室旁核注射GLP-1 及拮抗剂对大鼠胃组织nesfatin-1 表达的影响

目的:探讨下丘脑室旁核(pareventricular,PVN)注射胰高血糖素样肽-1(GLP-1)及其受体拮抗剂Exendin(9-39)后胃组织核组蛋白2(NUCB2)/nesfatin-1表达的影响。方法:选取48只雄性Wistar大鼠,随机分为6组,生理盐水组,四种不同剂量GLP-1组(0.003 nmol/10μL,0.03 nmol/10μL,0.3 nmol/10μL,3 nmol/10μL),30 nmol Exendin(9-39)+3 nmol GLP-1(E+G)组,每组8只。PVN区埋置套管并按每组要求分别经套管给予GLP-1及Exendin(9-39)等药物。给药2小时后处死大鼠并取胃组织,实时荧光定量RT-PCR法检测各组胃组织NUCB2 m RNA表达。另外生理盐水组,3 nmo L GLP-1组及E+G组每组分别随机取6只大鼠的部分胃组织,用免疫组织化学法测胃粘膜NUCB2/nesfatin-1蛋白的表达情况。结果:实时荧光定量RT-PCR法发现3 nmo L GLP-1组大鼠胃组织NUCB2 m RNA表达量高于生理盐水组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),而其余各组大鼠胃组织NUCB2 m RNA表达与生理盐水组比较无统计学差异(P0.05)。免疫组化结果显示3 nmo L GLP-1组胃粘膜NUCB2/nesfatin-1蛋白表达与生理盐水组、E+G组比较有统计学差异(P0.05),生理盐水组大鼠胃粘膜NUCB2/nesfatin-1蛋白表达与E+G组比较无明显差异(P0.05)。结论:PVN注射GLP-1能够促进胃组织NUCB2/nesfatin-1的表达,这一作用可能是通过激活GLP-1受体来完成的。     

白藜芦醇对成年期追赶生长大鼠体成分的影响及机制

目的:观察白藜芦醇对成年期追赶生长大鼠体成分的影响及可能机制。方法:8周龄雄性 SD 大鼠分为6组(共2个时间点),即4周时间点3组:正常饮食4周 (NC4)组、热卡限制4周(R4)组,热卡限制同时白藜芦醇治疗(R4E)组;12周时间点3组:正常饮食12周(NC12)组,追赶生长(CUG)组,追赶生长白藜芦醇治疗(CUGE)组。每组含6只大鼠,白藜芦醇用生理盐水配制成一定浓度悬浊液,按100 mg/(kg·d)剂量予实验动物灌胃治疗。实验第4周、12周检测体重、躯干和全身的肌肉及脂肪含量、躯干与全身脂肪比例,实验第12周检测骨骼肌与附睾脂肪组织SIRT1的表达,附睾脂肪组织PPARγ的表达。结果:与NC12组相比,CUG组躯干及全身的脂肪含量、躯干与全身脂肪比例、附睾脂肪组织PPARγ的表达均明显升高(P＜0.05),肌肉含量、骨骼肌与附睾脂肪组织SIRT1的表达显著降低(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);与CUG组相比,经白藜芦醇干预后的CUGE组全身的脂肪含量、躯干与全身脂肪比例、附睾脂肪组织PPARγ的表达均明显降低(P＜0.05),肌肉含量、骨骼肌与附睾脂肪组织SIRT1的表达较CUG组显著提高(P＜0.05)。结论:白藜芦醇降低成年期追赶生长大鼠体脂含量,增加肌肉含量,改善腹部脂肪堆积,其机制可能与增加骨骼肌及内脏脂肪组织SIRT1表达,抑制内脏脂肪PPARγ的表达有关。     

NUCB2/nesfatin-1对小鼠摄食行为的调控及机制

目的:探讨NUCB2/nesfatin-1对小鼠摄食行为的调控及机制。方法:利用侧脑室埋管,免疫组化染色等方法,探讨侧脑室和外周注射nesfatin-1对小鼠摄食行为的影响。结果:侧脑室注射不同剂量nesfatin-1(0.3μg,1μg,3μg),注药后4 h夜间进食量明显减少,且呈显著剂量依赖关系(t=2.61~4.78,P0.05~0.01),侧脑室注射3μg nesfatin-1,小鼠前3小时累积摄食量明显降低(t=8.69~10.73,P0.01),且持续降低12小时(t=2.64,P0.05),同时餐间间隔时间明显延长(t=2.66,P0.05),每分钟/1-4 h进食量明显降低(t=2.63,P0.05),且进食每克食物所用时间明显增加(t=3.02,P0.05)。在下丘脑弓状核,外侧区和背内侧核均有NUCB2/nesfatin-1免疫阳性神经元表达。皮下或腹腔注射nesfatin-1,小鼠进食量和进食行为均无显著改变(P0.05)。结论:中枢nesfatin-1可抑制小鼠摄食行为。     

