甘肃省谷子地方品种营养品质的分析与评价

对甘肃省199份谷子地方品种子粒的营养品质分析结果表明:蛋白质和脂肪的平均含量较高,品种间差异大,变异丰富;不同地区谷子品种的营养品质存在差异,陇东地区谷子蛋白质和脂肪含量较高;不同粒色谷子营养品质也存在差异,青色籽粒的谷子其蛋白质、脂肪和赖氨酸含量较高。     

甘肃省谷子地方品种营养品质的分析与评价

对甘肃省199份谷子地方品种子粒的营养品质分析结果表明：蛋白质和脂肪的平均含量较高,品种间差异大,变异丰富;不同地区谷子品种的营养品质存在差异,陇东地区谷子蛋白质和脂肪含量较高;不同粒色谷子营养品质也存在差异,青色籽粒的谷子其蛋白质、脂肪和赖氨酸含量较高。     

大豆微核心种质蛋白质及脂肪含量的遗传变异

大豆是人类最重要的植物蛋白和油脂来源。提高大豆蛋白质及脂肪含量一直是大豆品质育种的重要研究方向。采用NIR检测方法,对77份大豆微核心种质进行蛋白质及脂肪含量分析,探讨微核心种质蛋白质及脂肪含量的遗传变异特性及其与主要农艺性状的相关性,为种质利用及品质育种提供依据。结果表明,蛋白质含量和脂肪含量在品种间和生态区间均存在极显著的差异,变异丰富;蛋白质含量和脂肪含量的变异幅度为40.68%~50.03%和13.81%~21.51%,平均含量为45.95%和17.42%,变异系数为4.42%和7.96%;不同生态区品种蛋白质含量为南方品种>黄淮海品种>北方品种>国外品种,脂肪含量则相反。蛋白质含量与脂肪含量呈极显著负相关(r=-0.825**),与单株粒数和单株荚数呈极显著和显著负相关(r=-0.205**,r=-0.156*),与底荚高度呈极显著正相关(r=0.240**)。主成分分析显示,4个主成分可解释82.25%信息,分别为产量构成因子、品质因子、株型因子和粒重因子。     

2002年我国大豆(Glycine max)品种及种质资源的蛋白质和脂肪含量分析

对2002年全国14个主要大豆种植省(区)的大豆品种及其种质资源的蛋白质、脂肪含量进行了分析。结果表明,种质资源的蛋白质、脂肪平均含量均高于生产用品种。其中种质资源脂肪含量的变化幅度较大,显示了在未来的育种中更强的高脂肪含量的选择优势。国内种质资源蛋白质平均含量高于国外种质资源。国外种质资源脂肪含量总体上高于国内种质资源。黄淮海生态区品种蛋白质平均含量高于北方生态区品种。新育成黄淮海区域试验品种蛋白质平均含量高于目前黄淮海生态区生产用品种。同品种异地种植,其脂肪含量有明显变化。     

1980s-2010s华北夏谷区主栽谷子品种SSR遗传多样性分析

通过对20世纪80年代以来具有代表性的华北夏谷区审(鉴)定的20个主栽谷子品种进行SSR标记多态性分析,研究了华北地区育成谷子品种的遗传多样性。49对引物在20个谷子品种中扩增出具有多态性的条带,共检测出142个等位变异,平均每个位点检测出的等位变异数为2.96个。标记位点多态性信息含量(PIC)变幅为0.0904～0.6896,平均为0.4168。20份材料间的遗传距离变幅为0.0173～0.9000,聚类分析将其分成3个类群,其中谷丰1号自成一类,表明谷丰1号的遗传距离较其他品种大。不同年代谷子品种间遗传距离分析结果显示,各年代品种之间的平均遗传距离由大到小依次是1980s>1990s>2000s>2010s,表明随着年代的递进育成品种的遗传差异减小,亲缘关系增近。     

