利用微生物重组技术促进羰基不对称还原研究进展

手性醇是许多手性药物合成的关键手性砌块,利用微生物细胞催化相应前手性羰基化合物不对称还原,是合成手性醇的重要方法之一。但应用野生微生物催化时,反应的时空产率、立体选择性较低。详细介绍了利用微生物重组技术以促进前手性羰基化合物不对称还原反应合成手性醇的国内外研究进展。从酶的种类、表达系统以及辅酶再生系统3个方面对重组细胞催化反应体系的构建进行了概述。同时按照反应底物的类型,对重组微生物在催化不同类型羰基化合物不对称还原合成手性醇中的应用分别进行了归纳和介绍。     

生物催化不对称还原制备氟代手性醇

由于氟原子的特殊性质，化合物中引入氟原子可显著改变其物理化学性质。因此，氟原子在药物中的应用越来越广。此外，80%药物分子结构属于手性分子。其中，氟代手性醇常见于手性药物结构中，该类结构的合成方法研究具有重要的意义。不对称还原含氟酮是合成此结构的常见方法。与化学还原方法相比，生物催化还原具有对映选择性强、产率高和易于分离纯化等优点。生物催化，特别是酶催化还原含氟酮类化合物成为手性药物合成领域的研究热点。本文从纯化酶催化和全细胞催化两个方面，综述了近年来含氟酮生物催化还原合成氟代手性醇的研究进展，并分析总结了氟代对酮生物催化还原的影响，最后对生物催化还原法未来的发展进行了展望。     

转化奎宁酮为(R)-3-奎宁醇菌株的筛选及转化条件优化

(R)-3-奎宁醇是一种用于合成各类药物的重要手性砌块,以奎宁酮盐酸盐为唯一碳源,筛选得到一株能够将奎宁酮不对称还原为(R)-3-奎宁醇的菌株X15。常规生理生化鉴定和18S rDNA序列分析表明,菌株X15属于粘红酵母菌Rhodotorula mucilaginosa,定名为R.mucilaginosa X15。结果显示,菌株X15具有酮基还原能力和辅酶再生能力,在100 mL反应体系中可将奎宁酮还原为(R)-3-奎宁醇,转化率90%,ee值为88%。     

NAD(P)H依赖型氧化还原酶不对称还原胺化制备手性胺的研究进展

不对称还原胺化反应是制备医药中间体手性胺结构单元的重要反应。目前已有许多不同种类的酶被应用于合成手性胺,其中NAD(P)H依赖型氧化还原酶催化的还原胺化反应最为引人注目,因为其能够一步将潜手性酮化合物完全转化为光学纯的手性胺化合物。文中以亚胺还原酶、氨基酸脱氢酶、冠瘿碱脱氢酶和还原性酮胺化酶为例,从NAD(P)H依赖型氧化还原酶的结构特征、作用机理、分子改造及催化应用等方面,综述了其在不对称还原胺化合成手性胺领域的研究进展。     

还原酶催化羰基不对称还原的应用进展

羰基不对称还原作为合成手性醇的重要方法,已成为近年来有机合成的研究热点。与传统化学法相比,利用还原酶催化前手性羰基化合物的不对称还原具有显著优势。介绍了还原酶的来源与形式,对完整细胞还原酶与游离还原酶在手性药物不对称合成中的应用进行了简要综述。     

面包酵母不对称还原酮基泛解酸内酯

目的:利用市售面包酵母作催化剂,对酮基泛解酸内酯不对称还原进行了研究,并考察了底物浓度、辅因子、环糊精添加量和pH值对不对称还原反应的影响.方法:以市售面包酵母作催化剂,酮基泛解酸内酯作为底物在摇瓶中进行催化,用手性色谱柱对催化产物进行了检测.结果:发现反应条件为底物浓度低于2.56-mg/ml,辅因子选用蔗糖,β-环糊精添加量为16.7mg/ml,pH 4～5适合于酮基泛解酸内酯的不对称还原.在如上优化的催化条件下,产物得率大于45%,对映体过量率(e.e.)大于90%.结论:以酵母细胞作催化剂进行酮基泛解酸内酯不对称还原工艺具有生产光学纯泛解酸内酯的潜力.     

