贵州省梵净山自然保护区黔金丝猴的种群数量

<正>黔金丝猴(Rhinopithecus brelichi),隶属灵长目(Primates),猴科(Cercopithecidae),疣猴亚科(Colobinae)仰鼻猴属(Rhinopithecus),是中国一级保护珍稀动物,世界自然保护联盟(IUCN)将其列为濒危(En)物种,仅分布在贵州省铜仁市梵净山国家级自然保护区内。对于黔金丝猴的研究,迄今为止仅有关于这个物种的种群遗传多样性(Pan et al.,2011)、夜宿地选择(Xiang et al.,2009b)以及保护状态(Xiang et al.,2009a)等少量的报道。对于该物种的保护而言,首先需要了     

青城山森林公园兽类和鸟类资源初步调查: 基于红外相机数据

<正>陆生脊椎动物是生物多样性保护和管理评价的重要指示类群(Morrison et al.,2007;Liu et al.,2013)。全球多数生态系统中,许多大中型脊椎动物的种群数量在急剧下降,不少物种甚至遭遇灭顶之灾。而人类活动影响(如猎杀、森林砍伐、外来物种侵入、栖息地破坏和片断化等)是引起这些野生动物种群和群落变化的直接或间接原因(Morrison et al.,2007)。同时,野生动物种群和群落变化对生态系统其他物种也产生了严重的生态后果,如食果动物的     

圈养东北虎血液生理参数的测定

东北虎(Panthera tigris altaica)是一种淑临灭绝的食肉动物,现已被列入IUCN濒危物种红色名录(Goodrich et al.,2015)。东北虎主要分布于俄罗斯远东地区、中国东北地区和朝鲜的北部(Kitchener et al.,2017)。根据中俄边境地区的野生东北虎数量调查统计,该地区生存着成年老虎39只和幼虎22只(Matiukhina et al., 2016)。     

中国典型脆弱生态修复与保护研究:珍稀动物濒危机制及保护技术

正物种保护是生物多样性保护的核心问题。野生动物资源是地球生物多样性的重要组成部分,不仅在维护整个生态系统的稳定及其生态服务方面具有重要功能,更是生态系统健康发展的标志(Hoffmann et al.,2010;Scheffers et al.,2012;魏辅文等,2014)。然而,由于全球人口爆炸性增长、环境变化和过度利用,当前物种灭绝的速率比历史背景灭绝率高100-     

圈养大熊猫血清微量元素含量的测定与分析

正微量元素包括Fe、Cu、Cr、Mn和Zn等,虽含量极微,但具有极重要的生理功能,涉及机体的生长发育、免疫代谢等生命活动过程(Shenkin,2008; Subrahmanyam et al.,2015),也是反映机体新陈代谢及生理功能状况的重要指标(Carpene et al.,2017)。例如Fe元素参与机体氧的运输和贮存(Abbaspour et al.,2014),血清铁被认为是动物营养评估的生化指标(Ganapathy et al.,2011); Cu元素是多种氧化酶的重要组分,参与动物新陈代谢、生长发育等(Desai et al.,2014)。     

神农架川金丝猴粪便和尿液中类固醇激素的检测

灵长类动物类固醇激素的研究已经在很多物种间展开(Cariso et al.,1999;Lutz et al.,2000;He et al.,2001;Yan and Jiang,2006;Brandon et al.,2008;Lu et al.,2010;Kim et al.,2012)。特别是对于没有明显发情特征的灵长类动物,类固醇激素的变化可以为它们的繁殖状态提供更多可靠的评估(Fujita et al.,2001)。自然状态下野生动     

吉林省老爷岭南部东北豹雪地调查

<正>东北豹Panthera pardus orientalis为国家Ⅰ级重点保护野生动物,是最濒危的豹亚种,全球种群数量一直未能超过50只(Pikunov et al.,2009),被世界自然保护联盟(IUCN)列为极危(CR)物种(Stein et al.,2016)。其曾广布于中国东北、俄罗斯远东以及朝鲜半岛(Miquelle et al.,2011),目前的分布区已经退缩到俄罗斯滨海边区西南、我国境内与其接壤地区,分布区也由3个变为1个(Pikunov Korkishko,1985)。目前该     

