我国中东部地区土地利用／土地覆盖动态分析

在野外调查和资料收集的基础上,利用遥感和地理信息系统技术,对中国中东部地区19个省(直辖市)1988年和2000年的5种土地利用／覆盖类型的遥感数据进行了景观制图及其叠加分析．结果表明,12年来。随着中东部地区经济和人口数量的快速增长,耕地及城建用地面积分别增加了10．921×10^5hm^2和13．754×10^5hm^2．比1988年增长了2．14％和19．25％．对木材的大量需求及毁林开荒,导致林地面积减少了17．83×10^4hm^2．比1988年下降了1．12％．草地面积增加了19．287×10^5hm^2,比1988年上升7．75％．长期对土地的不合理利用带来的环境条件恶化,使草地覆盖度及草地质量总体呈下降趋势．10年间对未利用地面积的开发达49．61×10^4hm^2,占1988年未利用地面积的34．31％．     

水坝对河流生态系统服务功能影响评价

客观评价水坝对河流生态系统服务功能的影响问题,对完善我国水利工程环境影响评价和保护河流生态系统具有重要意义。根据水坝对河流生态系统服务功能影响的特点,建立了评价指标体系,以2002年为评价基准年份,对全国水坝对河流生态系统服务功能影响进行了评估。结果表明,防洪和水力发电是水坝的主要功能,两者分别占其正面影响的53．94％和26．77％;供水、减少有害气体排放和内陆航运等,也是水坝的重要功能。水库泥沙淤积的负面影响最大,年损失值为-508．63×10^8元;其次是水库淹没,从生态系统的角度进行核算,年损失值为-56．65×10^8元;水坝对河流生态系统的占据也是其重要的负面影响,年损失值为-10．43× 10^8元。     

武汉市农地非市场价值评估

估算农地资源的非市场价值,将其纳入资源成本核算体系,不仅能够弥补市场机制作用不足给农地城市流转决策带来的影响,而且通过提高土地资源农业利用的比较效益,能够起到缓解农地流失的作用。运用条件价值评估法对武汉市不同类型农地的非市场价值进行估算,在对471份有效问卷进行统计分析后的研究表明：（1）随着农地保护意识的增强,武汉居民已经意识到农地资源非市场价值的存在,83．65％的受访居民对农地保护有正的支付意愿;（2）从居民参与农地保护的支付意愿（Willingness to pay,WTP）出发,全市居民每年保护农地的支付意愿总价值为30．0035×10^8元,折合单位hm^2农地的非市场价值为116154元;（3）从农民作为农地保护执行主体参与农地保护、接受政府补偿（willingness to accept,WTA）的角度出发,农地非市场价值16447．57元／hm^2,是目前国家鼓励农民种植粮食作物发放补贴（中稻225元／（hm^2·a^-1）,折合无限年期价值4978元／hm^2）的3．30倍;（4）从城市居民作为农地保护的间接受益者,假设城市周边农地被城市建设用地征收后带来环境损失,城市居民为接受征地计划、家庭每年愿意接受政府补偿（willingness to accept,WTA）的角度出发,平均每户家庭年均需要接受政府补偿8612元,按当前城市居民户数计算,全市城市居民每年对农地损失的受偿接受金额为109．5685×10^8元,折合单位hm^2农地非市场价值42．42×10^4元。     

灌浆结实期温度对水稻产量和品质形成的影响

灌浆结实期是水稻产量和品质形成的关键时期,该时期温度对水稻籽粒灌浆具有显著的影响.随着全球气候趋暖以及极端天气频发,温度胁迫下籽粒灌浆和稻米品质的响应特征及其生理生化机制是目前稻作研究的热点之一.本文以灌浆结实期温度为切入点,对水稻产量和品质形成的适宜温度与温度影响时段以及温度胁迫下水稻生理生化特征等方面进行了梳理.灌浆初期(齐穗后20 d)是温度影响水稻产量和品质形成的关键时期,适温(21 ～ 26℃)有利于水稻灌浆和淀粉的充实与沉积,过高或过低温度均不利于提高水稻产量和品质.温度胁迫下,水稻生理生化活性下降,光合功能降低,抗逆性减弱,干物质积累和运转受抑,从而造成产量下降及品质变劣.这些可能为水稻优质高产栽培和灌浆结实期温度研究提供一定的参考.     

