打孔气调贮藏与乙烯处理对猕猴桃采后品质的影响（简报）

猕猴桃(海沃德)采后果实呼吸强度和乙烯释放速率呈现明显的跃变。跃变期间果实软化,维生素C下降,总糖和还原糖上升,总酸变化不大。打孔气调贮藏有助于抑制果实软化,延缓果实衰老,延长贮藏期。采后使用100ppm乙烯处理,果实软熟加速。     

乙酰水杨酸处理对猕猴桃果实成熟衰老的影响及其作用机理

以不同后熟软化阶段猕猴桃果肉组织圆片为材料 ,在 2 0℃下用 1.0mmol L(pH 3.5 )的乙酰水杨酸(ASP)分别处理 4、12和 2 4h后 ,分析其对果实成熟衰老相关因子的影响。结果表明 ,随着果实成熟衰老 ,内源游离SA下降 ,LOX活性增加 ,超氧自由基 (O- ·2 )生成速率增加 ,乙烯释放量加大 ;ASP处理促使组织内源SA水平的增加 ,降低了O- ·2 生成速率 ,抑制了LOX、ACC合成酶和ACC氧化酶的活性以及乙烯的生成。推测ASP可能作为O- ·2 等自由基清除剂 ,通过负反馈调控LOX途径 ,延缓果实的成熟衰老     

乙烯诱导西瓜果实的水渍化败坏

为了研究乙烯在西瓜(Citrullus lanatusThunb.Mansfeld)果实水渍化败坏过程中的作用,先将果实在5μL/L 1-甲基环丙烯(1-MCP)气体中处理18 h,然后在50 μL/L乙烯和20℃温度下贮藏.西瓜果实对乙烯处理的最初反应表现为胎座组织的电导率和游离汁液增加,同时出现组织软化和水渍化.水渍化的症状最初在靠近花萼端的内果皮中发生,在乙烯处理的第2天开始出现,ACC合成酶(ACS)和ACC氧化酶(ACO)的活性明显提高.1-MCP单独处理不产生任何明显的作用,但是会完全抑制外源乙烯诱导的水渍化败坏.没有经过乙烯处理的西瓜果实,贮藏2 d以后出现呼吸强度和乙烯释放量的高峰,10 d以后水渍化现象也零星出现.这些结果和1-MCP的预防效果说明,西瓜果实的水渍化败坏是一种由乙烯诱导的衰老现象.     

乙酰水杨酸和乙烯处理对猕猴桃果实后熟软化的影响

以猕猴桃(Actinidia deliciosa(A.Chev.)C.F.Liang et A.R.Ferguson cv.Bruno)果实为试材,研究乙酰水杨酸(ASA)与乙烯处理对果实内源水杨酸(SA)含量变化以及后熟软化相关因子的影响,探讨SA在果实成熟衰老进程的作用.研究结果表明:果实后熟软化进程中,内源SA水平呈下降变化,组织中SA水平与果实硬度变化呈极显著正相关关系(r=0.969 4**),ASA处理可显著地维持组织中较高的SA水平,抑制脂氧合酶(LOX)和丙二烯氧合酶(AOS)活性增加,减低O-.2生成速率,维持细胞膜稳定性,进而抑制了乙烯生物合成或推迟乙烯跃变的到来,延缓了果实后熟软化进程,这些效应主要表现在乙烯跃变之前或乙烯跃变前期;相反,外源乙烯处理则显著降低果实组织中内源SA水平,促进LOX和AOS活性的增加,促使O-.2积累,增加了细胞膜透性,促使乙烯跃变的提前到来,加速了果实的后熟软化.推测组织中的内源SA水平与细胞膜脂过氧化作用密切相关,外源ASA可能作为一种O-.2等自由基的清除剂或是细胞膜稳定剂在组织成熟衰老过程中起作用.     

乙酰水杨酸和乙烯处理对猕猴桃果实后熟软化的影响

以猕猴桃（Actinidia deliciosa(A.Chev.)C.F.Liang et A.R.Ferguson cv.Bruno)果实为试材,研究乙酰水杨酸（ASA）与乙烯处理对果实内源水杨酸（SA）含量变化以及后熟软化相关因子的影响,探讨SA在果实成熟衰老进程的作用。研究结果表明：果实后熟软化进程中,内源SA水平呈下降变化,组织中SA水平与果实硬度变化呈极显著正相关关系（r=0.9694),ASA处理可显著地维持组织中较高的SA水平,抑制脂氧合酶（LOX）和丙二烯氧合酶（AOS）活性增加,减低O2^-生成速率,维持细胞膜稳定性,进而抑制了乙烯生物合成或推迟乙烯跃变的到来,延缓了果实后熟软化进程,这些效应主要表现在乙烯跃变之前或乙烯跃变前期;相反,外源乙烯处理则显著降低果实组织中内源SA水平,促进LOX和AOS活性的增加,促使O2^-积累,增加了细胞膜透性,促使乙烯跃变的提前到来,加速了果实的后熟软化。推测组织中的内源SA水平与细胞膜脂过氧化作用密切相关,外源ASA可能作为一种O2^-等自由基的清除剂或是细胞膜稳定剂在组织成熟衰老过程中起作用。     

