高油酸花生遗传育种研究进展

花生是我国重要的油料作物,子仁中油酸和亚油酸的含量达到80%左右,其中油酸是影响花生油理化稳定性和营养价值的重要品质指标。十五以来,为进一步提升我国花生国际竞争力和满足国内人们对高品质花生油的消费需求,培育高油酸花生品种成为我国重要的花生品质育种目标之一。本文综述了国内外高油酸花生突变体、高油酸含量性状的遗传规律和分子机理、育成发放的高油酸花生品种的研究进展,对高油酸花生品种系谱、育成方式进行分析。分析高油酸花生育种中存在的问题,以期为我国高油酸花生育种提供参考。     

新收集大豆种质资源主要品质鉴定与评价

对"十五"期间新收集、保存入国家种质资源库的841份大豆种质资源的蛋白质、脂肪两个主要品质性状进行了鉴定评价.结果表明,蛋白质、脂肪含量均近似正态分布,最大频度分别出现在41.01%～ 42.00%含量范围和20.01%～21.00%含量范围.与以前收集、保存的种质资源相比,新收集种质资源的蛋白质含量呈下降趋势,而脂肪含量和蛋脂总量呈上升趋势.不同类型种质资源的品质性状比较结果表明,地方品种的蛋白质总体水平明显高于育种材料、引进种质和选育品种3种类型,引进种质的脂肪、蛋脂总量的总体水平明显高于其他3种类型.国内种质资源高蛋白质大豆占有率高于引进种质资源;引进种质资源高脂肪、高蛋白兼高油的大豆占有率高于国内种质资源.     

河南省花生农家品种资源农艺和品质性状分析

综合分析河南省花生农家品种资源的农艺和品质性状,为花生的遗传育种提供理论依据。以128个不同地域来源的河南省农家品种为材料,田间调查株型、分枝型和开花习性等植物学性状,收获考种测定主茎高、侧枝长、总分枝数、结果枝数、单株产量、百果重和百仁重农艺性状,并测定蛋白质、脂肪、油酸和亚油酸含量。结果表明,农家品种以密枝型为主,农艺性状中百仁重的变异系数最大,为31.1%,其次为单株产量和总分枝数,分别为27.5%和22.2%,变异系数最小的为侧枝长,为12.5%;品质性状方面,河南农家品种资源的脂肪含量较高,脂肪含量55%以上的有10个花生品种。蛋白质含量偏低,最高仅25.3%,油酸含量中等,平均45.4%,最高的52.4%。本研究表明河南省农家品种的农艺性状表现丰富的遗传多样性,品质方面脂肪含量相对较高,合理利用河南省农家品种资源,可为花生品质改良提供优质性状的亲本。     

中国花生核心种质中高油酸材料的分布和遗传多样性

利用代表花生基础资源的核心种质分析花生高油酸资源的分布和遗传多样性,结果表明：在花生核心种质中油酸含量高于57%的种质40份,主要分布在密枝亚种（普通型25份和龙生型8份）,少数分布在疏枝亚种（珍珠豆型6份和中间型1份）; 除了10份资源来源于国外（ICRISAT 7 份,美国1份,日本1份和韩国1份,其他种质资源来源于中国12个省市。 同时发现高油酸种质中3份资源的含油量在55%左右,分别是Zh.h4094（油酸66.70%,含油量54.99%）, Zh.h4029（油酸63.50%,含油量55.58%）和Zh.h4319（油酸59.70%,含油量56.04%; 小区产量超过3000 kg/ha 有10 份种质,前三位分别是Zh.h0883 （4086.06kg/ha）, Zh.h1182（3955.00kg/ha）和 Zh.h2910 （3741.00kg/ha）。基于植物学和产量性状分析,前5个主成份（PC）可以解释81.17% 的变异。聚类分析,在域值为0.1942时,可分为6个组。 因此中国花生核心种质中高油酸种质存在丰富的遗传多样性,而且分布较广,高油酸种质的获得对花生高油酸育种提供基础材料。     