羊栖菜中褐藻糖胶的组分分离及分析

为了确定羊栖菜褐藻糖胶中的活性组分 ,用分子量结合硫酸化程度的分级方法将其分成不同组分。经热水抽提的羊栖菜多糖 ,将去除褐藻胶、海带淀粉后剩余的褐藻糖胶经过DEAE—Sepharose离子交换色谱柱和Sepharose 4B凝胶层析柱被分成 5个褐藻糖胶组分。 5个组分中硫酸基和岩藻糖近似的分子数量之比分别为 1.863、0 .0 68、1.2 2 9、1.62 9,1.0 10 ;平均分子量分别为 2 .0× 10 4 、2 .2× 10 4 、8.2× 10 4 、2 1.4× 10 4 、32 .0× 10 4 ;百分含量分别为 8.6%、2 2 .9%、4 8.5 %、5 .7%、14.3%。     

西南不同岩性混合小流域化学风化特征

岩石化学风化影响着全球碳循环和气候变化,化学风化速率的估算及控制因素一直是研究的热点。为探究不同岩性混合小流域内化学风化速率及影响因素,于2018年9月对印江河流域、石阡河流域及余庆河流域采集河水样品并分析水化学特征。结果表明:河水的总溶解性固体(TDS)平均值为244 mg·L^-1,高于世界河流平均值(100 mg·L^-1);TDS值的空间差异显示,岩性分布不同导致离子浓度的明显变化。流域中的优势阴阳离子分别为HCO3^-和Ca^2+,表明流域碳酸盐岩风化对河水水化学组成起主导作用;通过正演模型解析不同端元(大气、人为、硅酸盐岩和碳酸盐岩)对河流中总溶解阳离子贡献发现,支流中碳酸盐岩贡献变化明显(55.0%~93.9%),空间差异主要受岩性影响;印江河、石阡河和余庆河的硅酸盐岩风化速率分别为4.4、2.8和2.5 t·km^-2·a^-1,相应的CO2消耗速率为45×10^3、18×10^3和16×10^3mol·km^-2·a^-1;碳酸盐岩风化速率显著高于硅酸盐岩风化速率,3条河流的碳酸盐岩风化速率分别为43.7、24.7和29.8 t·km^-2·a^-1;CO2消耗速率为498×10^3、284×10^3和354×10^3mol·km^-2·a^-1。研究表明,同一区域相同气候条件下流域风化的空间差异显示了岩性对河流风化的控制作用,其结果可用于区域水环境质量和碳循环评估。     

温度和食物浓度对三品系萼花臂尾轮虫实验种群动态的影响

应用个体培养方法,研究了温度(20、25和30℃)和藻类食物浓度(1．5×10^6、3．0×10^6、6．0×10^6和9．0×10^6cells·ml^-1)对青岛、芜湖、广州三品系萼花臂尾轮虫种群动态的影响．结果表明,温度仅对轮虫的世代时间和种群内禀增长率有显著影响,而品系对所有生命表参数均无显著影响．轮虫种群的内禀增长率随培养温度的升高而增大,世代时间则随培养温度的升高而缩短．食物浓度仅对轮虫的生命期望值和平均寿命有显著影响,品系对轮虫的净生殖率、世代时间、生命期望值和平均寿命也有显著影响．三品系间,以广州品系轮虫的净生殖率、世代时间、生命期望值和平均寿命最大,芜湖品系最短．当食物浓度为3．0×10^6cells·ml^-1时,轮虫的生命期望值和平均寿命最长,9．0×10^6cells·ml^-1时最短．各品系轮虫的净生殖率、世代时间、总生殖率、生命期望值和平均寿命均随培养温度的升高而减小,广州品系的净生殖率除外．轮虫种群的内禀增长率和广州品系轮虫的总生殖率则随培养温度的升高而增大．青岛和广州品系轮虫的各生命表参数,均与食物浓度呈曲线相关,但芜湖品系仅世代时间、平均寿命和生命期望值随食物浓度的增大而缩短．     