河南省花生地方资源蛋白质和脂肪含量分析及其育种利用策略

对233份河南省地方花生资源进行了蛋白质含量、含油量、油酸和亚油酸含量的全面测定,并与省外和国外资源的相关性状进行了比较分析。在河南地方品种资源中,蛋白质含量中等,平均含油量和油酸含量相对较高,但缺乏蛋白质含量超过30%或含油量超过56%、油酸含量超过70%的突出材料。河南省目前高油品种选育有明显进展,育成了一批高油花生品种,但育成品种蛋白质含量普遍偏低。提出了充分利用现有地方品种资源,积极采用远缘杂交、诱变、分子标记辅助选择技术及现代基因工程技术创制优良种质,选育优质专用品种的育种策略。     

国内部分玉米地方品种的品质与农艺性状的表型多样性分析

以710份玉米地方品种为材料,采用随机区组设计,研究了其在脂肪、蛋白质与淀粉等品质性状以及株高、穗长等农艺性状上的表型多样性,分析了这些研究材料的表型多样性在地理来源上的分布.结果表明:(1)平均油分含量4.92%,达到高油3、2和1等级的材料各11、2和3份,地区间差异不显著;(2)平均蛋白质含量12.55%,96%的材料达到食用玉米1等级蛋白质舍量,地区间差异显著;(3)平均淀粉含量70.88%,所有材料均未达高淀粉玉米品种审定标准;(4)株高、穗位高和雄穗分枝数等3个植株性状的变异程度大,地区间差异显著,华南、西南和西北的植株高大,雄穗发达,而华北和东北的植株矮小,雄穗分枝数较少;(5)在3个果穗性状中,变异程度大小依次是穗长、穗行数和穗粗,地区间差异显著,筛选到长穗、粗穗和多穗行材料各5、1和3份;(6)不同地区和不同性状的多样性指数均有显著差异,以华南、华东和西南玉米材料的多样性水平较高.所有研究材料的表型多样性分析结果显示这些材料的脂肪与蛋白质含量较高,淀粉舍量较低;华南、华东和西南种质的多样性水平明显高于其他地区的种质.     

河南若干小麦品种籽粒戊聚糖含量的初步研究

1999-2000年对河南省8个有代表性的小麦品种的戊聚糖进行了测定,不同品种戊聚糖的平均含量变化范围为6%-9%。不同品种和不同生态条件下小麦籽粒戊聚糖含量均有很大差异。5个试点小麦籽粒戊聚糖的平均含量与千粒重,降落值均成负相关关系（r=-0.83,r=-0.31),而与蛋白质的含量却呈正相关关系（r=0.35)。说明戊聚糖含量与生态因素有很大关系,采用Eberhart-Russell模型对小鼠戊聚糖含量的稳定性进行分析。发现豫麦34是戊聚糖含量较理想的品种。     

东北地区谷子地方品种和育成品种表型比较分析

我国东北地区谷子育种经历了从地方品种到育成品种的转变,但其具体表型性状等变化尚不清楚。本研究在敖汉旗对我国东北地区120个谷子地方品种和育成品种进行表型鉴定,并分析了遗传多样性,结果表明:东北地区谷子品种以绿幼苗、绿叶鞘、纺锤松散穗、黄粒、黄米型为主。育成品种晚熟、生物量大且高产,表现在出苗至抽穗、开花、成熟的时间以及播种至成熟的时间均极显著大于地方品种;主茎直径、叶片数、旗叶宽度均极显著大于地方品种;主穗重、主穗粒数极显著大于地方品种,主穗粒重和产量显著大于地方品种,但千粒重极显著小于地方品种,说明育成品种主要通过增加穗粒数来实现产量提升。遗传多样性指数分析发现,参试品种各性状遗传多样性指数大小顺序为:产量性状(2.0063)形态性状(1.9655)生育期(1.7238)质量性状(0.6370);地方品种护颖颜色、粒色、米色遗传多样性指数明显高于育成品种,说明谷子育种使粒色米色越来越趋于一致。基于30个性状的标准化数据,将参试品种聚为两类,聚类结果与品种来源地没有明显关联。类群Ⅰ为早熟、低产品种,且幼苗叶色、米色均为绿色和黄色;类群Ⅱ为晚熟、高产品种。根据10个主要表型性状,筛选出综合性状优良的红谷子、燕谷18等种质资源,可供东北地区谷子育种重点利用。     