重组基因工程菌在不对称还原羰基化合物中的应用

手性醇是药物合成的重要手性砌块,利用生物催化剂不对称还原羰基化合物是手性醇制备的重要方法。介绍了生物催化还原羰基化合物的反应原理及特点,综述了重组基因工程菌的构建及其在不对称还原羰基化合物中的应用情况,展望了今后研究发展的方向。     

不对称还原大位阻二芳香基甲酮的羰基还原酶的基因克隆及性质分析

由于二芳香基甲酮的位阻大及羰基两侧的取代基差异性较小,对其进行不对称还原是生物催化中具有挑战性的难题之一.文中通过对毕赤酵母GSl15基因组序列的分析,发现了一个潜在羰基还原酶基因pascr.将该基因克隆、表达在大肠杆菌Rosetta2 (DE3)中,通过Ni-NTA对重组蛋白进行了分离纯化,并对酶的性质进行了研究.PasCR专一性利用NADPH作为辅酶,其最适反应pH为6.5;最适反应温度为35℃;凝胶层析实验结合SDS-PAGE分析表明PasCR在溶液中以二聚体形式存在.PasCR能够不对称还原位阻较大的二芳香基甲酮类化合物,如4-甲基二苯甲酮、4-氯二苯甲酮、2-氯二苯甲酮等,对4-甲基二苯甲酮的还原产物的ee值达到了85％.     

转氨酶催化不对称合成芳香族L-氨基酸

芳香族L-氨基酸是合成许多药物、农药、精细化学品和食品添加剂的重要手性砌块(Chiral buildingblocks)。利用酶催化具有高活性和高立体选择性的特点合成手性砌块是目前不对称合成领域重要的研究方向。通过对不同来源转氨酶的进化分析,选择分别源自原核生物大肠杆菌Escherichia coli和真核生物酿酒酵母Saccharomyces cerevisia中的两种具有代表性Ⅰ型芳香族转氨酶TyrB和Aro8,比较研究了两种转氨酶通过平衡逆转不对称氨化催化合成芳香族L-氨基酸的反应过程和催化效率。重组转氨酶TyrB和Aro8都能有效地合成天然芳香族氨基酸苯丙氨酸和酪氨酸以及非天然氨基酸苯甘氨酸。手性HPLC分析表明,合成的氨基酸都是L-构型的,e.e值等于100%。L-丙氨酸是适宜的氨基供体,转氨酶TyrB和Aro8都不能利用D-型氨基酸作为氨基供体。反应体系中氨基供体L-丙氨酸和氨基受体芳香族α-酮酸的最适摩尔比为4∶1。底物芳香族α-酮酸分子结构中芳香环上的取代基以及脂肪酸碳链部分的长度都对酶催化的转氨效率有显著的影响。在制备规模试验中,TyrB催化不对称转氨反应合成L-苯甘氨酸、L-苯丙氨酸和L-酪氨酸的比生产速率为0.28 g/(g.h)、0.31 g/(g.h)和0.60 g/(g.h),Aro8催化上述反应的比生产速率分别为0.61 g/(g.h)、0.48 g/(g.h)和0.59 g/(g.h)。研究结果对利用转氨酶通过平衡逆转不对称催化合成芳香族L-氨基酸的工业化应用具有指导意义。     

一种来源于毕赤酵母的高对映选择性羰基还原酶的性质及底物谱分析

手性醇是一类非常重要的化合物,羰基还原酶催化酮的不对称还原生成对应的手性醇.从毕赤酵母Pichia pastoris GS115基因组数据中找到一个潜在的NADPH依赖的羰基还原酶,研究毕赤酵母 P.pastoris GS115中的羰基还原酶.根据其核酸序列设计引物,从P.pastoris GS115基因组中扩增到目的基因ppcr,大肠杆菌BL21 (DE3)中表达,Ni-NTA纯化,对酶的性质和底物谱进行了研究.PPCR的最适反应温度为35℃,最适反应pH为6.0,低于45℃时有很好的稳定性.对3-甲基-2-羰基丁酸乙酯的Km和kcat分别为9.48 mmol/L和0.12 s-1. PPCR表现出广泛的底物谱和很高的对映选择性,对醛、α-酮酯、芳香族β-酮酯及芳香族酮都表现出了很好的活性,在测定的底物中,除极少数底物外,ee值均达到97％以上.因此,PPCR具有较好的应用前景.     

Mandibular angle reduction versus mandible reduction

The terms "mandibular angle reduction" and "reduction angleplasty" refer to operations to reduce the width of the lower face and change a square face to an oval one. Because the terms emphasize the word angle, however, they imply that the operations apply to the mandibular angle. The most frequent complaint after these operations is that the change in the lateral appearance is clear but that the change in the frontal appearance is not noticeable. Such a result is related to the fact that bone resection is performed mainly in the mandibular angle area and is focused particularly on resection of the posterior projection through curved ostectomy. That is, because operations limited to the mandibular angle area cannot properly satisfy patients' requirements, the operation must be applied to a larger area. Therefore, it seems reasonable to change the terms "mandibular angle reduction" and "reduction angleplasty" to "mandible reduction" and "reduction mandibuloplasty." In addition, the most important technique in the operation is the resection of the outer cortex of the mandible. In particular, the corticectomy technique using a reciprocating saw is quite safe and effective for the maximum resection of lateral flaring within a very short time.     

