细菌“吃”油,采收有道——微生物采油技术大有前景

1954年,美国率先成功地进行了矿场试验,随后在20世纪50年代末期到70年代,前苏联和东欧一些国家、加拿大、澳大利亚及中国也开展了微生物采油研究,并进行了不少矿场试验。微生物采油技术由于1973年的石油危机得以重视并加速了其发展。进入20世纪90年代以后,生物技术和其他边缘科学技术相继应用在采油技术中,微生物采油技术在单一自然菌基础上发展了工程菌,从单纯的实验研究发展到数学模型的建立和数值模拟研究,作用方式也从单井发展到区块。     

渤海N油田油藏内源微生物群落结构分析

利用变性梯度凝胶电泳(denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis,DGGE)技术分析渤海N油田注水和未注水油藏中细菌和古菌群落结构组成及分布特征,试分析注水过程对油藏微生物群落丰度和种群的影响,为开展目标油田本源微生物采油试验提供技术支持。结果显示,注水采油井中细菌丰度和种类明显高于未注水采油井,其中注水采油井中的细菌主要为固氮螺菌属(Azospira sp.)、铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas sp.)、陶厄氏菌属(Thauera sp.);注水井古菌的丰度和种类与未注水井也存在一定差异,主要为热自养甲烷热杆菌(Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus)、甲烷鬃毛菌属(Methanosaeta)、嗜泉古菌(Crenarchaeote)。注水井和未注水井中的细菌、古菌种类分布有限,但丰度较高,主要为提高原油采收率有益的采油菌种,显示该区块具备开展本源微生物微生物采油技术实施的条件。     

微生物采油与油藏生物反应器的应用

微生物采油技术的发展推动了油藏极端环境中微生物群落的研究。随着微生物分子生物学分析方法(MMM)的不断进步,对油藏环境中微生物群落结构和功能的认识也不断深入,虽然目前微生物采油技术仍没有进入大规模工业化应用阶段,但对油藏环境中微生物认识的意义已远远超越了微生物采油技术的应用。油藏作为天然的生物反应器,有望在未来的环境和能源领域中得到深入的研究和广泛的应用,而微生物采油仅仅是个开端。     

超低渗油藏微生物吞吐技术的矿场试验

【目的】通过对渭北低渗油藏内源微生物的研究,考察分离纯化的内源解烃菌产生表面活性剂和降解原油的能力、岩心驱替增油效率,同时验证其在超低渗油田单井吞吐矿场实验的应用效果,探讨微生物采油技术在超低渗油田提高采收率的工艺和可行性。【方法】采集超低渗油藏的油水样,应用油平板进行产表面活性剂解烃菌的分离,通过生理生化特性和16S r RNA基因序列分析对菌株进行种属鉴定,评价其油藏环境适应性,利用内源-外源功能微生物复配体系进行原油降解,在填砂管和岩心物模上进行驱油实验,将优化好的微生物复配体系应用于现场实施单井吞吐工艺的实验。【结果】从渭北某区块超低渗油藏的原油样品中分离得到一株铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa),命名为WB-001。该菌株可使发酵液的表面张力降至29.04 m N/m,使渭北原油蜡质含量降至8.48%。填砂管实验表明WB-001与外源枯草芽胞杆菌OPUS-HOB-001(Bacillus subtilis)复配后,驱油效率较单纯水驱提高了9.72%;岩心驱替实验较水驱提高12.54%。微生物单井吞吐措施后,平均日产油由措施前的0.42 t增加到0.89 t,累计增油44.47 t;原油降粘率为11.70%,降凝率为9.41%,采出水表面张力降低幅度为18.93%。【结论】通过详细的室内评估和成功的矿场实验,证明微生物采油技术在超低渗油藏有一定的应用可行性,并为后续规模化应用提供了理论基础和物质基础,为超低渗油田的高效精细开发探索一条新的途径。     

科技信息

1987—1988年微生物提高采油的概况1987年约有6项微生物提高采油的规划开始执行或继续执行,而1988年只有澳大利亚公布了一项新的大规模的试验规划。微生物提高采油是将微生物注入井下提高产油量的一种方法,该法的许多支持者长期地     

大庆油田微生物采油现场试验进展

本文介绍近十几年以来大庆油田利用具有产气、降解原油、产生物表面活性剂及堵调性能的菌剂,通过地下发酵,开展微生物采油现场试验取得的进展.分析了该项技术适用的油藏条件和应用特点.截止到2012年底,应用微生物采油技术增产原油达12×104 t.其中微生物单井吞吐518口,累计增油6.3×104t,实施微生物驱和调驱项目10项(45个井组),累计增油5.7×104 t,为大庆油田稳产发挥了重要作用.     