圈养金钱豹尿液中的挥发性成分分析

<正>哺乳动物的尿液挥发性成分被认为是同哺乳动物信息激素一样重要的物质,迄今报道的野生动物尿液挥发性成分研究的有狮(Panthera leo)(Andersen and Vulpius,1999)、山猫(Lynx rufus)(Mattina et al.,1991)、土狼(Canis lupus)(Raymer et al.,1986)、郊狼(Canis latrans)(Schultz,1988)、红狐(Vulpes vulpe)(Jorgensen et al.,1978)以及鼬科物种(Zhang et al.,2005)。Robert和Joseph(1991)利用山猫和土狼尿液气味抑制白尾鹿(Odocoileus leucurus)对日本     

DNA条形码在生物多样性编目与评价中的应用

<正>DNA条形码是基于基因组中一段或几段短的、通用的标准DNA序列对生物物种进行识别和鉴定的技术(Hebert et al.,2003;Kress et al.,2005;Hollingsworth et al.,2011)。该技术突破了对经验的过度依赖,可实现标本鉴定过程的自动化和标准化,而且能对生物残片而非完整的生物标本进行鉴定,是传统分类学与物种鉴定的有力补充(罗亚皇等,2013)。随着DNA条形码技术十多年来的不断发展,     

狼分布于三江并流区南部区域的实证资料

正狼Canis lupus在世界自然保护联盟(IUCN)濒危物种红色名录中被列为无危(LC)物种(IUCN,2017),是《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约(CITES)》附录Ⅱ物种,在《中国哺乳类红色名录》中为易危(VU)物种(蒋志刚,2015)。中国是野生狼种群数量最多的国家之一,很多国外研究者认为狼仅分布在中国北部(Nowak,2003;Larson et al.,2014;IUCN,2017),或者中国南部历     

Hypertension Increases With Aging and Obesity in Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)

Cardiovascular disease is a primary cause of morbidity and mortality in captive chimpanzees. Four years of blood pressure (BP) data were analyzed from a captive former laboratory population of 201 healthy adult chimpanzees with assessment of age and obesity on elevated BP. Five different measures of obesity were compared: abdominal girth, basal metabolic rate, body‐mass index (BMI), body weight, and surface area. Systolic BP varied by sex. Obesity did not influence male BP. For females, obesity was a significant determinant of BP. The best measure of female obesity was basal metabolic rate and the worst was BMI. Median systolic BP of healthy weight females (<54.5 kg) was significantly lower (128 mmHg) than overweight or obese females (140 mmHg), but both were lower than all males (147 mmHg). For diastolic BP, neither sex nor any of the five obesity measures was significant. But age was highly significant, with geriatric chimpanzees (>30 years) having higher median diastolic BP (74 mmHg) than young adults of 10–29 years of age (65 mmHg). By these criteria, 80% of this population is normotensive, 7% prehypertensive, and 13% hypertensive. In summary, systolic BP intervals required adjustment for obesity among females but not males. Diastolic BP required adjustment for advanced age (≥30 years). Use of these reference intervals can facilitate timely clinical care of captive chimpanzees. Zoo Biol. 32:79‐87, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Blood pressure reference intervals for healthy adult chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)

Background Cardiovascular disease is the primary cause of morbidity and mortality among captive chimpanzees. But there are no clinical definitions of normotension or hypertension in chimpanzees. Methods We analyzed 1 year of blood pressure (BP) data from a population of 261 healthy captive adult chimpanzees using a consistent set of criteria to ascertain health. Results Systolic BP varied by body weight. Diastolic BP varied by age. Median normotension was 126/63 mmHg, with an upper limit of 147/84 mmHg. We defined categories of pre‐hypertension (148/85—153/88 mmHg) and hypertension (≥154/89 mmHg). The prevalence of elevated BP was 15%. The relative risk of mortality was 2.60, compared to normotensive animals. Conclusions We used contemporary methods from human laboratory medicine to define reliable reference intervals for chimpanzee BP. Results allow accurate diagnosis of hypertension and pre‐hypertension, and demonstrate an effect of elevated BP on mortality.     