香菇多糖提取分离的研究

采用DEAE—cellulose柱层析和Sephadex G-200柱层析从香菇子实体热水浸提的粗多糖中分离出两个多糖组分Lenl—A、Len2-A,经旋光度法、Sepharose 4B柱层析、红外光谱等方法检测确定为均一多糖组分,且均为α-构型的吡喃糖,苯酚硫酸法测得其糖质量分数分别为91．5％和92．3％,旋光度为＋5．6°、＋11．2°,相对分子质量为375×10^3、718×10^3。     

磷肥用量对芸豆氨基酸含量及组分的影响

本研究在不同磷肥施用量处理下,对NR、品芸1号、品芸2号3个小白芸豆品种子粒的氨基酸含量及组分测定、分析,探索磷肥对芸豆氨基酸及组分的调控效应。结果表明,不同磷肥用量处理均可提高芸豆氨基酸含量,对芸豆中人体必需氨基酸组分的影响因不同品种而异。品芸2号和NR总氨基酸及其各组分含量在50kg/hm^2纯磷肥用量条件下最高;品芸1号氨基酸积累在25kg/hm^2纯磷肥用量条件下最有效。     

不同环境条件下粳型杂交稻米碾磨品质性状的遗传效应分析

采用包括基因型×环境互作效应的种子遗传模型,对粳型杂交稻稻米碾磨品质性状进行了遗传研究.结果表明:各碾磨品质性状除了受制于种子直接效应、细胞质效应和母体效应等遗传主效应外,还明显受到各基因型×环境互作效应的影响.其中糙米率性状以遗传主效应为主,而精米率、整精米率性状以基因型×环境互作效应为主.在遗传主效应中,糙米率性状主要受种子直接加性效应、母体加性效应的控制;在基因型×环境互作效应中,精米率和整精米率性状都是以种子直接加性×环境互作效应和母体加性×环境互作效应为主,细胞质×环境互作效应也起着较为重要的作用.大部分稻米碾磨品质性状的狭义遗传率均较高,其中糙米率性状以普通狭义遗传率为主,而精米率和整精米率性状则以互作狭义遗传率为主.另外,根据性状的遗传效应预测值对各亲本的育种利用价值作了评价.     

灌浆期气象因子对杂交中籼稻米碾米品质和外观品质的影响

 以`II优7号'和`4228A/江恢15'两个杂交中稻组合为材料,通过分期播种处理,研究了灌浆期气象因子与杂交中稻稻米碾米品质和外观品质的关系。结果表明：在稻谷碾米品质和外观品质的5项指标中,显著受灌浆期气象因子影响的有整精米率、垩白粒率和垩白度3项指标,显著影响这3项指标的是齐穗后0～20 d 6个气象因子中的相对湿度、日均气温、日最低气温3个,齐穗后21～30 d的气象因子对米质的影响不显著。从总体上看, 齐穗后0～20 d的日均气温和日最低气温低, 相对湿度大,有利于提高整精米率,降低垩白粒率和垩白     

四川冕宁地区一万年来的植被与环境演变

依据彝海洼地钻孔高分辨率的孢粉时间序列,探讨了安宁河谷近１０Ｋａ来的古植被及古环境变迁。本区全新世大暖期以山毛榉科花粉连续的大量出现为标志,时间为８．８－２．６ＫＢＰ,前期温暖湿润,后期温热半湿,且冬季干旱化。气候被动明显存在３．５Ｋａ,１Ｋａ及０．２５Ｋａ的准周期。近３Ｋａ年来气候经历了两次大的干湿冷暖变化,可划分为四个气候期,基本为凉湿暖干的组合型式,降水量的变化与南极有可比性。     

亚种间杂交稻颖花受精率与温度的相关性及模型分析

分析了籼粳杂种、中间型杂种、籼稻和粳稻4种类型水稻15个品种2年分期播种的观测结果,结合对应的逐日气象资料,探讨了温湿度等气象因子对亚种间杂交稻受精率的影响规律,证实了亚种间杂交稻的受精率及其稳定性一般低于籼稻和粳稻.在温度、湿度、日照的11项气象因子中,探明温度是影响受精率的主要气象因子,且以盛花前后5～7 d的日均温影响最大.建立了4种水稻受精率-温度拟合模型,计算出亚种间杂交稻的受精最适温度和安全温度分别为28.2～29.3和23.4～24.3 ℃,比籼稻和粳稻的平均值分别高2.2和1.5 ℃.用旬平均气温24～25 ℃作为亚种间杂交稻的安全齐穗期温度指标分析表明,亚种间杂交稻的安全齐穗期在华南双季稻区为9月下旬～10月上旬,长江中下游稻区提前至9月上旬,江淮一季稻区则在8月下旬～9月上旬.     

