glycosides in Plantago and Buddleia species

1. A glycoside of the aucubin type has been isolated in crystalline form from Plantago and Buddleia species, and has been shown to be identical with catalpol (Lunn, Edward & Edward, 1962). Catalpol has not been found in the free state before, but occurs as its p-hydroxybenzoyl ester, catalposide, in the genus Catalpa. 2. A second glycoside of this type has been obtained in crystalline form from Buddleia, and has been shown to be a mono-O-methyl derivative of catalpol, for which the name `methylcatalpol' is proposed. 3. Both Plantago and Buddleia species are known to contain aucubin. The concentrations of this glycoside and catalpol are comparable in Plantago. In Buddleia methylcatalpol predominates somewhat over catalpol. Yields of the individual glycosides were about 0·1% of the fresh weight of the leaves. 4. Bobbitt, Spiggle, Mahboob, Philipsborn & Schmid (1962) have suggested structures for catalposide and catalpol based on chemical and physical evidence, in particular on n.m.r. spectra. Reappraisal of this evidence and additional measurements have now confirmed these structures and show that the Buddleia glycoside is the 6-O-methyl derivative of catalpol.     

怀地黄块根内含梓醇结构的组织化学和超微结构研究

应用半薄切片、组织化学和透射电子显微镜观察相结合的方法,研究了梓醇在地黄块根中的贮存位置及其细胞的超微结构。结果表明,地黄块根的韧皮部和木质部的薄壁细胞是梓醇的贮存场所。     

正交试验优化梓醇的微波辅助提取工艺

目的:通过正交实验优选了地黄中梓醇的微波提取工艺。方法:以地黄粗提液中梓醇含量为指标,HPLC为含量测定方法,采用正交实验法,选取乙醇浓度(A)、料液比(B)、提取时间(C)和提取次数(D)4个因素,每个因素选取3个水平进行实验,确定了最佳提取工艺。结果:研究结果表明乙醇浓度为60%,料液比为4,微波提取3次,每次3 min为梓醇的最佳提取工艺。结论:微波辅助提取地黄中梓醇效率高,提取完全,方法可行。     

Analgesic Activity of Catalpol in Rodent Models of Neuropathic Pain,and Its Spinal Mechanism

Neuropathic pain is a major health issue that represents considerable social and economic burden worldwidely. In this study, we investigated the potential of catalpol, an iridoid glucoside of Rehmannia glutinosa Steud, to alleviate neuropathic pain. The potential analgesic effects of catalpol were evaluated by chronic constriction injury (CCI) and lumbar 5 spinal nerve ligation (L5 SNL) model. In addition, we explored whether catalpol altered the degree of microglia activation and neuroinflammation in rat spinal cord after CCI induction. Repeated administration of catalpol (1, 5, 25, and 125 mg/kg) reversed mechanical allodynia induced by CCI and L5 SNL in a dose-dependent manner in rats. Levels of activated microglia, activated NF-κB, and proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) in lumber spinal cord were elevated in rats following CCI induction, and catalpol significantly inhibited these effects. Our results demonstrated that catalpol produces significant antinociceptive action in rodent behavioral models of neuropathic pain and that this effect is associated with modulation of neuroinflammation in spinal cord.