香蕉果实成熟软化时果皮和果肉中α-L-阿拉伯呋喃糖苷酶活性的变化

阿拉伯糖是果实软化过程中变化最明显的细胞壁糖残基之一,α-L-阿拉伯呋喃糖苷酶是导致细胞壁多糖中阿拉伯糖残基降解的主要糖苷酶。为阐明该酶在香蕉果实成熟软化中的作用,实验对香蕉贮藏过程中果皮和果肉中该酶活性以及果实硬度、呼吸强度和乙烯释放量的变化进行了研究。结果表明:α-L-阿拉伯呋喃糖苷酶在果实初期的变化很小,到果实硬度开始急剧下降时达到最大,增加量达10倍以上,且果肉中的酶活性大于果皮中;乙烯吸收剂处理延缓了香蕉果实呼吸和乙烯高峰的出现时间,降低了果实硬度、果皮和果肉中α-L-阿拉伯呋喃糖苷酶活性变化的速度和幅度。以上结果表明α-L-阿拉伯呋喃糖苷酶起诱导香蕉果实成熟的作用,在果实的软化中起着十分重要的作用,且其活性受乙烯的调节。     

月季切花衰老过程中多胺与乙烯的关系

月季切花瓶插过程中,内源腐胺在前2天略有增加,内源亚精胺、精胺、多胺总量则呈下降趋势,乙烯释放速率在第3天达到最高峰;多胺抑制剂甲基乙醛-双咪腙处理抑制了亚精胺、精胺的合成,增加了乙烯的释放速率;乙烯抑制剂氨氧乙酸处理推迟腐胺高峰的到来,降低了乙烯的释放速率,而且在瓶插期的前2天内源亚精胺、精胺含量较高。结果表明,具乙烯跃变型特征的月季切花衰老过程中,多胺与乙烯在其生物合成过程中相互竞争S-腺苷甲硫氨酸作为其合成的前体。     

成熟香蕉果实活性氧与乙烯形成酶活性的关系

香蕉果实成熟过程,随着活性氧产生速率从低水平→迅速跃升→高峰→下降的变化,其乙烯形成酶活性及乙烯产生也经历了基本同步的过程,显示了三者之间具有某种内在联系。外源超氧阴离子自由基（O2）能使乙烯形成酶（EFE）活性及乙烯产生出现跃升和高峰的时间明显提前;超氧歧化酶（SOD）则使EFE活性及乙烯产率明显下降。进一步说明了在香蕉果实成熟过程中,O2可能是引起EFE活性及乙烯产生迅速上升的原因之一,而过氧化氢（H2O2）则被证明与EFE活性及乙烯产生没有直接的关系。     

赤霉素和萘乙酸对柿果实采后成熟软化生理指标的影响

以采后'富平尖柿'果实为试材,常温下用60 mg/L赤霉素(GA3)和20 mg/L α-萘乙酸(NAA)进行处理,考察柿果实成熟软化相关生理指标及果胶物质代谢在贮藏过程中的变化,以明确GA3和NAA处理对柿果实贮藏效果的影响.结果显示:GA3、NAA处理果实的贮藏时间分别比对照延长了4 d和10 d;GA3和NAA处理可显著延缓果实硬度的下降进程,有效降低果实呼吸强度和乙烯释放量,且呼吸高峰和乙烯高峰的出现明显迟于对照;果实多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)活性的升高受到抑制,从而延缓了原果胶的降解以及水溶性果胶含量的增加,阻碍了果实的软化进程.试验表明,GA3和NAA处理可有效延缓柿果实的后熟软化,延长其贮藏期限, 并以GA3的效果尤为明显.     

梨贮藏过程中乙烯和钙调素动态及其与贮藏性的关系

对两个梨品种不同成熟期果实贮藏过程中,整个果实以及果皮、果肉、果心的乙烯释放变化及果肉、种子的钙调素(CaM)含量进行测定。结果表明:(1)黄花品种完整果实及不同部位乙烯释放量都高于耐贮藏的湘南品种,且启动乙烯生成和形成乙烯峰值的时间也早于湘南品种;(2)果实不同部位形成峰值的顺序均依次为果心、果肉、果皮;(3)果实呼吸跃变过程中,CaM含量伴随乙烯释放量的上升而升高,乙烯峰值过后,CaM含量下降,果实衰老。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.