云南哀牢山原生林及次生林群落附生地衣物种多样性与分布

附生地衣是森林附生植物的重要类群之一, 在维护森林生态系统的物种多样性以及水分和养分循环等方面发挥着重要作用。作者于2005年12月至2006年5月利用树干取样法调查了云南哀牢山徐家坝地区原生山地常绿阔叶林及其次生群落栎类萌生林、滇山杨(Populus bonatii)林和花椒(Zanthoxylum bungeanum)人工林中525株不同种类和径级树木距地面 0–2.0 m处附生地衣的组成和分布, 并收集了各个群落地面上凋落的地衣, 分析了林冠层附生地衣的物种组成。研究结果表明, 该区森林中附生地衣物种比较丰富。共收集到附生地衣61种, 分属17科29属, 其中原生林、栎类萌生林、滇山杨林和花椒人工林分别有51、53、46和23种。在树干距地面 0–2.0 m位置, 各群落中的附生地衣组成明显不同;但在林冠层中, 各群落内的附生地衣基本相似。原生林中附生地衣种类较多, 但分布不均匀。树干附生地衣的Shannon-Wiener和Simpson多样性指数以栎类萌生林最高, 分别为2.71和0.89;花椒林和滇山杨林次之, 分别为2.43–2.45和0.88–0.89;原生林最低, 为1.25和0.67。树干方位、宿主种类和宿主径级等都对附生地衣的物种组成和多样性有着重要影响, 附生地衣更多地出现于树干南向方位, 云南越桔(Vaccinium duclouxii)的附生地衣最为丰富, 胸径5.0–25.0 cm的树木上附生地衣较多。哀牢山山地森林群落中丰富的附生地衣种类及物种多样性在维系本区山地森林生态系统生物多样性格局方面具有重要的作用。     

边缘效应对山地湿性常绿阔叶林附生植物的影响

作为热带、亚热带地区森林生态系统中重要组成成分之一的附生植物,对环境变化尤为敏感。为了解附生植物对森林生境破碎化的响应,本研究选择哀牢山北段徐家坝山地湿性常绿阔叶林因人为干扰而形成的四处森林边缘为研究对象,分别在距离林缘10、20、40和80m的位置设立样带,采用树干取样法调查各样带内距地面0-2m范围附生植物的物种组成、生物量和附生苔藓植物的生活型特征。结果显示：边缘效应对单位面积附生植物的生物量和附生苔藓植物盖度均具有极显著的影响（P〈0．001）,其中附生苔藓比附生蕨类对边缘效应更为敏感。边缘效应对附生苔藓植物的作用强度在各生活型之间存在着差异,其中对丛集型（P=0．014）和交织型（P=0．030）的附生苔藓植物的影响最显著。综合附生植物在各样带的分布特征,我们认为单位面积上附生植物的生物量和附生苔藓植物的盖度可作为指示森林边缘生境的重要指标。黄牛毛藓（Ditrichum pallidum）、角状刺枝藓（Wijkia hornschuchi）和格氏剪叶苔（Herbertus giraldianus）的分布具有指示林缘生境的意义,而尖叶羽藓（Thuidium philibertii）、大羽藓（zcymbifolium）、多疣麻羽藓（Claopodium pellucinerve）、波叶金枝藓（Pseudotrismegistia undulata）和扭叶藓（Trachypus bicolor）的分布局限于林内,具有一定的保护价值。     

哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林木质藤本对边缘效应的响应

全球范围内森林片断化现象日益严重。与其他木本植物(乔木和灌木)相比, 木质藤本更趋向于分布在片断化森林的边缘, 因而了解木质藤本对边缘效应的响应对于进一步了解其对森林动态的影响极其必要。本文对哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林林缘到林内环境梯度上木质藤本的变化进行了调查。在形成年龄分别为13年、35年和53年的3种类型的林缘, 设置从林缘向林内连续延伸的长方形样地(20 m × 50 m)各10个(总面积3 ha), 每个样地再划分为5个20 m × 10 m的样方。在每个样方内对胸径≥ 0.2 cm且长度≥ 2.0 m的木质藤本进行了每木调查。在3 ha的林缘样地中共记录到木质藤本植物2,426株, 隶属于14科19属31种。木质藤本的物种丰富度和多度均随距林缘距离的增加而降低, 边缘效应深度在35年林缘的边缘为30 m, 13和53年林缘的边缘则为20 m; 它们的胸高断面积在53年林缘的边缘效应深度为20 m, 但在13和35年林缘的不同距离上差异不显著。木质藤本对边缘效应的响应在物种水平上存在显著差异, 主要呈现正向和中性的响应格局, 包括只分布于林缘的物种, 和从林缘到林内环境梯度上密度逐渐降低的物种; 也有对边缘效应不敏感的物种。典范对应分析(CCA)表明, 林冠开度、边缘形成年龄和土壤水分是决定木质藤本在片断化森林边缘分布的重要影响因子。     

甜槠凋落叶分解中土壤节肢动物群落结构动态及其对森林片段化的响应

选取浙、闽、赣交界山地5个不同的常绿阔叶林群落(1处连续森林和4处片段化森林),对优势种甜槠凋落叶分解过程中土壤节肢动物动态进行了研究.5个研究样地共获得土壤节肢动物899头,分属9纲25目,其中鳞翅目占个体总数的10%以上,为优势类群;膜翅目、弹尾目、双翅目、前气门亚目和地蜈蚣目为常见类群.凋落叶分解速率与土壤节肢动物的类群数、个体数随季节动态呈现相一致的变化趋势.8月凋落物分解最快,土壤节肢动物类群和个体数最多;而4至6月和12月情况与之相反.片段化森林和连续森林在土壤节肢动物的类群数、个体数和物种多样性方面均显示出差异,面积效应和边缘效应在其中都起了一定的作用.     

亚热带森林附生地衣压力-体积曲线分析及其适用性

附生地衣是森林生态系统中的重要组成部分, 在维护森林物种多样性以及水分和养分循环等方面发挥着重要作用。地衣类群的水势特征以及压力-体积(PV)曲线及相关参数是否适用于探索地衣等变水性生物类群应对水分胁迫机制, 仍有待阐明。该研究以中国西南地区云南哀牢山亚热带山地森林中5个类群15种常见附生地衣为对象, 探讨了其PV曲线及水势参数的功能群和物种水平的变化。结果显示, 蓝藻型地衣的内部含水量(WC_internal)和共质体水含量(Rs)显著高于绿藻型地衣, 是其1倍以上, 但其他参数表现出较高的一致性。功能群水平上, 地衣仅WC_internal、Rs和膨压损失点的相对含水量(RWC_TLP)具有显著性差异; 但物种间差异均非常显著。结合主成分分析进一步发现, PV曲线及相关参数在评估地衣整体应对水分胁迫以及揭示生境水分条件选择策略时具有较大的限制性, 受到共生藻和生长型的显著影响; 但内部最大持水力可以解释蓝藻型地衣的生境适应策略, 而部分参数如饱和渗透势(Ψsat)和RWC_TLP可以分别用于解释狭叶地衣、阔叶地衣和枝状地衣对生境水分条件的适应。研究表明PV曲线及水势参数不适用于地衣类群整体的抗旱性评价, 和其他生物类群进行抗旱性比较时更要慎用。     

