A Positive Correlation between Elevated Altitude and Frequency of Mutant Alleles at the EPAS1 and HBB Loci in Chinese Indigenous Dogs

<正>Hypoxia represents one of the most extreme environmental conditions for both human beings and animals living at high altitudes(Zhao et al.,2009).Over the past few years,great attention has been focused on the genetic bases of adaption to high-altitude environments(Bigham et al.,2010;Simonson et al.,2010).The domestic dog(Canis familiaris)is the first animal that developed     

大鳞副泥鳅雄核单倍体的早期发育

目前,有关鱼类雄核发育的研究已见于川鲽(Platichthys flesus)、马苏大麻哈鱼(Oncorhynchus masou)、虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)、红点溪鳟(Salvelinus fontinalis)、鲤鱼(Cyprnus carpio)、尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)、泥鳅(Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)、斑马鱼(Danio rerio)等(Purdom,1969;Arai et al., 1979; Scheerer et al., 1991; May et al., 1988; Bongers et al., 1994;Grunina et al., 1990; Meyers, 1995; Masaoka et al., 1995; 赵振山等,1998;Corley-Smith et al., 1996).     

SOCS-3 contributes to bisphenol a exposure-induced insulin resistance in hepatocytes

<正>Dear Editor,Bisphenol A (BPA), a common and widely used monomer in the production of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resin,(Healy et al., 2015; De Filippis et al., 2018) has been defined as an endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC) associated with the etiology of insulin resistance (IR)(Gioiosa et al., 2015;Wei et al., 2017) and metabolic disorders (Padmanabhan et al., 2010; Fang et al., 2015; Balistrieri et al., 2018). However,     

论柔毛山核桃机械抗虫机制和两种核桃象(虫甲)的自然选择

胡桃科植物含有数种化学物质,如胡桃酮(Juglone)(Brooks,1922;Massey,1925;Davis,1928;Bode,1958;Shen,1974),皂草甙(Saponin)(Handley,1961;Applebaum,1964;Applebaum et al.,1965;Hutchins,1966;Whittaker and Fee-ny,1971)和鞣酸(Tannin)(Nierenstein,1934;Wilkins et al.,1953;Pridham,1960;Dollahite et al.,1962;Kingsbury,1964;Vohra et al.,1966;Feeny,1968、     

新疆卡拉麦里山有蹄类自然保护区冬季狼的家域

正狼(Canis lupus)是食肉目(Carnivora)、犬科(Canidae)、犬属(Canis)食肉类哺乳动物(盛和林等,1999),是世界上分布最广和研究最多的大型食肉动物(Ripple et al.,2014)。目前,我国狼的分布已由过去的全国性分布缩小至东北、西北和内蒙等地区(Zhang,1999)。在斯洛伐克,研究人员通过无线电项圈获取分布在两个国家公园内两群狼的家域利用情况(Findo and Chovancova,2004),加     

Genome-Wide Analysis and Expression Patterns of the YUCCA Genes in Maize

<正>Auxin plays important roles in various aspects of plant growth and development(Zhao,2010).In Arabidopsis,a number of YUCCA(YUC)genes,which are involved in auxin biosynthesis,have been identified(Zhao et al.,2001;Woodward et al.,2005;Cheng et al.,2006,2007;Kim et al.,2007;Chen et al.,2014).YUC genes encode flavin monooxygenases(FMOs)that convert indole-3-pyruvate(IPA)to indole-3-acetic acid(IAA)(Zhao,2012).The Arabidopsis YUC family is comprised of 11 members(Zhao et al.,2001;     

The post-genomics era of cotton

正As one of the important industrial crops and also an excellent model organism for studying cell elongation,cell wall biosynthesis as well as polyploidy evolution,cotton has always been in the limelight of the world(Shi et al.,2006;Qin and Zhu,2011).With the publication of the allotetraploid Gossypium hirsutum and Gossypium barbadense genomes this year(Li et al.,2015;Zhang et al.,2015;Liu et al.,2015),all three important cotton genomes,including the two ancestor diploid Gossypium raimondii(DD)(Wang et al.,2012;Paterson et al.,2012)and Gossypium arboreum(AA)(Li et al.,2014)have been successfully sequenced by scientists from China and from the United States of America.Since functional studies of Arabidopsis thaliana and     

Multiple analyses indicate the specific association of NR1I3,C6 and TNN with low hip BMD risk

