急性酒精中毒合并中度创伤性脑损伤大鼠海马AQP4的表达

目的:探讨大鼠急性酒精中毒合并颅脑外伤后AQP4在海马区表达的变化.方法:健康成年雄性SD大鼠96只,随机分为4组:假手术组(N组)、急性酒精中毒组(A组)、中度创伤性脑损伤组(T组)和急性酒精中毒合并中度创伤性脑损伤(AT组).腹腔注射酒精(2.5g/kg),2h后以重物自由落体击打大鼠头部建立急性酒精中毒合并中度创伤性脑损伤(traumatic brain injury,TBI)动物模型.各组动物分别存活1、3、5、14天.免疫组化方法检测海马CAI区AQP4的表达.结果:AQP4阳性产物分布于胶质纤维和毛细血管壁,各实验组表达均高于N组.术后1天T组比AT组表达显著增高(P＜0.01),术后3天AT组比T组表达增高(P＜0.05),术后14天AT组比T组表达显著增高(P＜0.01).结论:大鼠急性酒精中毒合并颅脑外伤后晚期,海马CAI区AQP4表达增高,可能加重晚期继发性脑水肿,是急性酒精中毒合并颅脑外伤预后不良的原因之一.     

急性酒精中毒合并中度创伤性脑损伤大鼠海马AQP4的表达

目的:探讨大鼠急性酒精中毒合并颅脑外伤后AQP4在海马区表达的变化.方法:健康成年雄性SD大鼠96只,随机分为4组:假手术组(N组)、急性酒精中毒组(A组)、中度创伤性脑损伤组(T组)和急性酒精中毒合并中度创伤性脑损伤(AT组).腹腔注射酒精(2.5g/kg),2h后以重物自由落体击打大鼠头部建立急性酒精中毒合并中度创伤性脑损伤(traumatic brain injury,TBI)动物模型.各组动物分别存活1、3、5、14天.免疫组化方法检测海马CA1区AQP4的表达.结果:AQP4阳性产物分布于胶质纤维和毛细血管壁,各实验组表达均高于N组.术后1天T组比AT组表达显著增高(P＜0.01),术后3天AT组比T组表达增高(P＜0.05),术后14天AT组比T组表达显著增高(P＜0.01).结论:大鼠急性酒精中毒合并颅脑外伤后晚期,海马CA1区AQP4表达增高,可能加重晚期继发性脑水肿,是急性酒精中毒合并颅脑外伤预后不良的原因之一.     

急性酒精中毒合并中度创伤性脑损伤大鼠海马GFAP的表达

目的:观察急性酒精中毒合并中度创伤性脑损伤后大鼠海马星形胶质细胞标记物胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)表达的变化.方法:健康成年雄性SD大鼠72只,随即机分为4组:假手术组(N组)、急性酒精中毒组(E组)、中度创伤性脑损伤组(T组)和急性酒精中毒合并中度创伤性脑损伤组(E T组).腹腔注射酒精(2.5g/kg)致使大鼠急性酒精中毒,2h后,按改进的Feeney's自由落体硬膜外撞击方法使其合并中度创伤性脑损伤(600g.cm).各组动物术后6h、24h和48h处死.中性红染色观察海马CA1区神经元形态学改变;用免疫组织化学的方法检测海马CA1区GFAP表达变化.结果:与N组和E组相比,T组和E T组GFAP表达显著增多(P＜0.01).术后6h和24h,T组GFAP表达显著高于E T组(P＜0.05);T组和E T组的海马CA1区神经元细胞出现胞体肿胀,排列散乱,但T组上述形态学改变较E T组明显.结论:急性酒精中毒合并中度创伤性脑损伤的早期可通过减少GFAP的表达,抑制星形胶质细胞激活,减少炎症反应发挥保护作用.     

