高体鳑鲏的性选择问题研究

以高体鳑鲏为研究对象,分别设置个体大小不同的雌鱼和雄鱼进行性选择实验并验证性选择理论,对雌鱼的怀卵量和雄鱼的空间学习记忆能力也进行了检测。雄鱼对雌鱼的性选择实验结果表明,雄鱼对大个体雌鱼有明显的选择偏好;雄鱼选择雌鱼的次数及停留时间与雌鱼的体长、体高、产卵管长度等特征呈正相关。推测雄鱼是基于直接收益的角度,即最大限度的获得较多的后代及较高的后代存活率对雌鱼进行选择,因为大个体雌鱼拥有长的产卵管及绝对多的处于Ⅴ时相的成熟卵粒,可以提供较多的后代及较高的后代存活率。雌鱼对雄鱼的性选择结果表明,雌性高体鳑鲏对大个体雄鱼也表现出了明显的偏好;雌鱼选择雄鱼的次数及停留时间与雄鱼的体长、体高呈正相关;大个体雄鱼的空间学习记忆能力比小个体强,能更快捷地找到并占领质量好的河蚌而成为领域鱼。从直接收益的观点看,雌鱼选择大个体的雄鱼可能是因为大个体雄鱼可以更加容易、迅速和便捷地寻找到质量好的河蚌引领雌鱼进行产卵,从而保证子代的存活率。       

鲫鱼雌性有关蛋白的研究

本文利用聚丙烯酰胺、SDS、超薄平板等电聚焦等多种电泳方法,对不同性别鲫鱼的血清分析后,发现了两种与雌性有关的特异血清蛋白,FSSP-Ⅰ及FSSP-Ⅱ。分离提纯了含量较多的FSSP-Ⅱ,其分子量、等电点、氨基酸组成分析的结果证明,它是一类与已报道过的鱼类雌性蛋白极不相同的、与性别有关的蛋白。为性别问题的研究提供了有意义的资料。     

黄鳝性别的自然反转现象与血清蛋白关系的初步研究

实验采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳方法,对49条黄鳝的血清蛋白进行了分析,实验结果表明雌、雄黄鳝随着性腺的发育,血清蛋白组分有所增加,雌鱼性腺Ⅲ—Ⅳ期为10—11条区带。雄鱼性腺Ⅰ到Ⅳ期为11—14条区带。性别反转的黄鳝血清蛋白的区带数明显增加,分析结果为20条区带,经CS-910薄层色谱扫描具有较多的吸收峰,极为有趣的是性别反转的黄鳝血清蛋白在凝胶负极一端的大分子脂蛋白和中等分子的球蛋白组分发生了很大的变化。而正极分子较小的白蛋白组分仍保持着雌鱼血清蛋白的吸收峰,因此作者认为黄鳝性别反转作用可能与血清蛋白中较大分子组分的增加有关。     

大阪鲫鱼两种卵黄蛋白免疫细胞化学的研究

以电泳提纯的卵黄脂磷蛋白和卵黄蛋白Ｌ制备兔抗两种蛋白的抗血清,采用ＰＡＰ法对性腺成熟雌性大阪鲫鱼的肝细胞和卵母细胞进行两种蛋白免疫细胞化学位研究。肝细胞的粗面内质网上有强烈的卵黄脂磷蛋白的阳性反应,特别是在线粒体的基质中也发现卵黄脂磷蛋白的阳性反应,而另外一种类似于卵黄高磷蛋白的卵黄蛋白－卵黄蛋白Ｌ在肝细胞的粗面内质网和线粒体均呈现阴性反应,提示卵黄脂磷蛋白的前体物质存在于肝细胞的粗面内质网和线粒     

黄鳝性逆转与性腺蛋白关系的分析

实验采用聚丙烯酰胺梯度胶电泳方法，对２６２黄鳝的性腺蛋白进行了分析，结果表明雌性黄鳝随着性腺的成熟性腺蛋白组分有所增多，相反雄性黄鳝随着性原的成熟其性腺蛋白组分则有所减少；；雌鱼性腺Ⅱ－Ⅲ期为１０－１２条区带，雄鱼性腺Ⅲ－Ⅵ期为１３－１０条区带。兼性期性腺蛋白组分明显增加为１５－１９条区带，其增加的蛋白带为一组位于凝胶偏负极端、分子量相近的蛋白分子，性逆转时精巢的组建可能与这组蛋白的调节有关。性逆     