下丘脑Nesfatin-1抑食效应及机制研究

目的:探讨下丘脑nesfatin-1与组胺信号通路间的相互作用及对摄食的影响。方法:采用第三脑室置管、药物注射、免疫组化、ELISA等方法,观察氟甲基组氨酸(FMH)、α螺旋促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素(CRH)和促甲状腺激素释放激素(TRH)对Nesfatin-1诱导的抑制摄食的影响,以及Nesfatin-1与组胺信号通路相互影响调控摄食机制。结果:第三脑室注射nesfatin-1可显著减少大鼠摄食量,而第三脑室内预先注射FMH,nesfatin-1抑制摄食效应明显减弱,但FMH本身并不影响大鼠夜间摄食量。第三脑室注射nesfatin-1,可显著增加优降宁诱发的PVN、腹内侧核(VMH)、结节乳头核(TMN)内t-MH的积累;但腹腔注射nesfatin-1没有引起大鼠摄食改变,t-MH蓄积也无显著变化。第三脑室注射α螺旋CRH或抗TRH血清均可显著减弱nesfatin-1的抑食效应,而α螺旋CRH、抗TRH血清本身并不显著影响大鼠摄食量。第三脑室注射nesfatin-1可显著增加下丘脑PVN内CRH和TRH水平,且nesfatin-1可显著增加优降宁诱导的PVN、VMH和TMN内t-MH的表达,而α螺旋CRH或抗TRH血清可显著抑制nesfatin-1诱导的PVN、VMH和TMH内t-MH的蓄积。第三脑室注射组胺可显著增加大鼠下丘脑PVN内nesfatin-1含量,但LH、VMH、TMN以及血浆内nesfatin-1水平无显著改变。免疫组化研究显示,PVN内有nesfatin-1和H1-R免疫反应阳性神经元,且部分神经元共存。结论:Nesfatin-1的抑食效应可能与下丘脑组胺信号通路介导。     

Nesfatin-1对卡巴胆碱诱导的大鼠胃粘膜细胞胃酸分泌的影响及其机制研究

目的:探讨Nesfatin-1对卡巴胆碱诱导的离体大鼠胃粘膜细胞胃酸分泌的影响及其机制。方法:采用酶解法分离原代SD大鼠胃粘膜细胞。Nesfatin-1(10-1μmol/L)作用大鼠胃粘膜细胞不同时间以及不同浓度Nesfatin-1(10-1、10-2、10-3、10-4μmol/L)作用大鼠胃粘膜细胞0.5 h后,通过14C-氨基比林(14C-Aminopyrine,14C-AP)法检测其对卡巴胆碱(100μmol/L)诱导的大鼠胃粘膜细胞胃酸分泌的影响。将Nesfatin-1(10-1μmol/L)与卡巴胆碱(100μmol/L)共孵育大鼠胃粘膜细胞0.5 h后,通过透射电镜观察胃壁细胞超微结构的变化。结果:Nesfatin-1(10-1μmol/L)作用于大鼠胃粘膜细胞0.5 h、1.0 h及10-1、10-2、10-3μmol/L Nesfatin-1作用于大鼠胃粘膜细胞0.5 h均可明显降低卡巴胆碱诱导的14C-AP摄取量,与卡巴胆碱组相比,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);Nesfatin-1可影响卡巴胆碱诱导的大鼠胃壁细胞的超微结构,抑制其从静息态向分泌态转化。结论:Nesfatin-1可能通过影响胃壁细胞超微结构变化抑制卡巴胆碱诱导的SD大鼠胃粘膜细胞的胃酸分泌。     

下丘脑Nesfatin-1/NUCB2对糖尿病小鼠摄食的影响

目的:探讨下丘脑神经肽NUCB2与Tsumura Suzuki(TS)多基因突变2型糖尿病(T2DM)小鼠摄食过多的关系。方法:将动物分为Tsumura Suzuki糖尿病(TSD)小鼠、正常小鼠;监视器监测小鼠摄食量;分析血生化指标;定量RT-PCR分析摄食相关神经肽m RNA表达水平;放射免疫分析法检测nesfatin-1蛋白水平。结果:与年龄匹配的TSN小鼠相比,TSD小鼠在1月龄就存在体重增加(P<0.05)和高瘦素血症(P<0.05),3-12月龄出现贪食(P<0.05)、高血糖(P<0.05)、高血脂(P<0.05)和高胰岛素血症(P<0.05),且3-12月龄时厌食肽nesfatin-1前体核连蛋白2(NUCB2)m RNA和nesfatin-1蛋白水平均显著降低(P<0.05~0.01);TSD小鼠下丘脑甘丙肽、黑色素浓集素、神经肽Y及前黑素细胞皮质素原m RNA水平也有显著改变(P<0.05)。结论:下丘脑NUCB2介导信号通路破坏可能导致TSD小鼠摄食过多。     