Single rice growth period was prolonged by cultivars shifts,but yield was damaged by climate change during 1981–2009 in China,and late rice was just opposite

Based on the crop trial data during 1981–2009 at 57 agricultural experimental stations across the North Eastern China Plain (NECP) and the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River (MLRYR), we investigated how major climate variables had changed and how the climate change had affected crop growth and yield in a setting in which agronomic management practices were taken based on actual weather. We found a significant warming trend during rice growing season, and a general decreasing trend in solar radiation (SRD) in the MLRYR during 1981–2009. Rice transplanting, heading, and maturity dates were generally advanced, but the heading and maturity dates of single rice in the MLRYR (YZ_SR) and NECP (NE_SR) were delayed. Climate warming had a negative impact on growth period lengths at about 80% of the investigated stations. Nevertheless, the actual growth period lengths of YZ_SR and NE_SR, as well as the actual length of reproductive growth period (RGP) of early rice in the MLRYR (YZ_ER), were generally prolonged due to adoption of cultivars with longer growth period to obtain higher yield. In contrast, the actual growth period length of late rice in the MLRYR (YZ_LR) was shortened by both climate warming and adoption of early mature cultivars to prevent cold damage and obtain higher yield. During 1981–2009, climate warming and decrease in SRD changed the yield of YZ_ER by ?0.59 to 2.4%; climate warming during RGP increased the yield of YZ_LR by 8.38–9.56%; climate warming and decrease in SRD jointly reduced yield of YZ_SR by 7.14–9.68%; climate warming and increase in SRD jointly increased the yield of NE_SR by 1.01–3.29%. Our study suggests that rice production in China has been affected by climate change, yet at the same time changes in varieties continue to be the major factor driving yield and growing period trends.     

长江中下游地区水稻孕穗开花期高温发生规律及其对产量的影响

以长江中下游平原7个省(市)的19个地区作为样点,统计分析了各样点近36年(1970—2005年)水稻始穗前15d至始穗后20d内日最高气温≥35℃的时空分布特点;并根据全球气候渐变模型GISS GCM Transient B Runs生成的研究区域2030、2050年的气候渐变情景,分析了该地区未来水稻孕穗开花期≥35℃高温逆境的时空演变趋势。结果表明:近36年来长江中下游的早稻孕穗开花期出现高温日数的上升趋势显著,未来气候情景下水稻逆境指标出现日数最多的是单季稻,其次依次为早稻、后季稻;双季稻种植区,在未来气候变化中,长江中游地区温度逆境出现日数将大于下游地区。研究区域水稻气候产量的增减与该地区水稻逆境指标的关系说明,高温导致的颖花败育是水稻减产的重要原因;未来气候变化的两种(2030、2050)情景下,长江中游地区的减产幅度大于长江下游地区,减产幅度最大的是长江中游地区的后季稻。     

Impacts of climate change on paddy rice yield in a temperate climate

The crop simulation model is a suitable tool for evaluating the potential impacts of climate change on crop production and on the environment. This study investigates the effects of climate change on paddy rice production in the temperate climate regions under the East Asian monsoon system using the CERES‐Rice 4.0 crop simulation model. This model was first calibrated and validated for crop production under elevated CO₂ and various temperature conditions. Data were obtained from experiments performed using a temperature gradient field chamber (TGFC) with a CO₂ enrichment system installed at Chonnam National University in Gwangju, Korea in 2009 and 2010. Based on the empirical calibration and validation, the model was applied to deliver a simulated forecast of paddy rice production for the region, as well as for the other Japonica rice growing regions in East Asia, projecting for years 2050 and 2100. In these climate change projection simulations in Gwangju, Korea, the yield increases (+12.6 and + 22.0%) due to CO₂ elevation were adjusted according to temperature increases showing variation dependent upon the cultivars, which resulted in significant yield decreases (?22.1% and ?35.0%). The projected yields were determined to increase as latitude increases due to reduced temperature effects, showing the highest increase for any of the study locations (+24%) in Harbin, China. It appears that the potential negative impact on crop production may be mediated by appropriate cultivar selection and cultivation changes such as alteration of the planting date. Results reported in this study using the CERES‐Rice 4.0 model demonstrate the promising potential for its further application in simulating the impacts of climate change on rice production from a local to a regional scale under the monsoon climate system.     