The Influence of Body Mass Index,Age and Sex on Inflammatory Disease Risk in Semi-Captive Chimpanzees

Obesity and ageing are emerging issues in the management of captive primates, including Chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes. Studies on humans show that obesity and old age can independently increase the risk of inflammatory-associated diseases indicated by elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cells and proteins in the blood of older or obese compared to levels in younger or non-obese individuals. In humans, sex can influence the outcomes of these risks. Health management of these problems in chimpanzee populations requires an understanding of similarities and differences of factors influencing inflammatory disease risks in humans and in chimpanzees. We examined the relationship between age, sex and Body Mass Index (BMI) with hematological biomarkers of inflammatory disease risk established for humans which include the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and neutrophil, white blood cell (WBC), platelet microparticle and platelet counts. We found that higher values of NLR, neutrophil count and platelet microparticle count were associated with higher BMI values and older age indicating increased inflammation risk in these groups; a similar pattern to humans. There was a strong sex by age interaction on inflammation risk, with older males more at risk than older females. In contrast to human studies, total WBC count was not influenced by BMI, but like humans, WBC and platelet counts were lower in older individuals compared to younger individuals. Our findings are similar to those of humans and suggest that further insight on managing chimpanzees can be gained from extensive studies of ageing and obesity in humans. We suggest that managing BMI should be an integral part of health management in captive chimpanzee populations in order to partially reduce the risk of diseases associated with inflammation. These results also highlight parallels in inflammation risk between humans and chimpanzees and have implications for understanding the evolution of inflammation related diseases in apes.     

圈养大熊猫生理和血液指标的季节变化

正大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)的健康关系到整个大熊猫种群的发展。对大熊猫血液生理生化指标的监测可以反映其健康状况及食物营养的合理性,受大熊猫种群数量及采样方式等因素的限制,关于大熊猫血液生理生化指标的报道较为有限,且动物的来源及采血状态均有很大的差异,结果也存在较大差异(Chen,1987;王强等,1998;李光汉等,1999;罗娌等,2017)。研究表明,体况(董全等,1991)、年龄(Mainka,1995;李才武等,2012;罗娌等,2017)、性别(Mainka,1995;罗娌等,2017)、地域(余昌萌等,2019)等是影     

Clinical pathology and morphometrics of African fish eagles in Uganda

Packed cell volumes (PCVs) and plasma chemistry parameters were measured in 15 adult and 18 nestling African fish eagles (Haliaeetus vocifer) sampled from June 2002 through January 2003 in Uganda. Morphologic measurements were obtained from 15 adult eagles. All eagles were examined for blood parasites and sexed by examination of DNA from red blood cells. Ten adults and eight nestlings were sampled from Lake Mburo and five adults and 10 nestlings were sampled from Lake Victoria near Entebbe, Uganda. Analysis of variance was conducted to assess the association between site, age, sex, and plasma chemistry parameters and the association between sex and morphologic characteristics. Plasma chemistry values for nestling and adult African fish eagles were similar to those reported for other captive and free-ranging eagle species. Packed cell volumes for nestling African fish eagles were markedly lower than values reported for nestlings of other eagle species, although the mean estimated age of nestlings sampled also was lower. A significant association (P < or =0.05) was found between PCV of nestling eagles and study site (lower at Lake Mburo) but no association was found between PCV and nestling body weight (P> or =0.05). An unidentified Plasmodium sp. was present in erythrocytes of three nestlings from Lake Mburo. No other blood parasites were seen. There was significant variation (P< or =0.05) in PCV, calcium, phosphorous, potassium, cholesterol concentrations, and creatine kinase activity between adults and nestlings; all were lower in adults. Aspartate transaminase activity was higher in adults. Like other Haliaeetus sp., body weight, bill depth, culmen length, footpad length, and hallux length as well as bill depth measurements were significantly (P < or = 0.05) greater for females than males. The objective of the study was to provide baseline biologic and physiologic information that may prove useful in the management and study of captive and wild populations of African fish eagles.     

Spontaneous amyloidosis in twelve chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes

Spontaneous amyloidosis was diagnosed in 11 male and 1 female chimpanzees and confirmed histologically and immunohistochemically. The chimpanzees were > or = 15 years of age when first diagnosed and averaged 22.4 years of age. The average survival time after diagnosis of systemic amyloidosis was 1.86 years with a standard deviation of 4.06 years (n = 7). The chimpanzees with amyloidosis were asymptomatic except for hepatomegaly, which became more detectable with age. Significant increases in clinical chemistry values, as compared with referenced normals and established normals, of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), asparate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), globulin, total protein, creatinine phosphokinase (CPK), sedimentation rate, and triglycerides were found in animals 7 years of age or older with amyloidosis. These serum chemistry values, while increased in chimpanzees with amyloidosis, were generally within normal limits. Immunohistochemistry for both amyloid A protein and amyloid P component-labeled extracellular amyloid in all chimpanzees with amyloidosis was determined. Amyloid was deposited primarily in the liver. Amyloidosis in the chimpanzee is a chronic, intractable, progressive, fatal disease, and appears to be similar to secondary amy loidosis in other species.     