谷子籽粒蛋白质、脂肪、千粒重的遗传变异

以来自华北夏谷区、东北春谷区、西北高原早熟春谷区、西北高原中晚熟春谷区等4个主要谷子生态区的270个品种为材料,包括育成品种220份和地方品种50份,测定了籽粒千粒重、蛋白质和脂肪含量。结果表明:270份谷子品种平均蛋白质含量(11.18±1.14)%,脂肪含量(4.00±0.42)%,千粒重(2.87±0.28)g。育成品种的蛋白质含量显著低于地方品种蛋白质含量,而育成品种和地方品种的脂肪含量、千粒重差异不显著;不同生态区品种之间蛋白质含量、千粒重差异显著,但脂肪含量差异不显著。西北早熟春谷区品种蛋白质含量平均最高、千粒重最大,华北夏谷区品种蛋白质含量平均最低、千粒重最小;蛋白质含量和千粒重显著正相关,蛋白质含量、千粒重和生育期显著负相关。本研究报道了近30年来我国谷子主产区谷子品种的蛋白质、脂肪含量和千粒重的差异,对于谷子品质育种具有借鉴意义;研究认为谷子籽粒的蛋白质、脂肪含量和千粒重应作为品质育种的重要指标加以重视。     

国际半干旱热带地区作物研究所花生微核心种质含油量及脂肪酸分析与鉴定

以国际半干旱热带地区作物研究所(ICRISAT)花生微核心种质为材料,系统分析测试含油量和脂肪酸组成。分析结果表明,ICRISAT花生微核心种质的含油量平均为51.67%,变异范围49.16%~55.44%,珍珠豆型资源的含油量高于其他类型,发掘出高油种质1份。在主要脂肪酸中,棕榈酸平均含量10.74%,变异范围7.9%~13.5%;硬脂酸2.85%,变异范围1.8%~3.9%;油酸46.36%,变异范围37.0%~64.7%;亚油酸32.86%,变异范围18.0%~40.4%;饱和脂肪酸含量19.21%,变异范围15.2%~22.1%。普通型花生的油酸含量高于其他类型,而亚油酸和棕榈酸含量低于其他类型。发掘出高油酸种质4份,低棕榈酸种质19份,低饱和脂肪酸种质7份。通过脂肪酸组成的分析,高油酸种质和低饱和脂肪酸种质均同时具备低棕榈酸的优良特性。SSR分析结果表明,这些种质的遗传差异相对较大。根据5对SSR引物的扩增结果,绘制了20份资源的分子指纹图谱,为这些优质资源的保护和有效利用奠定了基础。     

花生籽仁外观和营养品质特征及食用型花生育种利用分析

花生籽仁的外观品质和营养品质是评价食用花生品种的重要指标。本研究对285个不同类型或来源的花生种质资源进行了籽仁外观和营养品质性状的检测和分析,旨在为食用型花生品种选育提供依据。按照植物学类型分析了各类型的8个外观性状和5个营养品质性状的分布。结果表明,我国花生种质资源包含丰富的外观性状变异类型,能够满足不同加工用途对原料的需求,但总体上高油酸、高蛋白和低脂肪资源类型偏少。借鉴美国等烤制花生仁和糖果花生的外观和营养品质特征及我国煮食和烤制花生的生产消费市场,提出了食用型品种选育亲本的策略和备选品种类型,烤制和糖果用途花生育种亲本选配应以普通型、中间型或珍珠豆型中粒农家品种或育成品种为骨干亲本,进一步改良高油酸、高蛋白和低脂肪等品质性状。     

花生种质资源表型性状的综合评价及指标筛选

分析花生种质资源表型性状的变异规律,构建花生种质资源的综合评价体系,筛选最优的评价指标。本研究以40份花生种质资源的17个表型性状为研究对象,利用变异系数与Shannon-Weaver指数对表型性状的多样性进行分析,采用聚类分析、主成分分析以及逐步回归分析对花生种质资源进行了综合评价和鉴定指标的筛选。结果表明:17个表型性状的变异系数变化范围为4.15%~31.82%,油酸、亚油酸以及蔗糖含量等性状变异丰富,出仁率、粗脂肪及蛋白质含量等性状较稳定;多样性指数变化范围为1.39~2.06,主茎高、百仁重及蛋白质含量等性状分布比较均匀,油酸、亚油酸及棕榈酸等性状分级及分布较不均匀。聚类分析把40份花生种质资源分为4个类群。主成分分析把17个表型性状归为5个主成分(累计贡献率80.41%,反映出17个表型性状的大部分信息),依次为花生籽粒含油量因子、籽粒含糖量因子及丰产性因子,以上因子可以较准确的评价花生种质。花生种质表型性状的综合评价由F值大小判定,F值均值为0.73,开农176的F值最高,阜花12号的F值最低。由逐步回归分析筛选出8个表型性状:单株鲜果重、百果重、出仁率、粗脂肪、蛋白质含量、棕榈酸、油酸和蔗糖含量。花生种质资源遗传多样性较丰富,综合评价F值可以为花生种质资源评价提供参考,筛选的8个表型性状可以作为花生种质资源性状评价指标。     