<正>Low hip bone mineral density(BMD)is an important index for osteoporosis and is associated with hip fracture,which leads to more cases of disability and mortality than all other kinds of fractures(Kanis et al.,2007).BMD's heritability is more than 60%(Arden et al.,1996).A number of candidate loci for BMD have been previously identified by Genome Wide Association Studies(GWAS)(Xiong et al.,2009;Karasik et al.,2010;Zhang et al.,2013).Nevertheless,many significant signals based on GWAS are     

Development of a SYBR-based real-time PCR to detect rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) and analyze its tissue distribution in experimentally infected rabbits

<正>Dear Editor,Rabbit hemorrhagic disease(RHD)is a highly contagious disease of both wild and domesticated rabbits(Oryctolagus cuniculus).The causative agent of the disease is the rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus(RHDV),belongs to the genus Lagovirus within the family Caliciviridae(Granzow et al.,1996;Ohlinger et al.,1990).It is a small and non-enveloped virus with a 7.5 kb single stranded positive sense RNA genome(Meyers et al.,1991;Meyers et al.,2000).Based on an analysis of VP60     

Putative chemosignals of the ferret (Mustela furo) associated with individual and gender recognition

Quantitative stir bar sorptive extraction methods, both in the aqueous and headspace modes, followed by thermal desorption gas chromatography-mass spectrometry were used to investigate individual variations in the volatile components of male and female ferret (Mustela furo) urine. The urinary profiles were further compared with volatile profiles of anal gland secretions of breeding male and female ferrets. Thirty volatile compounds were quantified in male and female urine. Among them, 2-methylquinoline was unique to male urine. Four ketones (4-heptanone, 2-heptanone, o-aminoacetophenone, and a dimethoxyacetophenone) and several nitrogen compounds (e.g., 2,5-dimethylpyrazine, quinoline, 4-methylquinazoline) and low levels of three unidentified nonsulfur compounds were significantly more abundant in males than in females. Quantitative comparison of 30 volatile urinary compounds showed several statistically significant differences between the sexes and individuals of the same sex. These findings suggest that ferrets may use urine marking for sex and individual recognitions. Ten of the 26 compounds identified in anal gland secretions from females and males were also found in urine. However, most of the major compounds (thietanes, dithiolanes, and indole) in anal glands were not present in urine. This suggests that urine may convey specific signals that differ from those of anal glands. Additionally, 10 volatiles (two aldehydes, five ketones, benzothiazole, 2-methylquinoline, and 4-methylquinazoline), not previously identified, were found in ferret anal gland secretions. Among the new compounds, o-aminoacetophenone was found only in males, while only traces of this compound were found in females. Similar results were previously obtained in anal glands of three other Mustela species. These findings provide new information about the constituents of urine and volatile components of anal gland secretions in ferrets.     

普氏原羚集群的群体决策过程

动物集群的群体行为决策是营集群生活的动物调节其群体活动、而获得集群生活收益的重要手段。受动物自身行为和需求的影响,动物集群的群体决策有不同的外在表现形式和过程。本研究以青海湖湖东地区的普氏原羚种群为对象,于2010 年3 月至2012 年3 月对普氏原羚集群的群体决策过程进行了观察和记录,并对所得数据采用非参数检验方法进行统计与分析,分析结果表明:1. 普氏原羚集群的群体决策类型为不完全民主型,需要有一定比例的个体共同参与群体决策过程才能达成群体决策,而参与群体决策的个体比例随群体规模的增加而降低;2.参与决策的个体因性别不同而有不同的表现,且在决策过程所需时间上存在差异,这可能是导致普氏原羚产生同性聚群现象的原因之一。这是在野外直接对大型有蹄类动物集群的群体决策过程进行的为数不多的研究,还需要更多的野外研究来探究不同类型动物群体决策过程及其与同性聚群产生机理之间的关系。     

Rat cheek gland compounds: behavioural response to identified compounds

Cheek gland secretions from sexually mature and reproductively active male and female laboratory rats (Wister strain), Rattus norvegicus albinus were analysed by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy. Alkanes, aliphatic acids esters and alcohols were identified in the secretions. Cheek gland preparation from males contained predominantly three compounds, viz. di-n-octyl phthalate (I); 1,2-benzene diacarboxylic acid butyl (2-ethyl hexyl) ester (II); and 1,2 benzene dicarboxylic acid (2-methylpropyl) ester (III) whereas in the cheek gland of females two compounds, viz, 1,2-benzene dicarboxylic acid (2-methylpropyl) ester (I); and 2,6,10 dedecatrien-1-ol, 3,7,11-trimethyl-(Z, E) (II) were the major fractions. The identified compounds were tested for odour preferences. Compounds II and III of males and I and II of females attracted both male and female conspecifics. By contrast, compound I from males only attracted females. The level of attraction also varied from compound to compound. The results suggest that cheek gland secretions have pheromonal functions.     

