Long-term feeding effects of heated and fried oils on hepatic antioxidant enzymes,absorption and excretion of fat in rats

Long-term feeding effect of heated and fried peanut (PNO), rice bran (RBO) and palm oil (PO) in the diet on the hepatic antioxidant enzyme status and absorption and excretion of fats were studied in laboratory rats. The rats were fed oils heated to 180°C continuously for a period of 72 h or laboratory fried at 20% level in the diet for 18 weeks. The results of the study indicated a significant increase in the catalase activity in HO groups and decrease in the FRO groups. The GPx activity while significantly low in HO groups was high in FRO groups, whereas, significant decrease in GST activity was observed in both PNO-HO/FRO groups. Increased activity was noted in RBO-FRO and PO-HO/FRO groups. The SOD activity showed a mixed response in different heated/fried oils and a marginal increase in the levels of fecal fat excretion was observed in some of the heated/fried oil groups. The results indicated no appreciable damage with respect to these antioxidant enzymes. Also, feeding heated fats as high as 20% in the diet for long duration does not result either in reduced food intake or excess fecal fat excretion.     

我国大豆油、花生油、芝麻油的甘油三酯组成研究

应用高效液相色谱技术,分离分析大豆油、花生油、芝麻油的甘油三酯组成,测试表明,大豆油的主要甘油三酯为LLL、LLO、LLP、OLO和PLO;花生油的主要甘油三酯为OLO、LLO、PLO;芝麻油的主要甘油三酯为LLO、OLO、POO和LLL。     

Quantitative analysis of ruminal bacterial populations involved in lipid metabolism in dairy cows fed different vegetable oils

Vegetable oils are used to increase energy density of dairy cow diets, although they can provoke changes in rumen bacteria populations and have repercussions on the biohydrogenation process. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of two sources of dietary lipids: soybean oil (SO, an unsaturated source) and hydrogenated palm oil (HPO, a saturated source) on bacterial populations and the fatty acid profile of ruminal digesta. Three non-lactating Holstein cows fitted with ruminal cannulae were used in a 3×3 Latin square design with three periods consisting of 21 days. Dietary treatments consisted of a basal diet (Control, no fat supplement) and the basal diet supplemented with SO (2.7% of dry matter (DM)) or HPO (2.7% of DM). Ruminal digesta pH, NH₃–N and volatile fatty acids were not affected by dietary treatments. Compared with control and HPO, total bacteria measured as copies of 16S ribosomal DNA/ml by quantitative PCR was decreased (P<0.05) by SO. Fibrobacter succinogenes, Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus and Anaerovibrio lipolytica loads were not affected by dietary treatments. In contrast, compared with control, load of Prevotella bryantii was increased (P<0.05) with HPO diet. Compared with control and SO, HPO decreased (P<0.05) C18:2 cis n-6 in ruminal digesta. Contents of C15:0 iso, C18:11 trans-11 and C18:2 cis-9, trans-11 were increased (P<0.05) in ruminal digesta by SO compared with control and HPO. In conclusion, supplementation of SO or HPO do not affect ruminal fermentation parameters, whereas HPO can increase load of ruminal P. bryantii. Also, results observed in our targeted bacteria may have depended on the saturation degree of dietary oils.     

加快微生物油脂研究为生物柴油产业提供廉价原料

当前国内外致力于发展生物柴油,因其性能优良,成为化石柴油的替代品。由于以植物油脂生产生物柴油原料成本占总成本的70％-85％,所以亟待开发廉价油脂资源。微生物油脂主要是微生物利用碳水化合物合成的甘油脂,其脂肪酸组成和植物油相近。产油微生物具有资源丰富、油脂含量高、碳源利用谱广等特点,开发潜力大。然而,目前微生物油脂生产成本偏高,研究工作仍以富含多不饱和脂肪酸的高附加值菌油为目标。随着现代分子生物学和生物化工技术的发展,对产油微生物菌种筛选、改良、代谢调控和发酵工程的研究日趋深入,将降低微生物油脂生产成本,为未来生物柴油产业提供廉价原料。     