白藜芦醇甙对慢性酒精中毒大鼠学习记忆及海马Cdk5激酶活性的影响

目的:研究白藜芦醇甙对慢性酒精中毒大鼠学习记忆及海马细胞周期依赖性蛋白激酶5(Cdk5)活性的影响。方法:40只大鼠随机分为4组(n=10):对照组、酒精中毒模型组、酒精中毒+白藜芦醇甙低剂量组、酒精中毒+白藜芦醇甙高剂量组。以灌胃法(每天3.0 g/kg酒精)建立慢性酒精中毒大鼠模型。戒断评分法观察戒断症状;Morris水迷宫测试学习记忆成绩;免疫荧光法检测大鼠海马区Cdk5蛋白表达;液闪法检测海马组织Cdk5激酶活性。结果:酒精中毒模型组戒断评分、水迷宫测试结果、Cdk5激酶活性,均明显高于对照组(P0.05);白藜芦醇甙高剂量组戒断评分、水迷宫测试结果,均明显低于酒精中毒模型组(P0.05);白藜芦醇甙高低剂量组Cdk5激酶活性均明显低于酒精中毒模型组(P0.05);酒精中毒模型组大鼠海马区Cdk5阳性细胞较对照组明显增加(P0.05),给予白藜芦醇甙干预后Cdk5阳性细胞数量较酒精中毒模型组减少(P0.05)。结论:白藜芦醇甙能够缓解酒精中毒所致的记忆损伤,这种作用可能与下调Cdk5激酶活性有关。     

电针对大鼠心肺复苏后脑损伤的保护作用及对海马炎性因子表达的影响

目的:探讨电针对大鼠心肺复苏后脑损伤及海马炎性因子表达的影响。方法:雄性SD大鼠随机分三组:假手术组(Sham)、对照组(Control)、电针组(EA)。大鼠窒息8 min后进行心肺复苏,EA组于复苏同时在水沟、内关穴插入毫针并予以电针刺激,对照组仅在相同穴位插入毫针。计算大鼠复苏成功率,记录自主循环恢复时间,于复苏后24 h及72 h对大鼠进行神经功能缺损评分(NDS),水迷宫检测各组大鼠学习记忆能力,尼氏染色观察海马区神经元形态及存活数量,Western blot检测海马区炎性因子表达。结果:与Sham组相比,对照组与EA组大鼠复苏后24 h、72 h NDS降低,学习记忆能力明显减低,两组海马CA1区细胞排列紊乱、神经元存活数量减少,IL-10表达降低、IL-1与IL-6表达升高(P0.05)。而与对照组相比,EA组大鼠复苏成功率有所提高,但无统计学意义,自主循环恢复时间明显缩短(P0.05);复苏后24 h、72 h NDS评分提高(P0.05);水迷宫第六天逃避潜伏期缩短、空间探索能力显著增强(P0.05);海马CA1区细胞排列紊乱减轻,神经元存活数目增多;海马区炎性因子IL-1、IL-6表达降低,抗炎因子IL-10表达增多(P0.05)。结论:电针能够减轻大鼠心肺复苏后脑损伤,其保护作用可能与抑制炎性因子、促进抗炎因子表达有关。     

TRP 对KA 诱导的AD 模型大鼠学习记忆的影响及其作用机制

目的:观察雷公藤甲素(Triptolide,TRP)对海人藻酸(Kainic acid,KA)海马内注射后大鼠学习记忆的影响及其作用机制。方法:采用Morris水迷宫筛选空间学习记忆能力正常的SD雄性大鼠90只(200～220g)。将实验动物分成3组:右侧海马注射生理盐水后生理盐水灌胃对照组(NS+NS)、右侧海马注射海人藻酸后生理盐水灌胃干预组(KA+NS)、右侧海马注射海人藻酸后雷公藤甲素灌胃干预组(KA+TRP)。动物存活1天,3天,5天,7天,14天,每个时间点6只,处死前分别于各相应时间点用Morris水迷宫检测各组动物空间位置记忆能力;免疫组织化学方法结合图像分析技术检测海马CA1区神经元COX-2的表达。结果:与NS组(NS+NS)比较,KA组(KA+NS)大鼠逃避潜伏期延长(P<0.05),跨越原平台次数减少(P<0.05);海马CA1区的神经元COX-2表达升高(P<0.05);TRP组(TRP+KA)与KA组比较,大鼠的平均逃避潜伏期从第5天起缩短(P<0.05),跨越原平台次数增多(P<0.05),海马CA1区神经元COX-2表达在5天,7天时下调(P<0.05)。结论:KA海马内注射,可以导致大鼠学习记忆功能障碍及上调海马CA1区神经元COX-2表达;雷公藤甲素干预治疗,能够改善动物的学习和记忆能力,能抑制KA诱导的海马CAl区神经元COX-2的表达。     

