层生镰刀菌深层发酵产甲壳素脱乙酰酶的初步研究

壳聚糖在医药、农业、食品等领域有广泛用途。甲壳素脱乙酰酶(CDA)是生物法生产壳聚糖的关键酶。本文首次报道层生镰刀菌深层发酵生产CDA,并研究了层生镰刀菌发酵产CDA的关键培养条件。通过单因素试验确定层生镰刀菌发酵产CDA的4个关键基质参数为:酵母膏(A)、乳糖(B)、硫酸亚铁(C)和甲壳素(D)。进一步采用Box-Behnken设计及响应面分析法对各参数及其交互作用进行了研究。结果显示,A、B、C 3因素及BD的交互作用对CDA得率的影响均为极显著水平(P0.01),得到预测CDA酶活的回归模型。经响应面最优分析,对应4因素的最佳水平为:酵母膏10.57g/L、乳糖10.63g/L、硫酸亚铁5.48g/L、甲壳素10.22/L。在该条件下,CDA酶活可达17.61/mL。     

枯草芽孢杆菌甲壳素脱乙酰酶的酶学性质

研究了甲壳素脱乙酰酶的热稳定性及酶的反应体系作用条件:酶(干重)添加量为40 mg.L-1,甲壳素底物(干重)质量浓度为75 mg.L-1,反应时间为90 m in,金属离子Mg2+对酶活有激活作用,在最适宜反应条件下的酶活为2250 U.L-1。甲壳素脱乙酰酶的酶解方式为外切酶型,酶降解终产物对酶活力有抑制作用,酶对甲壳素有一定的降解作用。     

湘江河岸土壤中高产甲壳素脱乙酰酶菌株的筛选及鉴定

【目的】甲壳素脱乙酰酶(CDA)是将天然甲壳素生物转化为可商品化利用的壳聚糖的关键酶。本文旨在从湘江河岸的土壤中筛选可高产CDA的新菌株。【方法】以甲壳素为唯一碳源,利用4'-硝基乙酰苯胺为显色剂,通过变色圈法进行产CDA菌株初筛,产酶活性分析复筛;通过形态学和ITS区序列特征对菌株进行鉴定。【结果】从湘江(长沙段)河岸边的土壤中分离出的117株菌株中筛选到可产CDA的菌株30株,其中4株具有较强产CDA的能力。进一步经发酵产酶分析验证,菌株A1具有较强的产CDA能力,其胞外CDA酶活高达13.21 U/m L。结合形态学和ITS区序列特征,菌株A1初步鉴定为层生镰孢菌。【结论】从湘江河岸边的土壤中筛选到可高产CDA的菌株A1,具有较好的开发应用前景。     

甲壳酶特性与应用研究

本文阐明了甲壳酶(甲壳素酶和壳聚糖酶)的物理化学酶学性质,并着重对甲壳酶的结构、催化机制和其多方面应用进行了论述,同时还简介了相关甲壳素脱乙酰酶和溶菌酶等的概况。     

枯草芽胞杆菌甲壳素脱乙酰酶的筛选及酶学性质*

从海洋泥土中分离出产甲壳素脱乙酰酶菌株,确定该菌株为产碱属芽孢杆菌,其产酶适宜培养条件为：pH4．0,添加金属离子Ca^2 ,培养时间为80h,温度为350℃。所得甲壳素脱乙酰酶作用的最适温度为40℃～50℃,最适pH为4．5-5．0之间。     

甲壳素酶学研究现状

本文介绍了甲壳素在生物合成和分解代谢过程中所涉及的相关酶,如甲壳素合成酶、甲壳素水解酶和其它相关酶,讨论了它们在分离纯化、结构鉴定、作用机制与模型、酶的固定化、基因工程以及应用等方面的研究现状和进展,对甲壳素的研究开发以及相关领域具有理论和实际意义 。     

甲壳素及其衍生物在医药卫生领域中的应用

甲壳素是自然界储存量仅次于纤维素的第二大天然多糖化合物 ,本文综述了其药理作用、在医药卫生方面的应用研究情况 ,如甲壳素抗感染、抗凝血、抗癌及降血脂等作用及在制剂方面的应用等     