Comparison of solid‐phase cytometry and the plate count method for the evaluation of the survival of bacteria in pharmaceutical oils

Aim: To compare the survival of four bacterial strains (Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) in pharmaceutical oils, including jojoba oil/tea tree oil, carbol oil, jojoba oil and sesame oil. Methods and Results: Oils were spiked with the test bacteria in a concentration of 10⁴ CFU ml^?1. Bacteria were extracted from oils with phosphate‐buffered saline containing 0·5% Tween 20. Aliquots of the pooled water layers were analysed by solid‐phase cytometry and plate counting. Plate counts dropped to zero for all test strains exposed for 24 h to three of the four oils. In contrast, significant numbers of viable cells were still detected by SPC, except in the jojoba oil/tea tree oil mixture and partly in sesame oil. Conclusions: Exposure of bacteria for 24 h to the two oils containing an antimicrobial led to a loss of their culturability but not necessarily of their viability. The antibacterial activity of the jojoba oil/tea tree oil mixture supersedes that of carbol oil. Significance and Impact of the Study: These in vitro data suggest that the jojoba oil/tea tree oil mixture more than carbol oil inhibits bacterial proliferation when used for intermittent self‐catherization.     

植物油体研究进展

油体是生物体细胞中一种重要的细胞器结构,由单层磷脂酸膜包裹中性脂肪酸形成,膜上镶嵌有决定油体性质的多种膜蛋白。油体在能量储存、细胞生殖分化、抗病抗寒和发育调控等多种生命活动中起重要作用。该文对植物油体的结构、生物学功能、不同组织中油体的形成情况以及油体膜蛋白的研究进展进行了多方位概述和总结,以期为后续研究提供有益的参考。     

Antifungal activities of anise oil, lime oil, and tangerine oil against molds on rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis)

The antifungal activities of anise oil, lime oil, and tangerine oil against molds identified from rubberwood surfaces (Aspergillus niger, Penicillium chrysogenum, and Penicillium sp.) were investigated. The broth dilution method was employed to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal fungicidal concentration (MFC) using the concentration of essential oils between 20 and 200 μl ml⁻¹. Inhibitory effects of the essential oils against those molds on rubberwood were also examined by means of the dip treatment and vacuum impregnation treatment. It was found that the MIC and MFC values for each treatment on agar were identical for all conditions examined. Anise oil was the strongest inhibitor with the MIC and MFC of 40 μl ml⁻¹ against Penicillium sp. and A. niger, and 60 μl ml⁻¹ against P. chrysogenum. Lime oil and tangerine oil were also effective against those molds at higher concentrations of 100–180 μl ml⁻¹. All essential oils at the MIC and MFC provided a protection from mold growth on rubberwood for at least 12 weeks at storage conditions of 30 °C with 100% RH.     

Feasibility Study of Performing an Life Cycle Assessment on Crude Palm Oil Production in Malaysia (9 pp)

