利用野生大豆资源创新优质抗病大豆新种质

利用野生大豆与栽培大豆种间杂交中间材料与高产栽培大豆回交转育,创新选育出蛋白质含量45％以上,蛋脂总含量63％以上,分别抗大豆疫霉根腐病,抗大豆灰斑病,农艺性状优良的大豆创新种质资源3份。其中,龙品8802-1抗大豆疫霉根腐病兼抗大豆灰斑病,蛋白质含量45．64％,脂肪含量18．42％,蛋脂总含量64．06％;龙品01-757抗大豆灰斑病,蛋白质含量45．99％,脂肪含量19．4％,蛋脂总含量65．39％;龙品9501,中抗大豆灰斑病,蛋白质含量45．11％,脂肪含量18．32％,蛋脂总含量63．43％。研究结果表明,利用含有野生大豆血缘的种间杂交材料与高产栽培大豆回交,是拓宽大豆遗传基础,创新选育优质、抗病、农艺性状优良大豆新种质资源的有效途径。     

中国黍稷种质资源抗黑穗病鉴定评价

采用人工对种子饱和接种的方法,对来自我国14省（区）的6526份黍稷种质资源进行了抗黑穗病鉴定。筛选出高抗种质11份,占0．17％;抗病种质574份,占8．80％;这些种质均可作为我国黍稷种质遗传改良的亲本材料应用,有些丰产性和品质性状优良的种质,黑穗病高发地区可在生产上直接利用。     

山西重要黍稷种质资源品质性状的初步鉴定与评价

营养品质和口感品质是组成黍稷种质子粒品质的重要组成部分。粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量是组成营养品质的主要成分,赖氨酸和可溶性糖含量是组成口感品质的主要成分。通过对山西省有代表性的90份黍稷种质的粗蛋白、粗脂肪、赖氨酸和可溶性糖的测定,评价了参试黍稷种质资源的营养品质和口感品质。结果表明,黍稷种质资源的粗蛋白平均含量为11.88%,粗脂肪平均含量为3.69%,赖氨酸平均含量为0.19%,可溶性糖平均含量为2.04%。鉴定筛选出7份粗蛋白含量13.00%、粗脂肪含量4.00%以上的高营养品质种质;15份赖氨酸含量0.20%以上、可溶性糖含量2.00%以上的口感品质优的种质;3份粗蛋白含量13.00%以上、粗脂肪含量4.00%以上、赖氨酸含量0.20%以上和可溶性糖含量2.00%以上的营养品质和口感品质均优的种质。营养品质和口感品质与不同类型种质的相关性分析表明,稷的营养品质好于黍,黍的口感品质好于稷,红粒种质营养品质和口感品质最好,白、褐、复色的种质居中,黄粒的最差;粒形和营养品质及口感品质相关不显著。研究结果为今后优质种质利用提供了参考依据。     

特种稻种质创新与营养特性评价

将系谱选择和花药培养相结合,分别选育出具有巨胚、甜味、有色种皮、软米、香味等单一特殊性状和聚合上述2个以上特殊性状的特种稻种质12份,并对这些种质进行了营养特性评价。结果表明,创新的特种稻种质营养成分含量明显高于普通稻,其中甜黑米1569和甜红米1571糙米千粒重很小(8．4g、8．2g),蛋白质(12．4％、11．7％)、赖氨酸(0．75％、0．76％)、脂肪(5．29％、4．86％)、油酸(2．15％、1．93％)和亚油酸(1．93％、1．86％)、维生素B1(8．42mg／kg、1．60mg／kg)年口钙含量(36．8mg／100g、29．5mg／100g)较高;巨胚香糯1574和白巨胚米1575的胚较大,千粒胚重1．4g以上,胚重占糙米重的比率8％以上,蛋白质(9．9％、10．6％)、维生素B1(3．30mg／kg、0．98mg／kg)和钙含量(27．7mg／100g、32．5mg／100g)较高;黑糯米1568的维生素B1(6．57mg／kg)、铁扣锌含量(4．0mg／100g、7．2mg／100g)较高;红米1201的蛋白质(11．1％)、锌(7．0mg／100g)和硒(85．4ug／kg）含量较高,巨胚,甜味,有色种皮,香味等2个以上特殊性状的聚合是增加水稻种质营养保健功能性的有效途径之一。     