“双季稻-鸭”共生生态系统稻作季节氮循环

“稻鸭共生”是对我国传统农业稻田养鸭的继承与发展.2010年5-10月在长江流域双季稻主产区湖南布置了稻田养鸭田间试验,以常规稻作为对照,研究了早、晚稻两季“稻鸭共生”生态系统氮(N)循环特征.结果表明:“早稻-鸭”共生系统N输出是239.5 kg· hm-2,其中鸭产品N是12.77 kg·hm-2.“晚稻-鸭”共生系统N输出是338.7 kg· hm-2,其中鸭产品N是23.35 kg· hm-2.在早、晚稻两季,“稻鸭共生”系统在目前的N养分投入水平下,土壤均存在N亏缺;鸭子系统N输入主要来自系统外投入的饲料N;鸭粪N作为系统内被循环利用的养分,早、晚稻两季循环率分别为2.5％和3.5％.两季稻作后,土壤截存的N量是178.6 kg·hm-2.     

Effect of deep placement of ball-type fertilizer at different growth stages on yield and yield components of the rice plant in the Philippines

Summary The application of ball-type fertilizers into the reduced layer of paddy soil increased grain number and uptake of nitrogen by rice plants. However, because filled grain percentage tended to decrease with increased grain number, the grain yield of lowland rice was not consistently increased by the application of ball-type fertilizer.Rice varieties differed in their response to large-sized fertilizers. For early maturing varieties basal application was best for increasing grain number and yield. For the medium-maturing varieties, such as IR26, deep placement of the ball-type fertilizer seemed favorable during the period from transplanting to 30 to 40 days before heading. re]19751126     

施肥对巢湖流域稻季氨挥发损失的影响

采用通气法对巢湖流域稻季土壤氨挥发原位监测,研究了不同施肥量及秸秆还田处理对稻季氨挥发的影响。结果表明,氨挥发峰值发生在施肥后的第1-3 天,氨挥发损失主要集中于施肥后的1周。2010年整个稻季氨挥发净损失量为7.22-14.20 kg/hm²,占氮肥施用量的4.59%-6.64%,基肥期是主要的氨挥发时期,约占总氨挥发量的60%,穗肥期氨挥发总损失量最小。常规施肥处理氨挥发总损失量最大,与常规施肥相比,优化施肥、减量化施肥均能减少稻田土壤氨挥发损失1%-2%,氮磷肥减量同时秸秆还田处理氨挥发量最小,其总氨挥发量占常规处理的54%。施肥后的1-2d内田面水中的NH₄⁺-N浓度达到最大值,且各施肥处理的氨挥发量与同期田面水中的NH₄⁺-N浓度呈线性正相关。结合经济效益和环境效应分析发现,秸秆还田处理可减少氨挥发损失,同时获得较高的经济效益,适宜在巢湖流域水稻季推广。     

Coupling of the PADDY-Large model with geospatial information for predicting paddy pesticide behavior in river basins

The previously developed PADDY-Large model was improved by the coupling of geospatial information about watershed properties (Digital National Land Information and digital cultivated soil maps of Japan). The improved model was used for simulating the spatiotemporal variations of pesticide concentrations in rice paddies located in two river basins. We also developed a method for clarifying land use in sub-basins and for allocation of paddy fields to the nearest 50-m-long river segment for the model calculation. We validated the model by monitoring paddy pesticide concentrations in river water in basins under rice cultivation in southern Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan, and comparing the measured concentrations with concentrations simulated by the model. The measured concentrations of the herbicide mefenacet in river water peaked 1?C2?weeks after transplanting (mid-May) and then decreased rapidly in early June. The period during which mefenacet was detected corresponded to the application timing of mefenacet. The improved PADDY-Large model accurately simulated changes in measured concentrations of mefenacet at the sampling points. The spatial distribution of mefenacet concentrations was related to the distribution of paddy fields. River segments with relatively large areas of paddy fields in upstream areas of the sub-basins had relatively high mefenacet concentrations.