Background, Goal and Scope The palm oil industry is one of the leading industries in Malaysia. With a yearly production of more than 13 million tons of crude palm oil (CPO) and plantations covering 11% of the Malaysian land area it is an industry to be reckoned with, also when it comes to environmental impacts. One way to describe and present the environmental impacts is through a life cycle assessment, LCA. This assessment aims to introduce the concept of LCA and perform a screening LCA on crude palm oil production in Malaysia including the stages of plantation, transport and milling. The assessment is largely based on general data and is thus meant to function as an indication of the environmental threads posed by CPO production and as a guideline to CPO producers and local universities on how to perform an LCA on a palm oil scenario. Due to the general data background the results of this report should not be quoted directly for decision making. The Functional Unit, to which all masses and emissions in this assessment have been adjusted, is the production of 1000 kg of CPO in Malaysia. Method Initially an overview of palm oil production was obtained and the outlines and borders of the assessment were determined along with the specific goal and scope of the assessment. The data for the assessment was collected from three different sources: - 1. Earlier studies and statistics on palm oil production in Malaysia - 2. Studies on similar processes, when palm oil related processes were not available - 3. General data from the SimaPro 5 database - The European Eco-Indicator 99 method and European databases included in the LCA software SimaPro 5 have been used for the impact calculations. Results and Discussion The impact processes related to the plantation are the on-site energy use (mainly diesel) and the production of artificial fertilizer. Pesticide use contributes a minor impact due to widely used integrated biological poet management. For transportation the only impact is from combustion of diesel and at the mill the boiler is the sole significant contributor – positively through electricity production and negatively by emissions from the boiler. Impacts from POME (Palm Oil Mill Effluent) are not dealt with in the main assessment, but touched upon in alternative scenarios. The results clearly show that fertilizer production is the most polluting process in the system followed by transportation and the boiler emissions at a tie. The most significant impacts from the system are respiratory inorganics and depletion of fossil fuels, of which the boiler emission is the main responsible for the prior and fertilizer production and transportation are responsible for the latter. It is also evident from the results that crude palm oil production is a significant environmental impact generator in Malaysia due to the vast production quantities. Alternative scenarios revealed that there are significant impact savings to be made by introduction of environmental investments, both regarding the overall impacts and in particularly regarding CO2 emissions. Conclusion A screening LCA was successfully conducted on the Malaysian crude palm oil production thus promising potentials for the palm oil industry to conduct their own inventories and assessments using specific company data. Crude palm oil production in Malaysia is responsible for app. 3.5% of the total environmental impacts in the country and must thus be given attention to reduce impacts. Alternatives such as optimized use of organic fertilizer, environmentally friendlier artificial fertilizer production, rail transport, approved filters at the mill boiler stack and biogas harvest from POME digestion must thus be promoted in the industry. Recommendation . The Malaysian palm oil industry should take steps towards introducing LCA. Exhaustive inventories are likely to open the eyes of many companies towards implementing environmental investments and improve the international competitiveness. In order to retrieve results with a greater accuracy in the future, databases must be created containing life cycle data from Malaysian scenarios and normalization and weighting factors must be designed to reflect Malaysian conditions. The Malaysian authorities must create incentives through increased tariffs on electricity and diesel and/or financial support for cleaner technology investments.     

Antifungal activities of essential oils applied by dip-treatment on areca palm (Areca catechu) leaf sheath and persistence of their potency upon storage

The antifungal activities of cinnamon oil, clove oil, anise oil, and peppermint oil, and their main components (cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, trans-anethole, and menthol, respectively) against molds identified from areca palm leaf sheath (Mucor dimorphosporus, Penicillium sp., Aspergillus niger, and Rhizopus sp.) were investigated. An agar dilution method was employed to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of essential oils and their main components. Zone inhibition tests and the inhibitory effect of the leaf sheath dip-treated with essential oils against those molds were examined. Major components of essential oils on the leaf sheath during storage were quantified by gas chromatography analysis. The MIC values of essential oils on agar and on the leaf sheath were identical. With an MIC of 50 ??g ml⁻¹, cinnamon oil had the strongest inhibitory effect. At their MICs the oils were capable of providing protection against mold growth on the leaf sheath for at least 12 weeks during storage at 25 °C and 100% RH. Scanning electron microscope examination showed that essential oils prevented spore germination. Except for menthol in peppermint oil, the main components of the essential oils, which were fairly stable over the storage period, largely contributed to the antifungal activity.     