层生镰孢菌产甲壳素脱乙酰酶发酵动力学

对层生镰孢菌产甲壳素脱乙酰酶的发酵动力学进行了研究。通过Logistic方程分别构建层生镰孢菌细胞生长、甲壳素脱乙酰酶（CDA）合成及糖基质消耗的非结构动力学模型,并利用1stOpt软件对该模型进行了模拟,采用Origin8.0软件得到了非线性曲线拟合图形及各模型参数。结果表明,各模型预测值与实验数据能较好地拟合,层生镰孢菌细胞的比生长速率在第15.52h达到峰值（μ_{m, x}）0.160h^-1;层生镰孢菌的底物比消耗速率在26.51h时达到峰值（μ_{m, s}）0.096h^-1;层生镰孢菌的甲壳素脱乙酰酶比合成速率19.40h达到峰值（μ_{m, p}）0.548U/(mL·h)。模型拟合和实验数据具有良好的适应性,基本上反映了层生镰孢菌发酵产酶过程的动力学特征,为今后的工业化规模生产提供理论依据。     

甲壳素酶学研究现状

本文介绍了甲壳素在生物合成和分解代谢过程中所涉及的相关酶,如甲壳素合成酶、甲壳素水解酶和其它相关酶,讨论了它们在分离纯化、结构鉴定、作用机制与模型、酶的固定化、基因工程以及应用等方面的研究现状和发展,对甲壳素的研究开发以及相关领域具有理论和实际意义。     

甲壳素/壳聚糖在酶固定化中的应用

作为功能性材料,甲壳素与壳聚糖分布广泛,且具有一系列独特的性质:无毒性、凝胶性、生物适应性、降解产物的无毒性、显著的蛋白质亲和性等。正是由于这些特性,虽然甲壳素/壳聚糖材料目前尚未得到充分的开发利用,但是与其它一些酶的固定化载体相比,具有广泛的开发前景。该文综述了近年来甲壳素/壳聚糖在酶的固定化方面的一些研究成果。主要包括:甲壳素/壳聚糖的理化性质、载体不同制备方法的特色和差异、在食品工业、非食品工业、环保、酶的分离纯化以及医疗应用方面的研究进展。     

壳聚糖制备及加工工艺的研究

本文在实验研究和前人工作的基础上,系统地分析了从甲壳素制备壳聚糖中脱乙酰化反应随温度、时间和碱液浓度变化规律,从而得出了脱乙酰化反应中较佳的工艺条件,和较为简便的从虾、蟹壳制备壳聚糖的工艺路线,为天然资源的综合利用打下了基础。     

Molecular structure and dielectric properties studies of chitin and its treated by acid, base and hypochlorite

In this work, the chitin was treated by 0.1 N HCl, 0.5 N NaOH, and 8% sodium hypochlorite. The change of the molecular structure was studied by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) in the wavenumber range (400–4000 cm⁻¹). The absorption bands were assigned and the crystallinity index was calculated from the ratio of the absorbance C–N band at 1378 cm⁻¹ and CH at 2925 cm⁻¹. The data indicated that, the crystallinity index of chitin is higher than that of treated chitin which is due to the hydrolysis of some acetamide group. Also, treating with alkali causes a swelling of chitin chains. The dielectric properties such as dielectric constant (ε′), dielectric loss (ε″) and AC electrical conductivity were measured and discussed as a function of frequencies (0.1 kHz–3 MHz). The dielectric constant (ε′) was decreased with increasing frequencies due to the dielectric dispersion. β-relaxation was observed and discussed from the dielectric loss (ε″). The results of AC conductivity showed that, at high frequency, the conductivity increased with increasing frequencies and its interpreted in term of hopping conduction.     

Cloning and characterization of chsD, a chitin synthase-like gene of Aspergillus fumigatus

Abstract A chitin synthase-like gene ( chsD ) was isolated from an Aspergillus fumigatus genomic DNA library. Comparisons with the predicted amino acid sequence from chsD reveals low but significant similarity to chitin synthases, to other N acetylglucosaminyltransferases (NodC from Rhizopus spp., HasA from Streptococcus spp. and DG42 from vertebrates. A chsD⁻ mutant strain constructed by gene disruption has a 20% reduction in total mycelial chitin content; however, no differences between the wild-type strain and the chsD⁻ strain were found with respect to morphology, chitin synthase activity or virulence in a neutropenic murine model of aspergillosis. The results show that the chsD product has an important but inessential role in the synthesis of chitin in A. fumigatus .     

Chitin synthase III activity,but not the chitin ring,is required for remedial septa formation in budding yeast

Chitin is a minor but essential component of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall. In wild-type, chitin synthase II is required for the formation of primary septa and chitin synthase III (CSIII) is not essential. However, in chs2 mutants CSIII becomes essential for the formation of aberrant septa. We examined which of two CSIII functions, the formation of a chitin ring at bud emergence or of chitin in the remedial septa, was required for viability. By using cell cycle synchronization in combination with nikkomycin Z, a specific inhibitor of CSIII, we inhibited chitin synthesis in a chs2 mutant, during formation of either the ring or the remedial septa. The results show that only synthesis of the chitin during aberrant septa formation is essential for viability. Thus, the unique function of the chitin ring seems to be maintenance of the integrity of the mother-bud neck, as we recently found, and the importance of chitin in septum closure, both in normal and abnormal situations, is underlined.     