植物槲皮素对东方田鼠免疫功能的影响

为探讨植物次生化合物对植食性小哺乳动物免疫功能的影响,本研究以含0、1.5%、3%、5% 和8% 槲皮素的食物饲喂东方田鼠,探究东方田鼠的免疫器官发育和细胞因子水平对不同浓度槲皮素的响应。结果显示：不同浓度植物槲皮素对东方田鼠的体重增长均无显著影响;与不含槲皮素（对照组）相比,5% 槲皮素处理的东方田鼠个体的脾脏和胸腺指数分别增加14.48% (P < 0.05)、11.67% (P < 0.05),细胞因子IL-2、IL-10分别增加8.90% (P < 0.05)、14.99% (P < 0.05),而TNF-α、IL-1β分别降低11.13% (P < 0.05)、17.40% (P < 0.05);槲皮素浓度达到8% 时,与5%相比,脾脏指数、胸腺指数降低,IL-2、IL-10分泌减少,而TNF-α、IL-1β分泌升高。表明不同浓度植物槲皮素对东方田鼠免疫器官指数和细胞因子分泌的影响存在差异。     

野生四川短尾鼩尿液中挥发性化学成分的分析

尿液在哺乳动物间的化学通讯中具有重要作用。本研究采用顶空固相微萃取-气质联用(HS-SPME-GC/MS)方法分析四川短尾鼩尿液中挥发性物质化学组成。结果表明,(1)通过检索国家标准与技术研究所质谱库,发现四川短尾鼩尿液中的化学成分主要为醛类、醇类、酮类、杂环、酯类、烷烃类、芳香烃类、含硫化合物、烯烃类、酚类等86种化合物,并且不同个体气味包含特有的挥发性化合物;(2)雌雄个体尿液中分别特有的挥发性化合物共计10种,其中雌性特有6种,雄性特有4种,表明四川短尾鼩尿液的化学成分存在性别差异。雌性的尿液中挥发性化合物76种,雄性只有33种,说明四川短尾鼩尿液中化学信号雌性多于雄性;(3)四川短尾鼩尿液中不同化学成分相对含量不同,同一组分在不同个体间相对含量存在差异。本研究有助于揭示四川短尾鼩尿液挥发性成分的化学通讯功能,并为引诱剂的研制提供基础资料。     

Identification of volatile compounds from cheek glands of lesser bandicoot rats and assessment of behavioural response for identified compounds

Check gland secretions were collected from sexually mature male and female rats to identify the volatile compounds using gas chromatography linked mass spectroscopy with a modified head space technique. Twenty one volatile fractions including alkanes, aliphatic acids, esters and alcohols were found. Three compounds viz. 3-octen-1-ol (E) (I), cyclopentane undecanoic acid (II) and 2,4,6,8 tetramethyl-l-undecane (III) were present in very high concentrations in both male and female rats. In addition, the estrus female contained another compound, L-alanine, 1,1-dimethyl ethyl ester. On the basis of odour preference tests the compounds I, II and III were found to attract both male and female of the homotypic species. In contrast, the fourth compound present in the female attracts the opposite sex. The results suggest that the volatile fractions have unique function and the level of attraction varies from compound to compound.     

Simultaneous choice bioassays accompanied by physiological changes identify civetone and decanoic acid as pheromone candidates for giant pandas

Chemicals present in urine are thought to play an important role in mate identification in the solitary giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca). During the breeding season, females will deposit chemical signals to advertise sexual receptivity to potential mates. The goal of this study was to determine if specific volatile compounds found in female urine could be considered as pheromones that elicit behavioral and physiological responses in males. Experimental simultaneous choice trials were conducted with captive male giant pandas (n = 3) housed at Memphis Zoo, San Diego Zoo, and Zoo Atlanta. Octanoic acid, 1H-pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde, decanoic acid, and civetone were selected as stimuli because previous studies reported their elevation in urine during the breeding season. Male interest was determined by a behavioral preference toward these volatile compounds diluted in synthetic urine compared with nontreated synthetic urine. Male urine samples were collected 1 week prior, during, and 1 week after the experimental period to assess changes in urinary semiochemical composition and urinary androgen concentrations. No significant differences in investigation response (p = .395) or flehmen response (p = .600) were found when stimuli were compared; however, decanoic acid and civetone elicited a behavioral preference over the control (response ratio > 0.5). The relative abundance of 16 compounds identified in male urine was significantly elevated (p < .05) above baseline values after the males were exposed to the stimuli. Androgen levels were significantly elevated (p < .05) in one male after exposure to 1H-pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde, decanoic acid, and civetone. These data suggested that civetone and decanoic acid in female urine may motivate sexual responses in males.     