原油中氨基酸的研究

研究了辽河、克拉玛依、胜利三个油田六个遴选的原油中氨基酸 ,表明氨基酸是它们普遍存在的成份 ,其总含量为 1 1～ 1 1 4m g/ kg。其中苯丙氨酸、缬氨酸、蛋氨酸、谷氨酸和天门冬氨酸是所研究的原油中含量较大且共有的成分     

The different molecular structure and glycerol-to-fatty acid ratio of palm oils affect their nutritive value in broiler chicken diets

The aim of this study is to assess how the fat molecular structure and its glycerol-to-fatty acid ratio (G : FA) affect the fatty acid (FA) apparent absorption of palm oils in broiler chickens. The experimental diets were the result of a basal diet supplemented with 6% of different palm oils. Native palm oil (N), rich in triacylglycerols, was the positive control (T1), and acid palm oil (A), rich in free FA, was the negative control (T2). In order to improve the nutritive value of A, two different nutritional strategies were performed. The first strategy was achieved by adding increasing amounts of free glycerol (G) (4% (T3), 8% (T4) and 16% (T5)) to A, and the second one by adding increasing amounts of mono- (MAG) and diacylglycerols (DAG), coming from re-esterified palm oil (E) (40% (T6), 70% (T7), and 100% (T8)) to A. As a result, eight dietary treatments were formulated with a G : FA ratio ranging from 0.04 to 0.67. These treatments were randomly assigned to 192 one-day-old female broiler chickens (Ross 308), distributed in 48 cages. The results showed how, by keeping the G : FA ratio constant (0.33 mol/mol), the diet with a high MAG and DAG content (T7) achieved higher saturated FA apparent absorption values than did the diet with a high triacylglycerol content (T1) and this, in turn, more than did the diet with a high free FA content (T4). The behavior of oils with high or low G : FA ratio was dependent on whether G was in a free state or esterified as part of acylglycerol molecules. Thus, increasing amounts of G to A did not enhance the total FA apparent absorption, but rather quite the opposite, even impairing the absorption of mono- and polyunsaturated FA. However, increasing amounts of E (rich in MAG and DAG) to A (rich in FFA) did enhance total FA apparent absorption, primarily due to the increased absorption of saturated FA. In conclusion, the greater the G : FA ratio of a palm oil, the greater the absorption of total FA, as long as G is esterified as part of acylglycerol molecules. Thus, the re-esterification process for obtaining E makes sense in order to give added value to A, achieving even greater digestibility values than does its corresponding N.     

植物精油对锈赤扁谷盗成虫熏蒸毒杀作用研究

为明确适用于防治锈赤扁谷盗的植物精油种类及其用量,本试验采用拌粮密闭熏蒸法,比较23种植物精油对锈赤扁谷盗成虫熏蒸毒杀活性差异,从中筛选出作用效果较好的精油种类进行熏蒸毒力测定。通过二次筛选结果表明,大蒜与芥末精油对锈赤扁谷盗成虫具有明显的熏蒸毒杀作用。进一步的毒力测试结果表明,在24 h、48 h、72 h处理时间下,大蒜精油对锈赤扁谷盗成虫的LC_(50)值分别为0.7827、0.7222、0.6478μL/L,而芥末精油在相同处理时间条件下的LC_(50)值分别为2.7581、2.6117及2.4619μL/L,大蒜精油对锈赤扁谷盗具有更强的熏蒸毒杀活性。     

Physiological study on the influence of some plant oils in rats exposed to a sublethal concentration of diazinon

The present study was aimed to evaluate the influence of olive, sesame and black seed oils on levels of some physiological parameters in male rats exposed to diazinon (DZN). Body weight changes, and levels of serum total protein, albumin, glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), atherogenic index (AI), atherogenic coefficient (AC), cardiac risk ratio (CRR), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MAD) were selected as physiological parameters. The experimental animals were distributed into nine groups. Rats group exposed to DZN and fed with normal diet resulted in pronounced severe changes including reduced body weight gain rate, significantly increase in levels of serum albumin, glucose, cholesterol, LDL-C, AI, AC, CRR and MDA while levels of HDL-C, GSH and SOD were decreased. In rats treated with DZN, the supplementation of the olive, sesame and black seed oils showed remarkable lowering influences of physiological alterations. Moreover, the present results confirmed that these oils possess antioxidative effects against DZN toxicity. Finally, the present findings suggest that these oils are safe and promising agents for the treatment of physiological disturbances induced by DZN and may be also by other pollutants, and toxic and pathogenic factors.     