谷子地方品种和育成品种的遗传多样性研究

对河南、河北和山东等地的482份谷子地方品种和近30年培育的谷子品种的11个形态性状和农艺性状进行种植观察,研究两类品种的遗传多样性。与地方品种相比,育成品种形态性状的多样性指数大多低于地方品种,育成品种的株高比地方品种显著降低,稳重、穗粒重和出谷率等性状显著提高。地方品种的广泛变异类型是现代谷子育种的重要遗传资源。     

Study of genetic diversity and relationships among accessions of foxtail millet [Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.] in Korea, China, and Pakistan using SSR markers

In this study, 28 simple sequence repeat (SSR) primer sets were used to analyze the genetic diversity, population structure, and genetic relationships among 37 accessions of foxtail millet from Korea, China and Pakistan. A total of 298 alleles were detected with an average allele number of 10.6 per locus among 37 foxtail millet accessions. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 2 (b226) to 20 (b236). Of the 298 alleles, 138 alleles (46.3%) were rare (frequency < 0.05), 152 alleles (51.0%) were detected at an intermediate frequency (range, 0.05?C0.50), and eight alleles (2.7%) were abundant (frequency > 0.50), respectively. The average gene diversity values were 0.652, 0.692, and 0.491 and polymorphic information content values were 0.621, 0.653, and 0.438, for accessions from Korea, China, and Pakistan, respectively. The accessions from China showed higher SSR diversity than those from Korea and Pakistan. A phylogenetic tree constructed using the un-weighted pair group methods with arithmetic mean algorithm revealed three major groups of accessions that were not congruent with geographical distribution patterns with a few exceptions. The lack of correlation between the accession clusters and their geographic location indicates that the diffusion of foxtail millet from China to Korea might have occurred through multiple routes. Our results provide support for the origin and diffusion route of foxtail millet in East Asia. This SSR-based assessment of genetic diversity, genetic relationships, and population structure among genetic resources of foxtail millet landraces will be valuable to foxtail millet breeding and genetic conservation programs in Korea.     

Genetic structure of landraces in foxtail millet (Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.) revealed with transposon display and interpretation to crop evolution of foxtail millet

Although the origin and domestication process of foxtail millet (Setaria italica subsp. italica (L.) P. Beauv.) has been studied by several groups, the issue is still ambiguous. It is essential to resolve this issue by studying a large number of accessions with sufficient markers covering the entire genome. Genetic structures were analyzed by transposon display (TD) using 425 accessions of foxtail millet and 12 of the wild ancestor green foxtail (Setaria italica subsp. viridis (L.) P. Beauv.). We used three recently active transposons (TSI-1, TSI-7, and TSI-10) as genome-wide markers and succeeded in demonstrating geographical structures of the foxtail millet. A neighbor-joining dendrogram based on TD grouped the foxtail millet accessions into eight major clusters, each of which consisted of accessions collected from adjacent geographical areas. Eleven out of 12 green foxtail accessions were grouped separately from the clusters of foxtail millet. These results indicated strong regional differentiations and a long history of cultivation in each region. Furthermore, we discuss the relationship between foxtail millet and green foxtail and suggest a monophyletic origin of foxtail millet domestication.     