繁殖Ⅲ期不同性别鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)的运动能力及能量代谢的比较

为了考查繁殖期不同性别鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)的运动能力及生理代谢特征,在20±1℃条件下,分别依次测定1龄且处于繁殖第Ⅲ期不同性别实验鱼的快速启动、临界游泳速度(Ucrit)、静止代谢率(MO2rest)、最大运动代谢率(MO2active)及运动过程中的代谢率(MO2)。结果表明:鲫鱼雌鱼与雄鱼的临界游泳速度(Ucrit)分别为6.97±0.22、7.29±0.31BL.s-1,差异不显著;雌、雄鱼快速启动中的最大运动速度(Vmax)分别为20.48±0.69、20.40±1.09BL.s-1,无显著差异,同时它们的最大加速度(amax)、反应时间、120ms内移动距离同样均无显著差异;雌鱼与雄鱼的MO2rest差异不显著;MO2active与代谢空间(△MO2)分别为341.92±22.59、307.50±22.66mgO2.kg-1.h-1和257.18±18.51、220.20±18.95mgO2.kg-1.h-1,前者均显著高于后者(P<0.01)。可见,处于繁殖Ⅲ期的鲫鱼雌鱼与雄鱼的Ucrit及快速启动均无显著差异;并且雌鱼有氧运动能力的维持存在功率补偿。     

利用鱼类性逆转技术创制黄颡鱼XX雄鱼的方法

目前黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco Richardson)生产上使用的母本非常混杂, 成为影响黄颡鱼产业发展的一个突出问题。建立一个优良性状稳定的全雌家系对于全雄黄颡鱼和杂交黄颡鱼的生产尤为重要, 而将XX雌性黄颡鱼逆转为XX雄性黄颡鱼是创制全雌家系中的关键一步。黄颡鱼性染色体连锁分子标记的开发为鉴定XX雄鱼提供了技术支撑。研究使用不同浓度的17α-甲基睾酮(MT)和芳香化酶抑制剂来曲唑(LZ)处理黄颡鱼鱼苗54d (7—60日龄)。61日龄测量并统计各组鱼的存活率、体长及体重。解剖观察性腺结构, 结合性腺组织切片和性别分子标记分析各组实验鱼中XX鱼性腺发育情况。结果显示: 2种药物对黄颡鱼的存活率影响较小, 与对照组没有显著差异; MT处理的XX性腺为空腔状精小囊结构, 不能逆转为功能性精巢; 适当剂量的LZ可以将XX雌性黄颡鱼性逆转成正常的XX雄鱼, 诱导效果随着剂量的增加而增强。用完全逆转的XX生理雄鱼分别与XX雌鱼和YY雌鱼交配, 能够正常繁殖并具备较好的繁殖能力。研究建立了一种使用芳香化酶抑制剂来曲唑创制黄颡鱼XX雄鱼的方法, 为全雄黄颡鱼的品种改良及新品种的培育奠定了基础。     

注射LHRHa对泥鳅血清性类固醇激素变化研究

研究了注射促黄体激素类似物(LHRHa)后,泥鳅(Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)血清性类同醇激素的变化规律,并探讨在泥鳅繁殖季节时.孕酮(P)、睾酮(T)和雌二醇(E2)对性腺发育的作用及调节机制.实验共分两组,对照组和实验组;对照组只注射生理盐水;实验组注射LHRHa,雌鱼0.2 μg/g,雄鱼减半.注射前尾静脉采血,作为血液样本分析基础水平(Oh),注射药物后分别在7、24、48、72和96h尾静脉采血.测定雌鱼睾酮、雌二醇和孕酮,雄鱼孕酮和睾酬血清浓度.实验结果表明:注射LHRHa,雌鱼血清睾酮和雌二醇浓度显著高于对照组,雄鱼血清睾酮和孕酮显著高于对照组(P<0.05);24h浓度较高.雌鱼孕酬、睾酮和雌二醇分别为(0.710±0.082)ng/mL、(9.00±0.57)ng/mL和(696.4±26.2)pg/mL,雄鱼孕酮和睾酮分别为(0.527±0.121)ng/mL和(9.62±0.62)ng/mL.实验组雌鱼孕酮变化基本规律为,基础水平(0-7h)-逐渐升至最高(7-24h)-逐渐降至基础水平(24-48h)-维持基础水平(48-96h).实验组雌鱼睾酮和雌二醇与雄鱼孕酮和睾酮变化规律基本相似,其规律为,逐渐上升至最高(0-24h)-逐渐降至基础水平(24-72h)-维持基础水(72-96h).24h对照组雌鱼睾酮和雌二醇显著升高,浓度分别为:睾酮(2.20±0.18)ng/mL,雌二醇(269.1±36.6)pg/mL.对照组雄鱼血清孕酮和睾酮浓度实验期间均无显著变化.研究认为:LHRHa能够刺激泥鳅性类同醇激素分泌,特别是睾酮的分泌,显著提高雌鱼性腺指数(GSI).但刺激P的分泌调控能力有限,实验期间处于较低水平,诱导排卵效果差,泥鳅的性类固醇激素可能有特殊的调节机制.雌二醇和睾酮对性腺成熟有重要作用,孕酮对介导卵细胞最终成熟和排卵可能起重要作用,而雌二醇和睾酮无明显效果.     