微生物提高原油采出率的室内研究

微生物采油技术是一种提高原油采出率的卓有成效的方法。本文通过在实验室条件下模拟江苏油田韦4区块的储层情况,进行岩芯的驱替实验,对微生物采油技术在韦4区块的运用作了一些研究和评价,并得出应用结论,为该技术在现场的实验奠定了理论基础。     

Production and characterization of a glycolipid biosurfactant from Bacillus megaterium using economically cheaper sources

Criteria selected for screening of biosurfactant production by Bacillus megaterium were hemolytic assay, bacterial cell hydrophobicity and the drop-collapse test. The data on hemolytic activity, bacterial cell adherence with crude oil and the drop-collapse test confirmed the biosurfactant-producing ability of the strain. Accordingly, the strain was cultured at different temperatures, pH values, salinity and substrate (crude oil) concentration in mineral salt medium to establish the optimum culture conditions, and it was shown that 38°C, 2.0% of substrate concentration, pH 8.0 and 30‰ of salt concentration were optimal for maximum growth and biosurfactant production. Laboratory scale biosurfactant production in a fermentor was done with crude oil and cheaper carbon sources like waste motor lubricant oil and peanut oil cake, and the highest biosurfactant production was found with peanut oil cake. Characterization of partially purified biosurfactant inferred that it was a glycolipid with emulsification potential of waste motor lubricant oil, crude oil, peanut oil, diesel, kerosene, naphthalene, anthracene and xylene.     

Partial replacement of dietary fish oil with blends of vegetable oils (rapeseed, linseed and palm oils) in diets for European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) over a long term growth study: effects on muscle and liver fatty acid composition and effectiveness of a fish oil finishing diet

Triplicate groups of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.), of initial mass 5 g, were fed one of three practical type diets for 64 weeks. The three diets differed only in the added oil and were 100% fish oil (FO; diet A), 40% FO/60% vegetable oil blend (VO; diet B) where the VO blend was rapeseed oil, linseed oil and palm oil in the ratio 10/35/15 by weight and 40% FO/60% VO blend (diet C) where the ratio was 24/24/12 by weight. After final sample collection the remaining fish were switched to a 100% FO finishing diet for a further 20 weeks. After 64 weeks fish fed 60% VO diet B had significantly lower live mass and liver mass than fish fed diets A and C although SGR, FCR and length were not different between groups. There were no differences in any of the above parameters after either 14 or 20 weeks on the FO finishing diet. Fatty acid compositions of flesh were correlated to dietary fatty acids although there was selective retention of docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3; DHA) regardless of dietary input. Inclusion of dietary VO resulted in significantly reduced flesh levels of DHA and eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3; EPA) while 18:1n-9, 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3 were all significantly increased in fish fed the 60% VO diets. Fatty acid compositions of liver showed broadly similar changes, as a result of dietary fatty acid composition, as was seen in flesh. However, the response of flesh and liver to feeding a FO finishing diet was different. In flesh, DHA and EPA values were not restored after 14 or 20 weeks of feeding a FO finishing diet with the values in fish fed the two 60% VO diets being around 70% of the values seen in fish fed FO throughout. Conversely, and despite liver DHA and EPA levels being reduced to only 40% of the value seen in fish fed 100% FO after 64 weeks, the levels of liver DHA and EPA were not significantly different between treatments after feeding the FO finishing diet for 14 weeks. However, a 200 g portion of sea bass flesh, after feeding the experimental diets for 64 weeks followed by a FO diet for 14 weeks, contained 1.22 and 0.95 g of EPA + DHA for fish fed FO or 60% VO, respectively. Therefore, sea bass grown for most of the production cycle using diets containing 60% VO can still contribute a significant quantity of healthy n-3 HUFA to the human consumer.     