Genetic analysis of <Emphasis Type="Italic">NEKODE1</Emphasis> gene involved in panicle branching of foxtail millet, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Setaria italica</Emphasis> (L.) P. Beauv., and mapping by using QTL-seq

We carried out genetic analysis and mapping of a gene for the tip-branched panicle (Nekode or Neko-ashi in Japanese) in foxtail millet. We revealed that this trait is controlled by a single dominant gene by using two F₂ populations and designated the gene as NEKODE1. By using an F₂ population between closely related Taiwanese landraces with a new method based on next-generation sequencing (NGS), QTL-seq, we successfully and rapidly mapped the responsible gene (NEKODE1) on chromosome 9. We also mapped the gene by using SSR markers to verify that this gene is located at the position on chromosome 9, suggested by QTL-seq, and we obtained SSR markers closely linked to the gene and found several candidate genes for this trait in a foxtail millet genome sequence database. The use of a foxtail millet genome sequence and NGS enables rapid mapping of a gene(s) by using a segregation population derived from a cross even between closely related foxtail millet landraces.     

增强UV-B辐射和氮对谷子叶光合色素及非酶促保护物质的影响

以谷子(Setaria italica(L)Beauv.)为对象,从拔节期开始持续给予低氮(1.875 mmol/L)和高氮(15 mmol/L)两种氮供应条件并从抽穗期开始进行26 d两种强度(4.29、7.12 kJ·m-2·d-1)的增强UV-B辐射处理,研究了谷子叶中光合色素含量、类黄酮含量和苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性的变化.结果表明:与高氮供应条件相比,低氮供应条件明显降低了谷子叶中光合色素含量但提高了类胡萝卜素/叶绿素含量比值;在开花期中段和灌浆期中段,高氮供应条件下谷子叶中光合色素含量对增强UV-B辐射比低氮供应条件下的谷子更敏感.从灌浆期开始到处理结束,两种影响因子对谷子叶中类黄酮含量均有显著影响,增强UV-B辐射导致谷子叶中类黄酮含量逐渐升高,且相同增强UV-B辐射强度下低氮供应条件下的谷子叶中类黄酮含量明显高于高氮供应条件下的谷子.谷子叶中PAL活性对两种影响因子的响应较类黄酮含量更加敏感,低氮供应条件使谷子叶中PAL活性明显提高.结合上述指标的相关性分析结果可知,低氮供应条件加强了处于繁殖期主要阶段的谷子叶中类黄酮的积累,并使谷子叶中的类胡萝卜素/叶绿素含量比值明显提高,进而有助于维持谷子叶中光合色素含量在增强UV-B辐射条件下的相对稳定性,对植株抵抗UV-B辐射伤害有利.     

Genotype identification and assessment of genetic relationships in pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br] using microsatellites and RAPDs

 The potential of DNA markers such as microsatellites, minisatellites and RAPDs was investigated in pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br] with respect to their abundance and variability. Southern analysis, using 22 different di-, tri-, tetra- and penta-oligonucleotide probes and five minisatellite probes, identified (GATA)₄ as the most useful probe for the detection of multiple polymorphic fragments among pearl millet cultivars and landraces from India. The clustering patterns of pearl millet cultivars and landraces based on (GATA)₄ and RAPD (randomly amplified polymorphic DNA) markers differed. The landraces, representing eight states in India, could not be grouped based on their geographical distribution with the DNA markers. RAPD analysis revealed a high degree of genetic diversity among the cultivars and landraces employed in this study. The probability of an identical match by chance for any two genotypes using (GATA)₄ and RAPDs was 3.02×10^-20 for cultivars and 5.2×10^-9 for landraces. The microsatellite (GATA)₄ and RAPDs provide useful tools for genotype identification and for the assessment of genetic relationships in pearl millet. Received: 19 October 1997 / Accepted: 9 December 1997     

Ribosomal DNA intergenic spacer sequence in foxtail millet, Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv. and its characterization and application to typing of foxtail millet landraces

We determined the sequence of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) intergenic spacer (IGS) of foxtail millet isolated in our previous study, and identified subrepeats in the polymorphic region. We also developed a PCR-based method for identifying rDNA types based on sequence information and assessed 153 accessions of foxtail millet. Results were congruent with our previous works. This study provides new findings regarding the geographical distribution of rDNA variants. This new method facilitates analyses of numerous foxtail millet accessions. It is helpful for typing of foxtail millet germplasms and elucidating the evolution of this millet.     