新生期反复惊厥对认知和海马CaMKⅡ表达的远期影响及干预研究

新生期惊厥活动可造成严重的神经后遗症,如成年期大脑对惊厥的易感和易损性提高,严重者产生认知功能损害.对发育期惊厥性脑损伤远期预后的研究,尤其是分子机制及其干预的研究具有重要的临床意义.探讨了新生期大鼠单次长程或反复惊厥对学习、记忆能力和海马突触后致密物质钙/钙调素依赖性蛋白激酶Ⅱ(CaMKⅡ)表达的远期影响及运动训练的干预作用.生后6天(P6)的SD大鼠随机分成单次长程惊厥组(SS)、反复惊厥组(RS)和对照组,每组12只.3组大鼠分别于P27～P31、P58～P61、P80～P82采用Morris水迷宫检测学习、记忆功能.P51～P56对SS组和RS组进行踏转轮训练.最后脑组织切片观察CaMKⅡmRNA在海马的表达.结果显示,第一次Morris水迷宫测试RS组第1天～第4天潜伏期明显高于对照组,具有显著性差异(P＜0.05),第二次水迷宫RS组第1天～第2天的逃避潜伏期较对照组仍显著延长,具有显著性差异(P＜0.05),第三次测试各组之间差异无统计学意义.搜寻策略显示,在第一次Morris测试时RS组第3天～第4天边缘式搜寻比例明显高于对照组,具有显著性差异(P＜0.01),同时RS组第3天～第4天趋向式搜寻比例明显低于对照组,具有显著性差异(P＜0.01),而第二次和第三次水迷宫测试3组间趋向式和直线式搜寻策略无明显差异.在记忆实验中,原平台象限游泳距离与总距离的比值,RS组第三次较对照组显著降低,有统计学意义(P＜0.05);另外RS组1～3天趋向式搜寻比例均明显低于对照组,有显著性差异(P＜0.05).CaMKⅡ原位杂交显示,各组CaMKⅡmRNA在海马均有明显表达,但是在齿状回和门区RS组表达明显低于对照组,具有统计学意义(P＜0.01).研究表明,新生期反复长程惊厥能够对学习和记忆功能产生远期的损害,可能与海马记忆分子CaMKⅡ表达下调有关,而单次长程惊厥对学习记忆无明显影响.早期运动训练能够明显改善反复惊厥所致的学习能力损害,但对记忆能力效果仍较差.     

神经干细胞移植对AD模型大鼠SNAP-25表达的影响

目的：观察神经干细胞对AD大鼠海马周围微环境中SNAP-25 表达及其认知功能的影响。方法：取成年雄性Wistar大鼠30 只,随机分为对照组、AD模型组、细胞移植组,每组10 只。采用凝聚态Abeta1-42 注射到大鼠海马组织内建立阿尔茨海默病(AD)大 鼠动物模型,通过Y 迷宫测试大鼠学习记忆能力和Western blot技术检测大鼠海马组织内SNAP-25 的表达。结果：Y 迷宫测试结 果显示术后4 周时AD模型组和细胞移植组大鼠学习记忆均低于对照组,与AD模型组比较,细胞移植组大鼠学习记忆能力明显 高于AD模型组,差异有统计学意义（P＜ 0.05）;Western blot 检测结果显示术后4 周时AD模型组和细胞移植组大鼠海马组织内 SNAP-25 蛋白表达量均低于对照组,与AD 模型组比较,细胞移植组大鼠海马组织SNAP-25 蛋白表达量高于AD 模型组差异有 统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论：移植的NSCs 可改善AD 大鼠的学习和记忆能力,其机制可能是通过改变海马区周围的微环境并上 调了海马组织内SNAP-25 表达。     