Hydroprocessing of sunflower oil-gas oil blends over sulfided Ni-Mo-Al-zeolite beta composites

Mixtures of sunflower oil and a straight run gas oil in the diesel fuel range were hydroprocessed over sulfided NiO(3%)-MoO3(12%)-γ-Al2O3 incorporating 0, 15 or 30 wt.% zeolite beta (BEA). The studies were carried out at 320-350 °C; 30-60 bars, and weight hourly space velocities (WHSV), 1-4 h(-1). Catalyst containing 30% BEA achieved nearly 100 % conversion of the vegetable oil into hydrocarbons at 330 °C, 60 bars and a WHSV of 2 h(-1) compared to 95.5% by the Ni-Mo-γ-alumina catalyst without BEA. Hydroprocessing with blends containing oleic acid revealed that the catalysts were able to transform the acid into hydrocarbons. An analysis of the ratios of the n-C18 and n-C17 paraffins formed from the vegetable oil at different process conditions revealed that the catalyst containing 15% BEA was most active for hydrodeoxygenation. The gas oil-hydrodesulfurization activity of the Ni-Mo-Al2O3 was enhanced by the addition of BEA by more than 10%.     

Role of yeasts in the qualitative structuring of extra virgin olive oil

This review sought to describe the role played by some components of the microbiota of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), particularly yeasts, in structuring the physicochemical and sensorial quality of freshly produced olive oil. Yeasts can survive during the entire storage period of the product. To date, approximately 25 yeast species isolated from oil produced in more than six countries have been identified, eight of which are classified as new species. Some yeast species improve the health qualities of oil, whereas many others improve the chemical composition and sensory characteristics based on β-glucosidase and esterase enzymes, which are involved in the hydrolysis of the bitter glucoside known as oleuropein. However, some species, which are typically favoured by the high water content in the oily matrix, such as lipase-producing yeasts, can worsen the initial chemical characteristics of EVOO oil during storage. Some physical treatments that are compatible with the EVOO production specification affect the biotic component of the oil by reducing the concentration of yeasts. The possibility of minimizing the invasive action on the biotic component of the oil by appropriately selecting the physical treatment for each oil is discussed.     

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of injectable testosterone undecanoate in castrated cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) are independent of different oil vehicles

Testosterone undecanoate (TU) dissolved in soybean oil was developed in China to improve the pharmacokinetics of this testosterone ester in comparison with TU in castor or tea seed oil. As a pre-clinical primate model, three groups of five castrated cynomolgus macaques received either a single intramuscular injection of 10 mg/kg body weight TU in soybean oil, in tea seed oil, or in castor oil (equals 6.3 mg pure T/kg body weight for all preparations). Testosterone, estradiol, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone as well as prostate volume, body weight and ejaculate weight were evaluated. After injection supraphysiological testosterone levels were induced. There were no significant differences in the pharmacokinetics of the three TU preparations for testosterone and estradiol. The gonadotropin levels showed a high individual variation. Prostate volumes increased equally in all groups after administration and declined to castrate level afterwards. The results suggest that TU in soybean oil produces similar effects as TU in the other vehicles. This study in non-human primates provides no objection to testing of this new preparation in humans.     

11种植物精油对6种植物病原真菌的抑菌活性研究

为筛选有效的植物杀菌成分,采用菌丝生长法,测定了香茅油、薰衣草油、菊花油、月桂油、柠檬油、广藿香油、肉桂油、天竺葵油、迷迭香油、茶树油、薄荷油对6种植物病原真菌的抑菌活性。发现在2 g/L的浓度下,上述11种精油对6种供试病菌均有明显的抑制作用,其中香茅油、肉桂油、天竺葵油、月桂油、茶树油和薄荷油对6种病原真菌的抑制率均为100%。剂量效应试验表明,肉桂油对灰葡萄孢（Botrytis cinerea）和禾谷镰孢菌（Fusariumgraminearum）的EC50值分别为29.05μg/mL和42.96μg/mL,而天竺葵油对灰葡萄孢（Botrytis cinerea）和禾谷镰孢菌（Fusarium graminearum）的EC50值分别为34.02μg/mL和68.48μg/mL。