从XY雌鱼雌核发育产生YY超雄黄颡鱼

采用激素性逆转结合雌核发育技术,从XY雌鱼产生YY超雄黄颡鱼。与性逆转和后代测交选种技术比较,本文的方法可以缩短两代的育种时间,并提高超雄鱼的产出。通过测交证明,与正常的XY雄鱼一样,YY超雄黄颡鱼是能成活和有生育力的,其后代雄鱼占75.9%—100%,平均90.30%。从29尾雌鱼产生的雌核发育的后代294尾,只有11尾雄鱼,绝大多数是雌鱼;而在12尾YY超雄鱼测交的后代出现0—24.1%雌鱼。从上述结果可以推测,黄颡鱼的性决定体制是雌性配子同型(XX♀/XY♂),但常染色体性修饰基因的影响是比较明显的。本文还对超雄鱼在商业上大量生产全雄黄颡鱼的可行性和应用前景进行简要的讨论。     

黄颡鱼XX伪雄鱼诱导与全雌种群规模化繁育

研究利用3种雄性化因素, 包括17α-甲基睾丸酮(MT, 5 mg/kg)、来曲唑(LZ, 300 mg/kg)和高温(33.5℃) 联合处理12—65日龄黄颡鱼幼鱼, 并将性成熟的XX伪雄鱼与正常XX雌鱼进行人工繁殖, 开展了全雌黄颡鱼(Tachysurus fulvidraco)规模化繁殖与苗种培育工作。研究发现, MT、LZ和高温共同作用可诱导XX黄颡鱼逆转为生理型雄性, 完全性逆转个体运动型精子比例与XY雄鱼无显著性差异, 组织学切片也显示其精巢中存在大量精子细胞, 推测XX伪雄鱼具有正常的繁殖功能。随后, 以XX伪雄鱼为父本, 正常XX雌鱼为母本开展了规模化人工繁殖, 获得了57万尾基因型全部为XX的黄颡鱼苗种, 并将其成功培育成大规格鱼种。在幼鱼60日龄和120日龄时取样发现, 分别有2.8%和12.0%的个体发生了不同程度的雄性化, 推测其可能受到池塘自然高温的影响而发生了性逆转。其余XX雌鱼卵巢发育良好, 来年繁殖季节可作为规模化人工繁殖的雌性亲本。研究成功开展了全雌黄颡鱼规模化繁育工作, 为全雌黄颡鱼规模化繁育体系的建立提供了基础, 也为黄颡鱼新品种选育中雌性选育提供了保障。     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Identification and Characterization of the First Equine Parainfluenza Virus 5

正Dear Editor,Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5), known as canine parainfluenza virus in the veterinary field, is a negative-sense,nonsegmented, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family (Chen 2018). The virus was first reported in primary monkey kidney cells in 1954 (Hsiung1972), then it has been frequently discovered in various     

Pathogenic Characterization and Full Length Genome Sequence of a Reassortant Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Newly Isolated in Pakistan

<正>Dear Editor,Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is one of the most important diseases of the poultry. The IBD virus (IBDV), a nonenveloped virus belonging to the Birnaviridae family with a genome consisting of two segments of double-stranded RNA (segments A and B), targets B lymphocytes of bursa of Fabricious leading to immunosuppression. In Pakistan,poultry farming is the second biggest industry and IBD is the second biggest disease threating the poultry sector.However, there is limited genome information of IBDV