哀牢山山地森林不同附生地衣功能群的水分关系和光合生理特征

附生地衣是热带和亚热带山地森林生态系统中重要的结构性组分, 在生物多样性保护、环境监测、养分循环中发挥着重要作用。附生地衣按共生藻、生活型和繁殖策略的不同可划分为不同的功能群, 不同附生地衣功能群的分布格局存在较大的差异, 然而其生理生态机制仍不清楚。该研究以我国西南地区哀牢山亚热带山地森林中的附生地衣优势类群为研究对象, 对该地区蓝藻地衣、阔叶地衣、狭叶地衣及枝状地衣4种功能群的8种附生地衣的水分关系、光合生理特征等进行了测定分析, 结果显示: 不同功能群附生地衣的持水力和失水速率均存在差异, 其中蓝藻地衣具有较高的最大水分含量, 而枝状地衣的失水速率较快; 过高和过低的水分含量都会抑制附生地衣的光合作用, 但抑制程度有所差异; 蓝藻地衣的光合作用最适水分含量比较高, 表明它们的光合生理活动对水分条件要求较高, 所以它们偏好潮湿的生境, 同时蓝藻地衣的光补偿点比较低但光饱和点却不低, 反映出它们具有较宽的光强适应范围, 所以蓝藻地衣能够同时分布于强光和弱光生境中; 枝状地衣的光合最适水分含量较低, 表明它们的光合生理活动对水分条件要求不是很高, 能够适应较为干旱的环境, 同时枝状地衣的光补偿点和光饱和点都很高, 说明它们的光合生理活动对光照条件要求比较高, 所以它们广泛分布于强光生境中; 阔叶和狭叶地衣的光补偿点比较高, 说明它们更适应有充足光照条件的生境。     

西藏地衣物种多样性的海拔梯度分析

根据西藏地衣分类和区系的文献资料,对西藏地衣物种多样性的海拔梯度进行了分析。267个分类群按照生长型或者基物被分为六组。每一组地衣的物种丰度随海拔增加呈现单峰曲线形式的变化。多数组物种丰度的峰值出现在海拔3400~3900m之间,对应于山地寒温带针叶林带的上半部分,比尼泊尔对应类群出现极值的海拔要高。此植物带谱内复杂的生态系统可能是物种多样性高的主要原因。壳状地衣物种丰度的峰值出现在5100~5400m区间则可能是因为该区内高大的树木的消失以及具有充裕的阳光。西藏的地衣物种多样性远低于尼泊尔,两地共有的物种数量很少。对西藏地衣物种多样性的调查不充分应当是其主要原因,因此今后中国地衣学工作者应当加强西藏地衣多样性的研究。     

西藏地衣物种多样性的海拔梯度分析

根据西藏地衣分类和区系的文献资料,对西藏地衣物种多样性的海拔梯度进行了分析。267个分类群按照生长型或者基物被分为六组。每一组地衣的物种丰度随海拔增加呈现单峰曲线形式的变化。多数组物种丰度的峰值出现在海拔3400~3900m之间,对应于山地寒温带针叶林带的上半部分,比尼泊尔对应类群出现极值的海拔要高。此植物带谱内复杂的生态系统可能是物种多样性高的主要原因。壳状地衣物种丰度的峰值出现在5100~5400m区间则可能是因为该区内高大的树木的消失以及具有充裕的阳光。西藏的地衣物种多样性远低于尼泊尔,两地共有的物种数量很少。对西藏地衣物种多样性的调查不充分应当是其主要原因,因此今后中国地衣学工作者应当加强西藏地衣多样性的研究。     

亚热带山地森林附生地衣的移植生长及其对环境变化的响应

本研究选取云南哀牢山亚热带森林系统6种常见的附生大型地衣进行为期2年的移植实验,分析其在原生林林外、林缘以及林内3种生境下的生物量增长速率和健康率等的差异,并探讨其生长对环境因子变化的响应。结果显示,网肺衣Lobaria retigera和平滑牛皮叶Sticta nylanderiana在林缘处生物量增长最快;而槽枝Sulcaria sulcata、多花松萝Usnea florida、皮革肾岛衣Nephromopsis pallescens、针芽肺衣Lobaria isidiophora 4种地衣则都是在林外光照更强、湿度更低的条件下生长得最好,林内最差。除网肺衣外,所有地衣的健康率均在林外较好,林缘次之,林内最差。非参数相关分析表明,6种地衣的生长速率和光照以及温度呈正相关,与大气湿度呈负相关;温度和光照是影响地衣生长最主要的生境因子。     