石油微生物学在中国科学院微生物研究所的发展

本文较详尽地综述了中国科学院微生物研究所50多年在涉及石油微生物学的科学研究成果,包括微生物勘探法和气态烃氧化菌、微生物与油气形成、有机酸的生产、油田微生物与提高采油量、微生物提高采油的现场应用.共引用了105篇文献.     

厌氧产表面活性剂微生物提高原油采收率的研究进展

微生物强化采油(microbial enhanced oil recovery,MEOR)是近年来在国内外发展迅速的一项提高原油采收率技术。微生物在油藏中高效生产表面活性剂等驱油物质是微生物采油技术成功实施的关键之一。然而,油藏的缺/厌氧环境严重影响好氧表面活性剂产生菌在油藏原位的生存与代谢活性;油藏注空气会增加开采成本,且注入空气的作用时效和范围难以确定。因此,开发厌氧产表面活性剂菌种资源并强化其驱油效率对于提高原油采收率具有重要意义。本文综述了国内外近年来利用厌氧产表面活性剂微生物提高原油采收率的研究进展,简述了微生物厌氧产表面活性剂的相关驱油机理、菌种资源开发现状以及油藏原位驱油应用进展,并对当前的研究提出了一些思考。     

内源微生物采油技术的历史与现状

内源微生物采油技术的研究已有多年的历史 ,因其工艺简单、成本低而具有较好的发展前景。综述了国内外在该领域的基础研究进展和矿场试验情况。     

能源生物技术

对生物技术在能源领域的应用包括燃料酒精、生物柴油、生物制氢及微生物采油技术等的国内外现状进行了综述,对其研究的意义和前景进行了分析。     

W-7 modulates Kv4.3: pore block and Ca2+-calmodulin inhibition

Ca(+)-calmodulin (Ca(2+)-CaM)-dependent protein kinase II (Ca(2+)/CaMKII) is an important regulator of cardiac ion channels, and its inhibition may be an approach for treatment of ventricular arrhythmias. Using the two-electrode voltage-clamp technique, we investigated the role of W-7, an inhibitor of Ca(2+)-occupied CaM, and KN-93, an inhibitor of Ca(2+)/CaMKII, on the K(v)4.3 channel in Xenopus laevis oocytes. W-7 caused a voltage- and concentration-dependent decrease in peak current, with IC(50) of 92.4 muM. The block was voltage dependent, with an effective electrical distance of 0.18 +/- 0.05, and use dependence was observed, suggesting that a component of W-7 inhibition of K(v)4.3 current was due to open-channel block. W-7 made recovery from open-state inactivation a biexponential process, also suggesting open-channel block. We compared the effects of W-7 with those of KN-93 after washout of 500 muM BAPTA-AM. KN-93 reduced peak current without evidence of voltage or use dependence. Both W-7 and KN-93 accelerated all components of inactivation. We used wild-type and mutated K(v)4.3 channels with mutant CaMKII consensus phosphorylation sites to examine the effects of W-7 and KN-93. In contrast to W-7, KN-93 at 35 muM selectively accelerated open-state inactivation in the wild-type vs. the mutant channel. W-7 had a significantly greater effect on recovery from inactivation in wild-type than in mutant channels. We conclude that, at certain concentrations, KN-93 selectively inhibits Ca(2+)/CaMKII activity in Xenopus oocytes and that the effects of W-7 are mediated by direct interaction with the channel pore and inhibition of Ca(2+)-CaM, as well as a change in activity of Ca(2+)-CaM-dependent enzymes, including Ca(2+)/CaMKII.     