高油酸花生新品种宇花91的选育

宇花91是青岛农业大学选育的高油酸花生新品种。以普通油酸含量品种鲁花11号为母本,F435型高油酸花生品种开农1715为父本配置杂交组合。利用PCR产物测序法筛选获得F_1代真杂种,对F_2代单株提取叶片基因组DNA,利用PCR产物测序法筛选基因型纯合的单株个体。对当代收获的单株籽粒利用近红外法多粒模型测定油酸、亚油酸含量,筛选油酸含量在80%以上且油酸亚油酸比值在10.0以上的单株种植成株行,随后利用系谱法进行选择育种。宇花91荚果为普通型小果,网纹较细、较明显,百果重148.06 g,百仁重63.31 g,果皮薄,出米率75.15%。籽仁长椭圆形,种皮粉红色、无裂纹,内种皮白色。籽仁蛋白质含量26.57%,脂肪含量52.72%,油酸含量80.40%,亚油酸含量2.50%,棕榈酸含量5.57%,油酸亚油酸比值32.16。苗期生长旺盛,封垄早,结果集中,中抗叶斑病和青枯病。2017年参加山东省夏播多点试验,平均荚果产量215.79 kg/667 m~2,比对照花育20号增产15.27%;平均籽仁产量157.33kg/667m~2,比对照花育20号增产21.64%。2018年通过国家花生品种登记,登记号:GPD花生(2018) 370210,适于在山东花生产区种植。     

贵州地方芝麻种质资源品质性状的分析与评价

为探究贵州芝麻种质资源的品质特征,并对地方芝麻资源进行初步鉴定与评价,本研究对73份贵州芝麻种质资源的8个品质性状进行测试分析。结果表明:(1)贵州芝麻种质资源含油量介于41.45%~52.12%之间,平均含量为49.69%。在脂肪酸组成中,油酸、亚油酸等不饱和脂肪酸的平均含量分别为35.65%和50.66%;而棕榈酸、硬脂酸等饱和脂肪酸的平均含量仅为8.40%和4.79%。此外,贵州芝麻资源中芝麻素、芝麻林素和木质素的平均含量分别为5.03 mg/g、2.63 mg/g和4.79 mg/g。8个品质性状的变异系数介于3.69%~32.62%范围内,其中芝麻素含量变异系数最大,含油量变异系数最小。而芝麻素含量、芝麻林素含量及硬脂酸含量的变异系数均大于10%,表明这3个性状在芝麻样本间存在较大差异。(2)相关性分析结果显示:含油量与油酸、芝麻素含量呈极显著正相关,与亚油酸含量呈极显著负相关;油酸含量与芝麻素含量呈极显著正相关,与亚油酸含量呈极显负相关;亚油酸含量与芝麻素含量呈极显著负相关。表明品质性状间相关性大、关联程度较高,性状间相互影响较大。(3)主成分分析将8个品质性状综合为3个主成分,分别为油酸因子、含油量因子和芝麻素因子,3个主成分因子包含了贵州芝麻种质资源品质性状的绝大部分信息,累计贡献率达96%以上。(4)在欧氏距离D=9.75处将73份贵州芝麻资源划分为6个类群:第Ⅰ类群包含2份资源、第Ⅱ类群有7份、第Ⅲ类群有12份、第Ⅳ类群有5份、第Ⅴ类群有16份、第Ⅵ类群有31份。其中第Ⅵ类群油酸含量最高,且含油量、芝麻素含量较高。本研究探明了贵州芝麻品质的特征特性,可为芝麻种质资源的利用和创新提供依据,为芝麻品种选育和遗传改良提供参考。     