海南霸王岭不同森林类型附生兰科植物的多样性和分布

附生兰科植物是热带林附生植物的主要类群之一,对于维持热带林生态系统的物种多样性及生态功能具有重要的作用。以海南岛霸王岭国家级自然保护区内的6种热带原始林类型(热带季雨林、低地雨林、热带针叶林、山地雨林、山地常绿林及山顶矮林)中的附生兰科植物为研究对象,通过样带调查(每个森林类型设置12个10m×50m的样带,记录每个样带内胸径(DBH)≥5cm的树木及藤本上附生兰科植物的物种名称、株数及附生位置)分析了附生兰科植物的物种多样性、附生位置及其在不同森林类型中的分布规律。结果表明:1)3.6hm2森林调查样带内共记录到附生兰科植物9634株,分属于26属60种;2)除趋势对应分析(DCA)结果表明,6种森林类型中的附生兰科植物可分成5组(其中,山地常绿林与山顶矮林内的附生兰科植物归为一组);3)分布海拔范围相临近的森林类型的附生兰科植物具有较高的相似性,山地常绿林和山顶矮林附生兰科植物的相似性最高(88.9%);4)6种森林类型中,较高海拔的3种森林类型(山地雨林、山地常绿林和山顶矮林)中,附生兰科植物的丰富度和多度均显著高于其在较低海拔的3种森林类型(热带季雨林、低地雨林和热带针叶林),其中,附生兰科植物在山地常绿林内的丰富度和多度均最高;5)热带季雨林、低地雨林、热带针叶林及山地雨林内,宿主冠区附生兰科植物的多度均高于干区;山地常绿林内两者之间无显著差异;而山顶矮林干区的附生兰科植物的多度高于冠区;6)调查木上附生兰科植物的发生率在高海拔森林类型均高于其在低海拔森林类型,各森林类型内附生兰科植物的多度及物种丰富度与宿主胸径均存在显著正相关关系。     

Bole epiphytic lichens as potential indicators of environmental change in subtropical forest ecosystems in southwest China

Lichen epiphytes are applied as excellent environmental indicators worldwide. However, very little is known about epiphytic lichen communities and their response to forest dynamics in subtropical China. This paper proposes the applications of the cover, diversity, and functional traits of epiphytic lichens to assess environmental changes associated with succession in subtropical forests of southwest China. Bole lichens were sampled from 120 plots of eight representative forest types in the Ailao Mountains. Total cover, species richness, diversity and community structure of bole lichens differed significantly among forest types, and the highest cover and diversity occurred in the Populus bonatii secondary forest (PBSF). Sixty-one indicator species were associated with particular forest types and more than 50% occurred in the PBSF. Both cover and diversity of most lichen functional groups varied regularly during forest succession. Lichen pioneer species were not displaced by competitively superior species as succession proceeds and cyanolichens were more prevalent in secondary forests. The results also highlight the importance of habitat variables such as canopy openness, host diversity, forest age, tree size, the size of the largest tree, tree density, and basal area on the lichen community. Consequently, our findings support the notion that epiphytic lichens, in terms of cover, diversity, species composition and functional traits can be used as effective indicators for large-scale and long-term forest monitoring. More importantly, the narrowly lobed foliose group was the best candidate indicator of environmental conditions in this region. The combined application of lichen indicator species and functional groups seemed to be a more reliable and more powerful method for monitoring forest dynamics in subtropical montane ecosystems.     

Species richness and vertical stratification of epiphytic lichens in subtropical primary and secondary forests in southwest China

An entire-tree investigation was conducted in two primary and three secondary forest types in the subtropical Ailao Mountains of southwest China to determine whether species richness and vertical stratification of epiphytic lichens responded to forest type and host attributes. Lichen species number, composition and cover differed significantly among forest types and tree species, while tree diameter and tree height had a modest influence. Epiphytic lichen species and functional groups showed clear vertical stratification. Epiphytic lichens were richer in canopies than on trunks and exhibited a great preference for the intermediate zones of trees, while five lichen groups showed distinct vertical diversification. The stratification patterns are clearly related to forest type and may reflect the microclimatic requirements of individual species, e.g. light availability and humidity.     