双抗双高夏大豆种质鲁99-2的选育

优良种质创新是大豆新品种选育的关键。经过近20年的中间种质创新、亲本筛选、抗性选育、鉴定和品质检验等研究,育成了双抗双高的夏大豆优良种质鲁99-2。其对大豆胞囊线虫1、3、5号生理小种的抗性均为1级;对大豆花叶病毒y6株系的抗性也为1级;籽粒脂肪含量平均为22．09％,高值为22．67％;蛋白质含量平均为43．29％,高值为45．0％;蛋白质和脂肪合计含量平均为65．38％,高值达66．40％。鲁99-2的育成说明创造和利用优良种质、选择适宜的杂交亲本和采用有效的选育方法等对大豆育种至关重要。     

中国黍稷种质资源研究与利用

历时22年,从全国23省(区)搜集黍稷种质资源8515份,并进行了16项农艺性状鉴定,编写中国黍稷品种资源目录,繁种入国家长期库贮存.对其中6000余份种质资源进行了蛋白质、脂肪、赖氨酸分析,耐盐鉴定和抗黑穗病鉴定,筛选出一批单一性状突出和综合性状优良的优异资源,有5份直接提供生产利用,其中3份被农业部评为1级和2级优异种质资源,在全国大面积推广种植.优异种质资源提供育种单位利用后在全国培育出43个优良品种,成为当地的主干品种,取得明显的经济和社会效益.     

山西省黍稷种质资源抗倒性鉴定及相关形态特征研究

黍稷种质的倒伏是造成黍稷减产的一大要素,如何防止黍稷的倒伏,筛选和培育抗倒的种质是解决黍稷倒伏最根本和有效的方法。通过对山西省的1192份黍稷种质资源进行抗倒性鉴定,筛选出71份高抗倒的种质。同时对高抗倒种质和不抗倒种质茎、根的形态特征进行了比较研究,证明黍稷种质的抗倒性与茎、根的形态特征有密切关系,高抗倒种质在茎、根形态特征上所占的优势是形成高抗倒的重要原因。     

2002年我国大豆(Glycine max)品种及种质资源的蛋白质和脂肪含量分析

对2002年全国14个主要大豆种植省(区)的大豆品种及其种质资源的蛋白质、脂肪含量进行了分析。结果表明,种质资源的蛋白质、脂肪平均含量均高于生产用品种。其中种质资源脂肪含量的变化幅度较大,显示了在未来的育种中更强的高脂肪含量的选择优势。国内种质资源蛋白质平均含量高于国外种质资源。国外种质资源脂肪含量总体上高于国内种质资源。黄淮海生态区品种蛋白质平均含量高于北方生态区品种。新育成黄淮海区域试验品种蛋白质平均含量高于目前黄淮海生态区生产用品种。同品种异地种植,其脂肪含量有明显变化。     

新收集大豆种质资源主要品质鉴定与评价

对"十五"期间新收集、保存入国家种质资源库的841份大豆种质资源的蛋白质、脂肪两个主要品质性状进行了鉴定评价.结果表明,蛋白质、脂肪含量均近似正态分布,最大频度分别出现在41.01%～ 42.00%含量范围和20.01%～21.00%含量范围.与以前收集、保存的种质资源相比,新收集种质资源的蛋白质含量呈下降趋势,而脂肪含量和蛋脂总量呈上升趋势.不同类型种质资源的品质性状比较结果表明,地方品种的蛋白质总体水平明显高于育种材料、引进种质和选育品种3种类型,引进种质的脂肪、蛋脂总量的总体水平明显高于其他3种类型.国内种质资源高蛋白质大豆占有率高于引进种质资源;引进种质资源高脂肪、高蛋白兼高油的大豆占有率高于国内种质资源.     