76株薄壳山核桃实生单株的果实品质差异及综合评价

对南京地区种植的76株薄壳山核桃〔Carya illinoinensis(Wangenh.)K.Koch〕实生单株的8项果实性状和种仁中5种脂肪酸含量的差异以及各指标的相关性进行分析,并筛选出单项性状优良的单株;在此基础上,结合主成分分析结果,对供试76株单株的果实品质进行综合评价.结果显示:8项果实性状(包括坚果质量、种仁鲜质量、坚果壳厚度、坚果纵径、坚果横径、果形指数、出仁率和含油率)以及种仁中5种脂肪酸(包括棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸和亚麻酸)的含量均有较大变异,变异系数为663%~2899%,其中,出仁率的变异系数最小,亚麻酸含量的变异系数最大,8项果实性状的变异系数总体上小于5种脂肪酸含量的变异系数.部分果实性状间极显著或显著正相关,少数果实性状间极显著或显著负相关,而5种脂肪酸含量间均极显著正相关,但脂肪酸含量与果实性状间总体上无显著相关性.主成分分析结果表明:在8项果实性状中,与坚果大小有关的性状较为重要;而5种脂肪酸含量均同等重要.对果实性状和脂肪酸含量的主成分分析结果显示:第1主成分的决定指标包括含油率以及棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸和亚麻酸的含量,第2主成分的决定指标包括坚果质量、种仁鲜质量、坚果壳厚度和坚果横径,说明薄壳山核桃果实评价的首要指标为种仁中脂肪酸含量,其次为果实大小.在利用坚果质量、种仁鲜质量、坚果壳厚度、出仁率、含油率、果形指数、油酸含量和不饱和脂肪酸含量8个单项指标优选单株的基础上,结合主成分分析结果,71号单株的综合得分较高,其种仁鲜质量、含油率以及油酸和不饱和脂肪酸的含量均较高,可作为优良品种选育的首选候选单株.根据上述研究结果,建议在薄壳山核桃不同育种目标的优良品种选育工作中,将主成分分析法作为单项性状筛选法的有效补充方法.     

张掖市不同海拔地区5个胡麻品种品质特性比较分析

胡麻是甘肃省主要经济作物之一,海拔2 400 m以下的河西地区为甘肃高产区。为探明张掖不同海拔高度对胡麻品质特性的影响和不同胡麻品种的最佳种植区域,利用近红外品质分析仪,分析了张掖市4个不同海拔地区5个胡麻品种的常规品质指标、饱和脂肪酸和不饱和脂肪酸的含量差异。结果表明：蛋白质、粗脂肪、膳食纤维、棕榈酸、十七碳酸、豆蔻酸、二十四碳酸、油酸和α-亚麻酸含量的品种和海拔间互作效应极显著(P<0.01);山嵛酸、棕榈油酸、顺-11-二十碳一烯酸、亚油酸、γ-亚麻酸和顺-11,14,17-二十碳三烯酸含量随海拔高度不同,变化较小,稳定性好。在高含油量育种目标的基础上,兼顾高三大主要不饱和脂肪酸（α-亚麻酸、油酸和亚油酸）、低两大饱和脂肪酸（棕榈酸和硬脂酸）以及高蛋白质等其他品质育种目标的角度考虑,在张掖市甘州区、高台县巷道镇和民乐县三堡镇、民乐县六坝镇,最适宜种植的胡麻品种分别是5-9812-2-1、09-3-11、张亚2号。不同海拔高度对胡麻各品质指标具有重要影响,张掖市作为优质胡麻籽生产基地,可利用不同胡麻品种适宜种植区域不同,大力发展胡麻籽品质育种和胡麻籽综合开发等。     

Mapping quantitative trait loci controlling oil content,oleic acid and linoleic acid content in sunflower (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Helianthus annuus</Emphasis> L.)

Sunflower oil with high oleic acid content is in great demand due to its nutritional as well as industrial benefits. The trait is mainly controlled by dominant alleles at a major gene, Ol, with other modifiers. The objectives of this research were to map the oil content, oleic acid and linoleic acid content in sunflower seeds. An F2 mapping population from cytoplasmic male-sterile line COSF 7A (33–35 % oleic acid) and high oleic acid inbred line HO 5–13 (88–90 % oleic acid) was developed and phenotyped for oil content, oleic acid and linoleic acid content at the F2 seed level. High phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation were recorded for oleic acid and linoleic acid content. High heritability and high genetic advance as percent of mean was recorded for oleic acid and linoleic acid content. This indicated the presence of the additive type of gene action controlling the traits oleic acid content and linoleic acid content. The Ol gene was mapped to linkage group (LG) 14 and tightly linked to the marker HO_Fsp_b. In addition, two more quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for oleic acid content were identified in LG8 and LG9. Two QTLs for oil content and two QTLs for linoleic acid content were also identified. All these QTLs explained over 10 % of phenotypic variation. A study was conducted with 13 genotypes differing in oil quality as well as quantity over three seasons to assess the reliability of the identified QTLs over seasons. It resulted in the identification of two potential QTLs for oleic acid as well as linoleic acid content with the markers ORS 762 and HO_Fsp_b. These markers explained more than 57.6–66.6 % of phenotypic variation. Hence it can be concluded that these markers/QTLs would be useful in the marker-assisted selection breeding programme to improve oil quality. The present study also indicated the presence of at least two other genomic regions controlling oleic and linoleic acid content in sunflower.     