Forest edge-interior differentiation in the epiphytic lichen diversity of the forest steppe in the Khangai Mountains,Mongolia

Aims The effects of traditional land use by mobile livestock keepers on biodiversity in forest steppe ecotones are insufficiently studied. Epiphytes are an important part of forest plant diversity. Here we analyze differences in the diversity and composition of the epiphytic lichen vegetation between the edge and the interior of Siberian larch forests in the Khangai Mountains, western Mongolia, which are highly subdivided into patches. We asked whether the epiphytic lichen vegetation at the forest edge differs significantly from that in the interior, whether the edge is inhabited by more nitrophilous species than the interior and whether the density of nomad camps around the forest affects epiphytic lichen diversity.Methods Cover percentages of epiphytic lichen species were recorded from 20 trees per plot on 6 plots in the interior and 6 plots at the edge of Larix sibirica forests. The position of nomad summer camps was surveyed using Global Positioning System. Data were analyzed with pairwise significance tests, analysis of similarities, nonmetric multidimensional scaling and canonical correspondence analysis.Important findings The composition of the epiphytic lichen vegetation clearly differed between the two habitats, with more species being more frequent at the edge than in the interior. However, there was no difference in species richness (α-diversity). The epiphyte vegetation at the edge was more uniform and characterized by lower variation of tree-level α-diversity and lower β-diversity than in the interior. At the edge, only nitrophytic lichens were dominant, whereas in the interior, nitrophytes and acidophytes were among the dominant species. This pattern is probably attributable to the spatial heterogeneity of the intensity of forest grazing and was shown to be influenced by the density of nomad summer camps in the vicinity of the forests. Tree-level α-diversity increased with stem diameter, but high-diameter trees were rare. The results suggest that the present level of forest patchiness and the effect of forest grazing increases the diversity of epiphytic lichens on the landscape level, while logging of high-diameter trees reduces lichen diversity.     

Bole epiphytic bryophytes on <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lithocarpus xylocarpus</Emphasis> (Kurz) Markgr. in the Ailao Mountains,SW China

Epiphytic bryophytes growing on Lithocarpus xylocarpus (Kurz) Markgr. trunks of different diameter classes in primary (132 plots) and secondary (84 plots) Lithocarpus forests in the Ailao Mountains, SW China, were surveyed and analyzed to determine species composition and richness, and to identify environmental variables that may affect it. Among the 65 species (belonging to 32 genera, 19 families) found, 28 occurred in both forests, with Syrrhopodon gardneri (Hook.) Schwaegr. predominanting. Species richness and total coverage in primary forest were significantly higher than in secondary forest. We suggest that a period of perhaps much more than 110 years is necessary for the recovery of epiphytic bryoflora in montane forest of SW China. Fan, turf, and smooth mat are the most important life forms, with high occurrences in both forests. The life form composition of epiphytic bryophytes is determined mainly by microhabitat and host age. Tree age, the presence of primary forest, bark pH, and plot exposure are the environmental variables that have significantly influenced the composition of epiphytic bryophytes. Tree age explained most variations in epiphytic bryoflora. Bark pH is another important parameter that significantly influenced the epiphytic bryophyte community, but seemed indirectly correlated with tree age. Primary forest is a favorable habitat for epiphytes, due mainly to its diversified canopy structure and the presence of large diameter hosts. Moisture-laden southwest trade winds and forest structure could differentiate microclimate and impel a distinct composition of epiphytes in windward and leeward exposures.     

不同水分条件下三种附生地衣的光合作用特性

附生地衣是哀牢山湿性常绿阔叶林生态系统中重要的结构性组分。通过对该区域山地森林中3种典型附生地衣平滑牛皮叶 (Sticta nylanderiana)、网肺衣 (Lobaria retigera) 和橄榄斑叶 (Cetrelia olivetorum)在不同水分条件下的光合光响应及荧光参数的测定分析,结果显示,附生地衣光补偿点 (LCP)、光饱和点 (LSP)较高,对强光适应能力较强。在水分胁迫 (含水量5%~10%) 条件下,3种附生地衣的最大净光合速率 (Pmax) 仅为17~50nmol·g-1·s-1。随着含水量的增加,地衣的最大净光合速率 (Pmax) 与暗呼吸速率 (Rday) 逐渐增大,LCP降低,而LSP随之提高,这表明3种附生地衣具备“阳生植物”的某些特性,从而能够在一定程度上适应野外光照较强的灌丛、向阳林冠等生境。地衣叶绿素光反应中心初始荧光参数 (F0) 和最大光化学效率 (Fv/Fm) 随含水量下降而显著降低,暗示其光反应中心对水分有很强的敏感性。水分条件的改善有助于附生地衣的光反应中心进入到较高的生理活性状态。     