激光诱变选育AC10菜用大青豆的研究报告

采用有性杂交和激光红宝石辐照交替进行,经１０多年的研究、试验、选育出一个蛋白质含量、脂肪含量特高的菜用大青豆－ＡＣ１０。ＡＣ１０菜用大青豆,系早熟、适应性广、抗逆性强、耐迟播、产量高、效益好的品种。全生育期１１０天、８０－８５天采摘青毛豆、单产鲜毛豆７００公斤以上,老豆单产１６０公斤左右。据农业部谷物测试中心分析,蛋白质含量４８．３２％,脂肪含量２１．３６％,合计６９．６８％。查新结果表明,为国内     

中国黍稷种质资源收集、保护、创新与共享利用

项目实施13年。收集、保护了一批濒临灭绝的黍稷种质;对国家长期库黍稷种质进行了繁殖更新与补充鉴定;研究制定了黍稷种质资源繁种更新与鉴定评价技术规范;为国家长期种质库提供了黍稷新的种质资源、数据资源;建立国家黍稷种质中期保存库;评价创新了一批黍稷种质资源,为生产、育种、加工提供了优异种质(品种),取得了明显的社会经济效益。     

Effects of dietary protein of proso millet on liver injury induced by D-galactosamine in rats

In this paper, we examined the effects of dietary protein from proso millet on liver injury induced by D-galactosamine or carbon tetrachloride in rats using serum enzyme activities as indices. D-galactosamine-induced elevations of serum activities of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase were significantly suppressed by feeding the diet containing 20% protein of proso millet for 14 days as compared with those of rats fed a 20% casein diet, but not in the case of carbon tetrachloride. The results showed that proso millet protein is effective at lower dietary protein levels than that of dietary gluten reported previously. Therefore, the findings reported here may suggest that proso millet protein is considered to be another preventive food for liver injury.     

中国黍稷种质资源耐盐性鉴定

对来源于我国14省(区)的6518份黍稷种质资源,以苗期耐盐级别作为综合评价的标准,通过3次耐盐性鉴定,筛选出高度耐盐种质22份,占鉴定种质总数的0.34%,耐盐种质120份,占1.84%。这些种质在遗传育种和生产中具有极高的利用价值,是珍贵的耐盐育种材料。     

Millet preference, effects of planting date on infestation, and adult and larval use of proso millet by Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

The interaction between millet and European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), was investigated to gain insight into whether millet could serve as a refuge or trap crop for O. nubilalis management. In 1995, 1996, and 1999, millet selection studies were conducted in North Dakota and New York with four millet species. Proso millet, Panicum milliaceum L., had the highest infestation and widest distribution of O. nubilalis developmental stages, indicating the presence of both univoltine and bivoltine ecotypes. Siberian foxtail millet, Setaria italica (L.) Beauvois, harbored the greatest number of adults, followed by German foxtail millet, Setaria italica (L.) Beauvois. These two millets appeared to serve as better aggregation sites than proso millet. In North Dakota in 1997, proso millet planting date studies showed later planting dates were more heavily infested than earlier dates; in 1998, this trend was reversed. The change in trends between years was probably a result of differences in the respective growing seasons and subsequent differences in O. nubilalis flights. Adult sampling showed that both old and young females aggregated in proso millet during the day; however, at night, it appeared that young females moved out of millet to oviposit, whereas old females remained in millet. Egg masses were detected in proso millet over a 7-d period in 1997 and a 4-d period in 1998. Larval sampling showed planting proso millet between late May and mid-June may maximize the presence of individuals from both O. nubilalis ecotypes. Once the optimal combination of planting date, plant density, and millet type is found, millet may serve as an effective refuge or trap crop for O. nubilalis management.     

Development and characterization of twenty-five new polymorphic microsatellite markers in proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.)