天然吸附剂—壳聚糖吸附性能的研究

本文通过研究天然吸附剂—壳聚糖对古龙酸、缬氨酸、水杨酸和谷氨酸等物质的吸附性能,主要研究了吸附容量随时间变化,吸附容量与pH值的关系以及它们的饱和吸附容量,从而为这种天然吸附剂的应用提供了基础。     

The chsA gene from Aspergillus nidulans is necessary for maximal conidiation

A fragment from the open reading frame of the cloned chsA gene from Aspergillus nidulans was deleted and replaced with the argB gene. The resulting construct was used to replace the wild-type chsA gene in an argB deletion strain. The growth and morphology of the vegetative hyphae from the resulting chsA disruptant strain were indistinguishable from those of a wild-type strain but the chitin content of the hyphae from the disruptant was reduced to approximately 90% of that of wild-type. The disruptant showed reduced ability to produce the asexual spores (conidia) that are formed by differentiated aerial hyphae called conidiophores. The ability to form undifferentiated aerial hyphae was not impaired in the disruptant. The conidiophores and conidia produced by the disruptant were indistinguishable from those of wild-type. Conidium formation by the disruptant grown on a variety of media was reduced to about 30% of the wild-type. A chsE null strain did not show a defect in conidiation but a strain in which both chsA and chsE were inactivated produced about 3% of the conidia of wild-type. That finding supports the hypothesis that chsA and chsE encode a partially redundant function necessary for conidiophore development.     

Purification and characterization of extracellular chitinase from Aeromonas schubertii

A locally isolated stain Aeromonas schubertii was cultured and induced by powdered chitin for the production of chitinases. Extracellular proteins were purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, dialysis to remove salts, and then preparative isoelectric focusing (IEF) to yield several chitinases. The purified enzymes were analyzed by SDS–PAGE (sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) with and without glycol chitin and were found to be SDS-resistant. The chitinase present in the highest abundance was the one with an estimated molecular weight of 75 kDa. The Michaelis constant and turnover number were determined to be 0.29 mM and 1 s⁻¹, respectively, for this enzyme using colloidal chitin azure as the substrate. However, the ethanol treatment of this enzyme could significantly increase its chitinolytic activity. Other chitinases obtained in the same IEF fraction were determined to have molecular weights of ca. 30, 38, and 110 kDa. Since the proteins with highest chitinase activity were collected from IEF fraction tube with pH value of 4.8, those chitinase were believed to be acidic. An activity assay method using colloidal chitin azure as the substrate was recommended since it possessed a broader range of linearity in comparison with conventional reducing sugar equivalent method.     

Chitin synthase homologs in three ectomycorrhizal truffles

Abstract Degenerate PCR primers were used to amplify a conserved gene portion coding chitin synthase from genomic DNA of six species of ectomycorrhizal truffles. DNA was extracted from both hypogeous fruitbodies and in vitro growing mycelium of Tuber borchii . A single fragment of about 600 bp was amplified for each species. The amplification products from Tuber magnatum, T. borchii and T. ferrugineum were cloned and sequenced, revealing a high degree of identity (91.5%) at the nucleotide level. On the basis of the deduced amino acid sequences these clones were assigned to class II chitin synthase. Southern blot experiments performed on genomic DNA showed that the amplification products derive from a single copy gene. Phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide sequences of class II chitin synthase genes confirmed the current taxonomic position of the genus Tuber , and suggested a close relationship between T. magnatum and T. uncinatum .     

Carbohydrate esterase family 4 enzymes: substrate specificity

The substrate specificity of selected enzymes classified under Carbohydrate Esterase family 4 (CE4) has been examined. Chitin deacetylase from Mucor rouxii and both a native and a truncated form of acetyl xylan esterase from Streptomyces lividans were found to be active on both xylan and several soluble chitinous substrates. Furthermore, the activities of all enzymes examined were significantly increased in the presence of Co(2+) when chitinous substrates were employed. However, the presence of this metal ion did not result in enhancing the activities of the enzymes when xylan was used as substrate. An acetyl xylan esterase from Bacillus pumilus, classified under Carbohydrate Esterase family 7, was found to be inactive towards all chitinous substrates tested. Finally, all enzymes examined were inactive towards cell wall peptidoglycan.