Haematology and blood chemistry of Cebus apella in relation to sex and age

An effective health care program entails the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of medical problems. A knowledge of baseline values in clinically normal individuals is essential for determining the limits between good health and disease and for understanding the changes produced by pathogenic agents. However, very little information is currently available concerning the blood chemistry and haematological values of different species of monkeys, particularly new-world primates. The values of some haematological and chemical parameters in Cebus apella were determined. The aim of the present work was to verify the effect of age and sex on normal blood values. Blood samples were collected once a year for two successive years from 36 monkeys living in large captive social groups. Significant differences between males and females were found for AST, GGT, urea nitrogen and creatinine, erythrocytes, haemoglobin and haematocrit. Significant differences between juveniles and adults were found for calcium, AST, alkaline phosphatase, inorganic phosphorus, glucose, neutrophils, lymphocytes and serum protein parameters.     

Diagnosis and prevalence of uterine leiomyomata in female chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)

Uterine leiomyomata are common, affecting 70-80% of women between 30 and 50 years of age. Leiomyomata have been reported for a variety of primate species, although prevalence rates and treatments have not been widely reported. The prevalence, diagnosis, and treatment of uterine leiomyomata in the Alamogordo Primate Facility and the Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research were examined. Uterine leiomyomata were diagnosed in 28.4% of chimpanzees with an average age at diagnosis of 30.4 ± 8.0 years. Advanced age (>30 years) was related to an increase in leiomyomata and use of hormonal contraception was related to a decrease in leiomyomata. As the captive chimpanzee population ages, the incidence of leiomyomata among female chimpanzees will likely increase. The introduction of progesterone-based contraception for nonbreeding research and zoological chimpanzees may reduce the development of leiomyomata. Finally, all chimpanzee facilities should institute aggressive screening programs and carefully consider treatment plans.     

川芎嗪注射液对慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者肺动脉高压的作用及其机制

目的：观察川芎嗪注射液对慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）患者肺动脉高压的临床作用并探讨其可能机制。方法：将采集的确诊为COPD的22例患者随机分为2组（n=11）： 常规治疗组和川芎嗪治疗组,并随机抽取门诊体检正常者11例作为正常对照组。常规治疗组予以卧床休息、低流量吸氧、支气管舒张剂、糖皮质激素及抗生素等治疗,川芎嗪治疗组在常规治疗基础上加用川芎嗪注射液（60 mg/d静脉点滴）,正常对照组不予任何治疗措施,治疗2周后检测3组的肺功能、动脉血气分析及肺动脉压,用敏感硫电极法检测血浆硫化氢（H₂S）的浓度。结果：①经过2周治疗后,常规治疗组和川芎嗪治疗组肺功能、动脉血气分析、肺动脉压等各项指标均比治疗前有明显改善,但川芎嗪治疗组优于常规治疗组（P<0.05）;②川芎嗪组综合治疗后血浆H₂S浓度明显高于治疗前和常规治疗组 （P<0.01）。结论：川芎嗪注射液可能通过升高体内H₂S浓度,有效地改善COPD患者肺功能状态。     

Changes in blood chemistry and hematology variables during aging in captive rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)

Identifying changes with age in physiological variables of captive nonhuman primates will aid in the proper treatment and clinical diagnosis of these animals, as well as enhance our understanding of nonhuman primate models for human aging. Information for 33 physiological variables was obtained from the Primate Aging Database, a multi-centered database being developed for clinical and research use. Using multiple regression analyses, we investigated the relationship of age to hematological variables, blood chemistry and body weight in 345 captive rhesus monkeys (age range 7-30 years) from three different primate research facilities. The analyses revealed that 15 of these variables show a significant relationship with chronological age and are altered in older as compared with adult animals. Here we present the first phase of a project that will: a) identify changes with age in physiological variables among adult captive rhesus macaques; and b) characterize normative values for the aging rhesus population.