Millets such as proso millet have excellent nutritional properties and could become a basic resource for crop breeding programs and food diversification. In this study, 25 polymorphic microsatellite markers were developed and characterized through construction of an SSR-enriched library from genomic DNA of proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.). In total, 110 alleles were detected, with an average of 4.4 alleles per locus. Values of major allele frequency (M _AF ) and expected heterozygosity (H _E ) ranged from 0.36 to 0.98 (mean = 0.73) and from 0.04 to 0.74 (mean = 0.37), respectively. The mean genetic similarity coefficient was 0.3711, indicating that among 50 accessions of proso millet there was wide genetic variation. The newly developed microsatellite markers should be useful tools for assessing genetic diversity, understanding population structure, and breeding of proso millet.     

黄土高原旱作区糜子-绿豆带状种植农田小气候特征与产量效应

基于黄土高原干旱地区生态环境特性,研究了4种糜子(P)-绿豆(M)间作模式下[2∶2(2P2M)、4∶2(4P2M)、4∶4(4P4M)、2∶4(2P4M)]农田小气候特征及产量效应.结果表明: 糜子-绿豆间作模式显著增加了生育后期糜子的株高、叶面积指数(LAI)和叶绿素含量(SPAD),使其达到最佳的生长状态;由于高位糜子的遮阴,导致矮位绿豆阶段性徒长,株高显著增加,而LAI和SPAD均有所下降.糜子-绿豆间作模式降低了糜子籽粒灌浆过程中的群体上层光照度和空气温度,而相对湿度显著上升.地上部气候环境的变化调控了间作体系地下部的土壤温度,减少了群体的漏光损失,使其表现出冷湿的生态环境.而矮位绿豆较差的通风透光条件形成相对封闭的间作系统,抑制了绿豆植株的生长发育,使其处于间作劣势.与单作相比,2P2M、4P2M、4P4M和2P4M处理的糜子单株穗数、穗长、单株粒重和千粒重分别增加了7.5%～45.0%、2.2%～12.2%、35.4%～94.0%和2.3%～4.7%,产量比单作提高了5.6%～20.7%;间作处理下矮位绿豆的分枝数、单株荚数、单株粒重和百粒重均有不同程度的下降,2P4M间作模式下的绿豆受糜子影响最小,产量比单作降低了34.8%.糜子-绿豆间作存在明显的间作优势,各间作处理下的土地当量比(LER)均大于1,2P4M间作模式下的LER达到最大值(1.86).因此,黄土高原地区糜子-绿豆最佳的间作配比为2P4M.     

Phytochemical and Antiproliferative Activity of Proso Millet

The phytochemical content, antioxidant activity and antiproliferative properties of three diverse varieties of proso millet are reported. The free phenolic content ranged from 27.48 (Gumi 20) to 151.14 (Mi2504-6) mg gallic acid equiv/100 g DW. The bound phenolic content ranged from 55.95 (Gumi20) to 305.81 (Mi2504-6) mg gallic acid equiv/100 g DW. The percentage contribution of bound phenolic to the total phenolic content of genotype samples analyzed ranged between 62.08% and 67.05%. Ferulic acid and chlorogenic acid are the predominant phenolic acid found in bound fraction. Caffeic acid and p-coumaric acid were also detected. Syringic acid was detected only in the free fraction. The antioxidant activity was assessed using the hydrophilic peroxyl radical scavenging capacity (PSC) assay. The PSC antioxidant activity of the free fraction ranged from 57.68 (Mi2504-6) to 147.32 (Gumi20) µmol of vitamin C equiv/100 g DW. The PSC antioxidant activity of the bound fraction ranged from 95.38 (Mizao 52) to 136.48 (Gumi 20) µmol of vitamin C equiv/100 g DW. The cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) of the extract was assessed using the HepG2 model. CAA value ranged from 2.51 to 6.10 µmol equiv quercetin/100 g DW. Antiproliferative activities were also studied in vitro against MDA human breast cancer and HepG2 human liver cancer cells. Results exhibited a differential and possible selective antiproliferative property of the proso millet. These results may be used to direct the consumption of proso millet with improved health properties.