Oil and Seed Meal Quality Indices of Indian Rapeseed-Mustard Varieties

Variation in oil, protein, fatty acid profile, oil stability index, PUFA to SFA, MUFA to PUFA, ω-6 to ω-3 fatty acid ratio and glucosinolate content and their relationships were studied in 50 rapeseed-mustard (Brassica species) varieties. Variability was low for protein and oil content with CV 4.2% and 5.1%, respectively. The highest variation was recorded for oil stability index followed by oleic acid content. Erucic acid ranged from 0.4 % [TERI (00) R- 9903] to 55.3% (NDYS-2). The saturated fatty acids showed a range of 2.5–8.6% and most of the varieties had < 6 %.The maximum (3.05) and minimum (0. 59) ω-6 to ω-3 fatty acid ratio was recorded for TERI (00) R-9903 a variety of gobhi sarson and RTM-314 of taramira, respectively. The highest MUFA to PUFA ratio (3.19) was recorded for variety Parbati of toria. Twelve varieties had PUFA to SFA ratio of > 10.0. All the varieties, in general had high glucosinolate content except GSC- 5, TERI (OE) R-03 and TERI (00) R-9903. Oil stability index had highly significant and positive correlation with oleic acid and MUFA to PUFA ratio. The relationship of oil content was significantly positive with ω-6 to ω-3 fatty acid ratio (r = 0.377**). Protein content and SFA were positively correlated (r = 0.314 *). Erucic acid exhibited negative and significant association with SFA (r = ? 0.293*) and oleic acid (r = ? 0.863**).     

Proteomic analysis of near-isogenic sunflower varieties differing in seed oil traits

Near-isogenic sunflower lines containing 25% (inbred RHA280) and 48% (RHA801) oil by seed dry mass were comparatively analyzed in biological triplicate at 18 days after flowering using two-dimensional (both pI 3-10 and 4-7) Difference Gel Electrophoresis. Additionally, two inbred lines varying in oleic acid content, HA89 (18% oleic) and HA341 (89% oleic), were also analyzed in the same manner. Statistical analyses of these sunflower lines was performed beginning with fitting a mixed effects linear model to the log-transformed optical volume of each spot to account for gel variation, followed by testing the significance between varieties for mean transformed optical spot volumes. The p-values from the spot analysis procedures were then used to find the cutoff point for differential expression using a 10% false-discovery rate (FDR). Comparison of the oil content and oleic acid composition lines revealed 77 and 42 protein spots below the 10% FDR cutoff, respectively, and were therefore declared differentially expressed. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis of each of these protein spots resulted in assignments for 44 and 17 spots, respectively. Fructokinase, plastid phosphoglycerate kinase, and enolase proteins were determined to be up-regulated in the high oil line, while phosphofructokinase, cytosolic phosphoglucomutase, and cytsolic phosphoglycerate kinase were up-regulated in the low oil variety. Additionally, four activities involved in amino acid synthesis were up-regulated in the low oil variety in addition to 12S storage proteins and a protein similar to legumin storage protein. Interestingly, two 2-DE spots identified as 14-3-3 proteins were found to be up-regulated in high oleic acid variety. Alteration of glycolytic and amino acid biosynthetic enzymes, as well as storage protein levels, suggests seed oil content is tightly linked to carbohydrate metabolism and protein synthesis in a complex manner.     

High-Oleic Peanut Oils Produced by HpRNA-Mediated Gene Silencing of Oleate Desaturase

The quality of peanut oil largely depends on the quantity of oleic (18:1) and linoleic acids (18:2). These two acids comprise more than 80% of the total fatty acids in peanuts. The oleate desaturase (FAD2) gene is important for maintaining high oleic acid content. A partial conservative sequence of the FAD2 gene from peanut was selected. The sense and antisense 260-bp fragments were amplified and subcloned into pFGC1008 binary expression vectors. A total of 21 transgenic plants were obtained via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The resulting down-regulation of the FAD2 gene resulted in a 70% increase in oleic acid content in the seeds of transformed plants compared with a 37.93% increase in untransformed plants. The results demonstrated that the target genes were likely suppressed by hpRNA interference, a pathway capable of achieving phenotypic changes. The silencing of FAD2 enabled the development of peanut oils having novel combinations of oleic acid content that can be used in high-value applications, making this approach a reliable technique for the genetic modification of seed quality and the potential for enhancement of other traits as well.