PAC对谷子花后土壤氮素供应和叶片抗氧化特性的影响

全基施肥方式会造成作物全生育期内营养供应失衡, 导致生育后期缺氮早衰。为探究聚天门冬氨酸和壳聚糖复配剂(PAC)保障谷子(Setaria italica)花后氮素供应和调控叶片抗氧化特性的机制, 建立全基施肥背景下东北春谷防衰增产的生产技术, 于2020-2021年在中国农业科学院作物科学研究所公主岭试验站开展大田试验, 以谷子品种张杂谷13号和华优谷9号为材料, 设置常规氮素(CN)和PAC配合氮素(PN) 6个氮素水平(0、75、112.5、150、225和337.5 kg·hm^-2)播种前进行全基施肥处理。结果表明, 与常规氮肥处理相比, 相同施氮量下, PAC处理后, 两品种谷子花期和灌浆中期0-20 cm和20-40 cm土层土壤硝态氮和铵态氮含量升高, 花后叶面积显著增大, 叶面积降幅减小; 花后0-40天旗叶超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶及过氧化氢酶活性升高, 丙二醛含量降低。因此, PAC有效保障了谷子生育中、后期土壤氮素的供应, 提高了叶片抗氧化能力, 延缓了叶片衰老进程, 进而提高产量。2020年和2021年Z13的增产幅度分别为11.24%-21.55%和8.65%- 14.22%, H9的增产幅度分别为5.53%-15.75%和10.43%-16.17%。上述调控效应在低氮和中氮水平(75、112.5和150 kg·hm^-2)下更为显著。综上, PAC配合氮肥全基施可作为一项防衰增产的栽培技术应用于我国东北春谷区。     

中国黍稷种质资源蛋白质和脂肪含量的鉴定分析

对来源于我国14省（区）的6515份黍稷种质资源,通过3次大批量的蛋白质和脂肪含量的鉴定分析,计算出黍稷蛋白质、脂肪的平均含量。筛选出一批蛋白质含量15．00％以上的高蛋白种质和脂肪含量4．00％以上的高脂肪种质,以及蛋白质含量15.00％以上、脂肪含量4．00％以上的双高种质,提供我国黍稷生产和育种利用。     

Development and genetic mapping of SSR markers in foxtail millet [Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.]

SSR markers are desirable markers in analysis of genetic diversity, quantitative trait loci mapping and gene locating. In this study, SSR markers were developed from two genomic libraries enriched for (GA)n and (CA)n of foxtail millet [Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.], a crop of historical importance in China. A total of 100 SSR markers among the 193 primer pairs detected polymorphism between two mapping parents of an F₂ population, i.e. “B100” of cultivated S. italica and “A10” of wild S. viridis. Excluding 14 markers with unclear amplifications, and five markers unlinked with any linkage group, a foxtail millet SSR linkage map was constructed by integrating 81 new developed SSR markers with 20 RFLP anchored markers. The 81 SSRs covered nine chromosomes of foxtail millet. The length of the map was 1,654 cM, with an average interval distance between markers of 16.4 cM. The 81 SSR markers were not evenly distributed throughout the nine chromosomes, with Ch.8 harbouring the least (3 markers) and Ch.9 harbouring the most (18 markers). To verify the usefulness of the SSR markers developed, 37 SSR markers were randomly chosen to analyze genetic diversity of 40 foxtail millet accessions. Totally 228 alleles were detected, with an average 6.16 alleles per locus. Polymorphism information content (PIC) value for each locus ranged from 0.413 to 0.847, with an average of 0.697. A positive correlation between PIC and number of alleles and between PIC and number of repeat unit were found [0.802 and 0.429, respectively (P < 0.01)]. UPGMA analysis revealed that the 40 foxtail millet cultivars could be grouped into five clusters in which the landraces’ grouping was largely consistent with ecotypes while the breeding varieties from different provinces in China tended to be grouped together. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.