青海油田微生物采油技术研究

从青海油田地层水中分离培养出4株微生物菌种,对其进行了耐温性、耐盐性等进行了探讨,分析了微生物处理前后原油组份及物性变化情况,并采用岩芯流动试验探讨了微生物的驱油效果。结果表明,这几种微生物菌种均能适应青海油田温度及高矿化度地层环境,作用于原油后对原油中的长链饱和烃类物质有较好的降解作用,能使其分子链变短,并产生有机酸或石油羧酸盐类表面活性剂等低分子物质,使原油的粘度、凝点及蜡含量均出现明显的下降,改善原油的流动性能。提高石油采收率。2口井的现场试验证明,微生物采油具有良好的提高石油采收率的效果和清蜡减阻效果。     

Swift production of rhamnolipid biosurfactant,biopolymer and synthesis of biosurfactant-wrapped silver nanoparticles and its enhanced oil recovery

Microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR) is a kind of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) development, often used as a tertiary stage where oil recovery is no longer possible utilizing primary and secondary conventional techniques. Among a few potential natural operators valuable for MEOR, biosurfactants, biopolymers and biosurfactant based nanoparticles assume key jobs. Biosurfactant which are produced by microorganisms’ act as are surface active agents that can be used as an alternative to chemically synthesized surfactants. Pseudomonas aeruginosa TEN01, a gram-negative bacterium isolated from the petroleum industry is a potential biosurfactant (Rhamnolipid) producer using cassava waste as the substrate. This work focuses on production and characterization of rhamnolipid from P. aeruginosa TEN01 and its use in enhanced oil recovery. The effectiveness of Chitosan that is deacetylated form of chitin which is a biopolymer that provides density and viscosity to the fluids is not known in enhanced oil recovery yet and so it is studied. Moreover, the fabrication of biosurfactant-mediated silver nanocrystals and its application in enhanced oil recovery is also studied. Sand-Pack column was constructed and the mechanism of oil recovery in the column was studied. While incubating the crude oil containing sand packed column with Biosurfactant-biopolymer and brine flooding in the ratio of 1:2, and Biosurfactant incubation - flooding with 3 g/l of biopolymer was found to be 34.28% and 44.5% respectively. The biosurfactant based silver nanoparticles are non-toxic and have better stability when compared to chemically synthesized silver nanoparticles. The oil recovery percentage by chemical based Ag NPs and biosurfactant based Ag NPs are 14.94% and 14.28% respectively.     

生物表面活性剂在提高原油采收率方面的应用

生物表面活性剂和一般的化学表面活性剂一样,都拥有亲水和疏水基因,是微生物生长在水不溶的有机物中并以营养物而产生的代谢产物。在油田应用中,生物表面活性剂的作用是微生物提高采收率的重要机理之一,具有水溶性好、反应产物均一、安全无毒、驱油效果好等特点。本文从产生生物表面活性剂的菌种及生物表面活性剂的类型、生物表面活性剂的特性、实验研究、矿场实验及展望等五个方面综述了生物表面活性剂在提高原油采收率方面的应     

油藏微生物的代谢特征与提高原油采收率技术

油藏是一个高温、高压、少氧、寡营养和封闭的极端环境,油田经过多年注水开发后,在油藏内部形成了相对稳定的微生物群落体系,这些微生物以石油烃分解为起始,形成了一个复杂的食物链,对油藏碳、硫和金属离子的元素地球化学循环起着非常重要的作用。微生物提高原油采收率技术(MEOR)是利用微生物及其代谢产物与油藏和原油发生作用来提高原油采收率的一种新技术,具有成本低、适应性强和环境友好等特点,因此有望成为未来化学驱后油藏和高含水油藏进一步提高采收率的重要手段。对油藏内源微生物及其介导的生化反应,微生物采油原理、发展历程和现场试验进行综述,并提出了未来的发展方向。     

A comparison of the short term effects of diesel fuel and lubricant oils on Antarctic benthic microbial communities