Urinary volatile constituents of the lion, Panthera leo.

The volatile components of urine from lions were investigated using GC-MS headspace techniques. Fifty-five compounds were found in the urine samples. Seven potential species-identifying compounds were found. Male lion scent marks overlapped significantly more in compound composition with other males than they did with female marks. A similar relationship was not found for the females. Males had a significantly higher absolute content of 2-butanone in their urine than females, and females had a significantly higher relative content of acetone than males. Samples from 13/16 individual lions overlapped more within the individual than they did with samples from the other individuals, but only seven significantly so.     

圈养马麝幼仔哺乳期时间分配及影响因素

本研究于2017年7月17日至8月16日,在甘肃兴隆山马麝繁育场对圈养马麝(Moschus chrysogaster sifanicus)当年生仔麝进行哺乳期的行为取样,量化记录了摄食、卧息、刻板等10类行为,分析了仔麝哺乳期时间分配格局及与性别和年龄等因素的关系。结果表明,圈养马麝仔麝在哺乳期(1~3月龄)的卧息(39. 55%±4. 53%)及摄食(28. 03%±1. 58%)时间分配最多;仔麝在哺乳前期(1月龄)、中期(2月龄)及后期(3月龄)的卧息、摄食及刻板行为的展现时间逐渐增加,运动行为在中期达到峰值(4. 99%±0. 64%),母幼联系等其他行为逐渐下降;仔麝的刻板行为在哺乳中期开始发育,后期刻板行为(3. 33%±1. 83%)显著高于中期(1. 15%±0. 77%)(P <0. 05);仔麝摄食与排泄行为的分配时间呈正相关(r=0. 833,P=0. 010),母幼联系与社会行为呈正相关(r=0. 802,P=0. 017),环境探究与社会行为呈显著正相关(r=0. 970,P <0. 001);圈舍内有成年雄麝的仔麝的卧息时间(59. 50%±8. 17%)显著高于圈舍内缺失雄麝的仔麝(37. 82%±6. 12%)(P <0. 05),前者的母幼联系(1. 10%±0. 52%)也相对低于后者(3. 80%±1. 07%)(P>0. 05);仔麝性别对其行为时间分配的影响均不显著(P> 0. 05)。本研究表明,马麝的母幼关系属于典型"隐蔽者"类型,仔麝刻板行为的发育始于哺乳中期,其发育和表达强度随年龄递增而加强,同圈舍的成年雄麝对仔麝的行为和生长发育有负面效应。     

爱玉子花序挥发物成分以及对其传粉小蜂的吸引作用

利用动态顶空吸附法和GC-MS分析,研究接受期以及传粉或产卵5d后爱玉子(Ficus awkeotsang)雌、雄隐头花序挥发物成分。研究结果表明:爱玉子隐头花序挥发物的组成成分复杂,种类繁多,主要成分是对传粉小蜂具有显著吸引作用的芳樟醇。组成雌、雄花序的接受期挥发物信号的化合物种类与数量不同,但两者之间的共有化合物却占花序挥发物总量的70%以上,且接受期雌、雄花序挥发物组成比例相似,小蜂无法通过花序挥发物信号的差异,区别雌、雄花序,从而支持"榕树雌、雄花序接受期挥发物存在相互模拟现象"的假说。爱玉子传粉(或产卵)前后花序挥发物信号发生变化,表现在花序在传粉(或产卵)后,一些挥发性化合物在榕果中消失或相对含量减少(如芳樟醇),有些化合物的相对含量增加(如苯甲酸甲酯),并出现新的化合物(如2-乙基己醇);在化合物组成上,萜类化合物相对含量下降,芳香族化合物、脂肪族化合物相对含量上升。嗅觉仪实验表明爱玉子接受期雌、雄花序挥发物对其传粉榕小蜂有极显著的吸引作用,而传粉(或产卵)5d后的雌、雄花序挥发物对传粉榕小蜂有显著的趋避作用。传粉小蜂对雌、雄接受期花序挥发物的选择没有偏向性。榕果通过挥发物的释放量和成分的改变反映出花发育与被授粉(被产卵)状况,传粉小蜂通过接收榕果发出的化学信息,判断选择适合的寄主。研究对于爱玉子的高产栽培以及植物与昆虫专性共生化学生态学机制的理论研究具有重要的意义。