Topographic and forest-stand variables determining epiphytic lichen diversity in the primeval beech forest in the Ukrainian Carpathians

The Uholka-Shyrokyi Luh area of the Carpathian Biosphere Reserve is considered the largest and the most valuable primeval beech forest in Europe for biodiversity conservation. To study the impact of different topographic and forest-stand variables on epiphytic lichen diversity a total of 294 systematically distributed sampling plots were surveyed and 198 epiphytic lichen species recorded in this forest landscape, which has an uneven-aged structure. The obtained data were analysed using a non-metric multidimensional ordination and a generalized linear model. The epiphytic lichen species density at the plot level was mainly influenced by altitude and forest-stand variables. These variables are related to both the light availability i.e. canopy closure, and the habitat diversity, i.e. the developmental stage of the forest stands and the mean stem diameter. We found that lichen species density on plots with a relatively open canopy was significantly higher than on plots with a fairly loose or closed canopy structure. The late developmental stage of forest stands, which is characterized by a large number of old trees with rough and creviced bark, had a strong positive effect on lichen species density. In the Uholka-Shyrokyi Luh primeval forest the mean stem diameter of beech trees significantly correlated with lichen species density per plot. Similar trends in the species diversity of nationally red-listed lichens were revealed. Epiphytic lichens with a high conservation value nationally and internationally were found to be rather abundant in the Uholka-Shyrokyi Luh area, which shows its international importance for the conservation of forest-bound lichens.     

Epiphytic macrolichen communities along regional gradients in northern Norway

Abstract. Question: What are the relative influences of human impact, macroclimate, geographic location and habitat related environmental differences on species composition of boreal epiphytic macrolichen communities? Location: Troms county in northern Norway. Methods: Detrended Correspondence Analysis revealed the main gradient structure in lists of epiphytic macrolichen species from deciduous forests. By Canonical Correspondence Analysis with variance partitioning, the relative amount of variance in macrolichen species composition attributable to human impact, macroclimate, spatial context and environmental differences was quantified. Results: There was no significant effect of human impact on species composition of epiphytic macrolichens of deciduous forests. Macroclimate was the most important factor determining epiphytic macrolichen communities, which were also strongly influenced by ecological differences such as forest stand properties. Conclusions: Epiphytic macrolichen communities are determined by a macroclimatic gradient from the coastline to the interior of central north Norway. In marked contrast, the species composition of epiphytic macrolichen communities seems to be unaffected by human impact in the study area, where air pollution was marginal.     

Nitrogen fixation of epiphytic plants enwrapping trees in Ailao Mountain cloud forests, Yunnan, China

Epiphytic plants play an important role in the nutrient cycle of forest ecosystems. There had been fewer studies in subtropical regions than in other climate zones. Prior research showed that the canopy epiphyte could fix nitrogen combined with microorganism in tropical forest. The epiphytic plants enwrapping trees in canopy layer are very abundant in the subtropical mountainous cloud forest of Ailao Mountain (central and southern Yunnan Province, SW China). This forest lacks widespread nitrogen-fixing plants, and the nitrogen origin is elusive. Maybe there also exist such nitrogen-fixing systems in epiphyte community. Nitrogen-fixing potentials of canopy epiphytes increased greatly from dry season to wet season. There occurred an obvious difference on the epiphytic nitrogen fixation abilities between upper canopy layer and sub-canopy layer in alternant period between wet season and dry season. Epiphytic nitrogen-fixing potentials for the subtropical moist forest in Ailao Mountains ranged between 0.027 and 2.24 kg ha^?1?year^?1. Our results indicate that the canopy epiphytes in the subtropical moist forest of Ailao Mountains can fix a significant amount of atmospheric nitrogen. This finding suggests a new nitrogen source for the subtropical forest ecosystem, thus can have profound impact on the studies of nitrogen cycling.