The effects of diesel fuel and three lubricating oils on microbial communities in marine sediment were investigated in a field experiment at Casey Station, Antarctica. Sediment from a pristine site in Antarctica was treated with either Special Antarctic Blend (SAB) diesel, a synthetic lubricant (Mobil 0W-40), the same lubricant after use in a vehicle or an equivalent unused biodegradable lubricant (Titan GT1). The sediment was re-deployed in trays on the seabed for 5 weeks during the austral summer. The microbial community structure in the sediment upon collection, deployment and retrieval was investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), most probable number (MPN) counts and direct microscopic counting. It was found that only minor changes occurred in the microbial communities due to the experimental protocol. After 5 weeks however, there were significant differences between the communities in the SAB and clean and used lubricant (Mobil 0W-40) as compared to the control treatment. There was no significant difference between the control and biodegradable oil (Titan GT1) treatment. These results indicate that SAB and synthetic lubricants have a measurable effect on sediment microbial communities in the short-term. The biodegradable oil did not produce such an effect and we conclude that the use of such an oil could reduce the risks associated with oil spills in the Antarctic environment.     

Biotechnology in the petroleum industry: An overview

A significant quantum of crude oil is trapped in reservoirs and often unrecoverable by conventional oil recovery methods. Further downstream, the petroleum industry is facing challenges to remove sulfur, metal, nitrogen as well as undesirable organic compounds from the crude.Conventional secondary recovery methods such as water and gas injections helped to increase the productivity of the well, while chemical and physical refinery processes such as hydrodesulfurization, desalting, and high-pressure high-temperature hydrotreating remove most inorganic impurities. The increasing demand for oil in the world coupled with very stringent environmental laws piled economical and technical pressure upon the refinery industry to further improve crude oil recovery as well as reduce sulfur, metal and nitrogen concentration to the low ppm levels.In the search for economical and environmentally friendly solutions, growing attention has been given to biotechnology such as the use of microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR). MEOR is an alternate recovery method that uses microorganisms and their metabolic products. In addition, the emerging field of crude oil refining and associated industrial processes such as biodesulfurization, biodemetallation, biodenitrogenation and biotransformation are also covered.This review aims to provide an overview on MEOR and biorefining relevant to the petroleum industry and highlights challenges that need to be overcome to become commercially successful. Literature pertaining to laboratory experiments, field trials and patents are included in view of industrial applications and further developments.     

Anaesthetic effects of clove oil on seven species of tropical reef teleosts

The anaesthetic potential of the clove oil was tested on the following species of tropical reef fishes: Abudefduf saxatilis , Stegastes variabilis , Pareques acuminatus , Acanthurus chirurgus , Sparisoma axillare , Lutjanus apodus and Bathygobius soporator . Induction and recovery times from anaesthesia were compared using various concentrations (20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 mg l⁻¹). Induction and recovery times were not affected by variations in fish total length. When exposed to any of the five tested concentrations of clove oil, specimens achieved a deep state of anaesthesia, with induction and recovery times of <180 and <300 s, respectively. Nevertheless, to maximize safety and reduce fish mortality and stress, the lowest concentration (20 mg l⁻¹) is recommended during field sampling.     

Systematic Modeling Approach to Selective Plugging Using In Situ Bacterial Biopolymer Production and Its Potential for Microbial-enhanced Oil Recovery

This study presents a systematic modeling approach for examining the efficiency of the MEOR process based on in situ selective plugging by bacterial biopolymer production and optimization of the nutrient injection strategy to yield the maximum oil recovery. This study focuses on modeling in situ selective plugging by the bacterial biopolymer dextran that is generated by Leuconostoc mesenteroides. Bacterial growth and dextran generation were described by a stoichiometric equation and kinetic reactions using batch model simulation. Based on the parameters for permeability reduction obtained from the sandpack model, the MEOR process was implemented in a pilot-scale system that included a highly permeable thief zone in a low-permeability reservoir. The base MEOR design yielded a 61.5% improvement of the recovery factor compared to that obtained with waterflooding. The parametric simulations revealed that the recovery efficiency was influenced by the amount of dextran, as well as the distribution of dextran, and thus, the injection strategy is critical for controlling the dextran distribution. By incorporating the results from the sensitivity analysis and optimization to determine the optimal design parameters, a 36.7% improvement of the oil recovery was achieved with the optimized MEOR process in comparison with the base case.