Dehydroascorbate reduction

Dehydroascorbic acid is generated in plants and animal cells by oxidation of ascorbic acid. The reaction is believed to occur by the one-electron oxidation of ascorbic acid to semidehydroascorbate radical followed by disproportionation to dehydroascorbic acid and ascorbic acid. Semidehydroascorbic acid may recycle to ascorbic acid catalyzed by membrane-bound NADH-semidehydroscorbate reductase. However, disproportionation of the free radical occurs at a rapid rate, 10⁵ M^–1 s^–1, accounting for measurable cellular levels of dehydroascorbate. Dehydroascorbate reductase, studied earlier and more extensively in plants, is now recognized as the intrinsic activity of thioltransferases (glutaredoxins) and protein disulfide isomerase in animal cells. These enzymes catalyze the glutathione-dependent two-electron regeneration of ascorbic acid. The importance of the latter route of ascorbic acid renewal was seen in studies of GSH-deficient rodents (Meister, A. (1992)Biochem. Pharmacol. 44 1905–1915). GSH deficiency in newborn animals resulted in decreased tissue ascorbic acid and increased dehydroascorbate-to-ascorbate ratios. Administration of ascorbic acid daily to GSH-deficient animals decreased animal mortality and cell damage from oxygen stress. A cellular role is proposed for dehydroascorbate in the oxidation of nascent protein dithiols to disulfides catalyzed in the endoplasmic reticulum compartment by protein disulfide isomerase.     

Breast reduction

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: After studying this article, the participant should be able to: 1. Understand the preoperative considerations that must be weighed to appropriately assess operative risk of breast reduction. 2. Have a full understanding of the basic techniques that are available to treat the patient with macromastia. 3. Identify which patients are best suited to a particular technique. 4. Identify common complications associated with breast reduction and understand how to treat them. SUMMARY: Breast reduction remains a basic plastic surgery procedure designed to alleviate upper torso complaints resulting from macromastia. Historically, the inverted-T inferior pedicle procedure was the dominant technique for the treatment of macromastia for 40 years. The past two decades have seen a reexamination of breast reduction technique in an attempt to improve on the results and minimize complications. As a result, a new genre of procedures based on different pedicles and short-scar skin management techniques has been introduced. With these new procedures, the plastic surgeon now has a variety of different techniques that can be offered for reducing the hypertrophic breast. Strategically applying the concepts inherent in these procedures to the correct patient can provide outstanding results with few complications. In this article, the concepts and results of these various procedures are discussed to give the reader a basic understanding of the options available for breast reduction.     

Against reduction

In Molecular Models: Philosophical Papers on Molecular Biology, Sahotra Sarkar presents a historical and philosophical analysis of four important themes in philosophy of science that have been influenced by discoveries in molecular biology. These are: reduction, function, information and directed mutation. I argue that there is an important difference between the cases of function and information and the more complex case of scientific reduction. In the former cases it makes sense to taxonomise important variations in scientific and philosophical usage of the terms “function” and “information”. However, the variety of usage of “reduction” across scientific disciplines (and across philosophy of science) makes such taxonomy inappropriate. Sarkar presents reduction as a set of facts about the world that science has discovered, but the facts in question are remarkably disparate; variously semantic, epistemic and ontological. I argue that the more natural conclusion of Sarkar’s analysis is eliminativism about reduction as a scientific concept.     

Microbial reduction of cyclohexanones

A Brazilian strain of the bacteria Serratia rubidaea CCT 5742 quantitatively reduced 4-tert-butylcyclohexanone and 4-methylcyclohexanone to the less thermodynamically stable diastereoisomeric alcohols cis-4-tert-butylcyclohexanol and cis-4-methylcyclohexanol with a diastereoisomeric excesses (de) of 96% and 44%, respectively. 2-Methylcyclohexanone was also totally reduced to the corresponding alcohols affording the trans-(+)-(1S, 2S)-2-methylcyclohexanol with 78% of de and an enantiomeric excess (ee) of 80%. The cis-(+)-(1S, 2R)-2-methylcyclohexanol was obtained in 98% ee.