KA海马注射对大鼠学习和记忆的影响及雷公藤甲素的保护作用

目的:观察海人藻酸(Kainic acid,KA)海马内注射后大鼠学习记忆的变化及雷公藤甲素(TRP)对其的影响.方法:采用Morris水迷宫筛选空间学习记忆能力正常的SD雄性大鼠90只(200-220g).将实验动物分为:右侧海马注射生理盐水后生理盐水灌胃对照组(NS+NS)、右侧海马注射海人藻酸后生理盐水灌胃干预组(KA+NS)、右侧海马注射海人藻酸后雷公藤甲素灌胃干预组(KA+TRP).动物分别存活1天、3天、5天、7天、14天,用Morris水迷宫检测各组动物空间位置记忆能力:尼氏染色法观察海马CA1区神经元数目和形态.结果:与NS组(NS+NS)比较,KA组(KA+NS)大鼠逃避潜伏期延长(P<0.05).跨越原平台次数减少(P<0.05);CA1区的神经元出现胞体肿胀、排列散乱等形态改变及神经元的丢失(P<0.05);TRP组(TRP+KA)与KA组比较,大鼠的平均逃避潜伏期从第5天起缩短(P＜0.05),跨越原平台次数增多(P<0.05),神经元形态好转,数目增多.结论:KA 海马内注射,可以导致大鼠学习记忆功能障碍及神经元形态的改变;雷公藤甲素干预治疗,能够改善动物的学习和记忆能力,保护海马神经元.     

邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)对大鼠认知功能的影响

目的:观察邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)对大鼠认知功能的影响.方法:15月成熟雄性Wistar大鼠40只,随机分为4组(n=10)、对照组(C组)、DBP暴露组(E组)、药物预防组(P组)、药物治疗组(T组).E组食用经DBP浸泡后的食物3个月、P组食用经DBP浸泡后的食物3个月,期间每天注射抗小胶质细胞活化药物吲哚美辛(按照2.5mg/kg,2次/天,腹腔注射),T组食用经DBP浸泡后的食物3个月后使用吲哚美辛治疗(按照2.5mg/kg,2次/天,腹腔注射1周),N组给予同剂量的生理盐水腹腔注射.各组于停药后1d使用Morris水迷宫实验,末次水迷宫测试结束后1h处死大鼠,取海马组织进行化学比色法检测其海马组织内AChE活性.结果:E、P、T组与对照组组比较,大鼠学习记忆能力均明显降低(P＜0.001),AChE活性明显增加(P＜0.001);P、T组与E组,P组与T组相比,大鼠学习能力及记忆能力无显著性差异(P＞0.05),AChE活性无显著性变化(P＞0.05).结论:DBP可引起正常大鼠认知功能障碍,其机制可能与大鼠海马组织AChE活性增加有关.     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒研究进展

传染性法氏囊病(Infection bursal disease, IBD)是由鸡传染性法氏囊病毒(Infectious bursal disease virus, IBDV)引起的鸡和火鸡的一种高度接触性传染病,给世界各国的禽养殖业带来了巨大损失.自IBDV发现至今新的变异株不断出现,分子结构的改变导致病毒致病力的改变及宿主对疫苗应答的改变,使得传统的疫苗已不能控制其流行,因此各国学者对其基因组结构和功能进行了广泛深入的研究,并积极研制新型有效的疫苗以达到防治的目的.     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.