冷驯化对中缅树鼩PPARα、COXⅡ及PGC-1α基因表达量的影响

为了研究冷驯化条件下中缅树鼩Tupaia belangeri的脂肪组织是否会转化,本研究测定了冷驯化条件下中缅树鼩脂肪组织质量,脂肪转化因子过氧化物酶体增殖激活受体α(PPARα)、环氧化酶-2(COXⅡ)及过氧化物酶体增殖物受体γ共激活因子1α(PGC-1α)基因表达量的变化。结果表明:中缅树鼩冷驯化组无论是褐色脂肪组织(BAT)质量,还是大网膜白色脂肪组织(WAT)质量均较对照组显著增加(P0.01),脂肪转化因子PPARα、COXⅡ及PGC-1α基因表达量也显著上调(P0.01)。以上结果说明中缅树鼩WAT中PPARα、COXⅡ、PGC-1α基因表达量的增加可能诱导了WAT细胞褐变,进而向BAT细胞转化和提高BAT中解偶联蛋白1的表达。     

中枢nesfatin-1对大鼠夜间摄食和胃排空的影响

目的:观察中枢nesfatin-1对大鼠夜间摄食和胃排空的影响。方法:大鼠经腹腔注射硫酸仲丁巴比妥(100~150 mg/kg)麻醉,侧脑室、第四脑室或小脑延髓池注射nesfatin-1或CRF受体拮抗剂astressin-B或astressin2-B,观察对摄食、胃排空的影响。结果:侧脑室注射nesfatin-1后大鼠第3-6 h夜间进食量(t=3.05~3.58,P0.01)和3 h和6 h的累积进食量(t=5.90~12.1,P0.01)明显减少,nesfatin-1的该抑制效应可被预先侧脑室注射astressin-B或astressin2-B阻断(t=1.06~2.22,P0.05)。第四脑室或小脑延髓池注射nesfatin-1后大鼠夜间摄食量在第1h就明显减少(t=2.59~6.26,P0.05~0.01),持续减少至5-6h(t=1.69~7.42,P0.05~0.01)。侧脑室注射不同剂量nesfatin-1(0.05或0.5μg)20 min后GE率明显降低,且随注射剂量增大,GE率越低(t=3.25~4.67,P0.01)。若预先给予大鼠CRF受体拮抗剂astressin2-B(30μg)再注射nesfatin-1(0.5μg),nesfatin-1抑制大鼠胃排空效应明显减弱(t=2.45~2.85,P0.05)。禁食24 h后再喂食2 h,大鼠下丘脑中nesfatin-1表达明显增加(t=2.87,P0.05),禁食24 h后血浆nesfatin-1水平明显降低(t=1.51,P0.05)。结论:Nesfatin-1抑制摄食作用可能由nesfatin-1和CRF2信号系统共同调节。     

皖南花猪不同发育阶段脂肪组织脂联素及受体和瘦素mRNA的变化

目的:研究皖南花猪不同发育阶段不同部位脂肪组织中脂联素(Adp)及其受体(AdpR1、AdpR2)和瘦素(leptin)mRNA的变化及性别差异。方法:选择出生、30、45、90、180日龄的皖南花猪雌、雄各5头,以β-actin为内标,采用△△Ct相对定量实时荧光PCR方法对皮下脂肪和肾周脂肪中Adp、AdpR1、AdpR2和leptin mRNA进行定量分析。结果:不同发育阶段皮下脂肪和肾周脂肪Adp、AdpR1、AdpR2、leptin mRNA的表达都有极显著差异(P<0.01)。总体上Adp mRNA在肾周脂肪显著高于皮下脂肪(P<0.05);AdpR1、AdpR2和leptin mRNA在皮下脂肪显著或极显著高于肾周脂肪(P<0.05或P<0.01)。除个别基因和个别日龄外,总体上各基因mRNA表达的性别差异不明显。无论在皮下脂肪还是肾周脂肪,Adp mRNA的表达与AdpR1、AdpR2呈显著或极显著正相关(P<0.05或P<0.01),与leptin显著负相关(P<0.05)。结论:皖南花猪不同发育阶段脂肪组织中Adp、AdpR1、AdpR2、leptin的基因表达有差异,且有组织特异性;Adp与其受体mRNA表达有相关性。     

双峰驼NUCB2/Nesfatin-1抗体的制备及其表达分布北大核心CSCD

双峰驼(Camelus bactrianus)经过长期的自然选择,具备了许多特殊的生物学特性,比如极强的耐渴、耐饥饿以及适应恶劣气候等能力。Nesfatin-1是一种由82个氨基酸组成的肽,通过其前体物质NUCB2在Lys 83~Arg 84位点的前激素转化酶(PCs)的蛋白质水解而来,其可以调节机体的能量代谢效率,对食欲有抑制作用。研究双峰驼体内NUCB2/Nesfatin-1的分布与表达,以探究双峰驼体内是否具有特有的能量代谢方式,是否与其不会发生代谢性疾病有一定的联系。使用化学合成的方法合成双峰驼NUCB2/Nesfatin-1蛋白特定表位的半抗原多肽,使用马来酰亚胺法将半抗原与血蓝蛋白(KLH)偶联,通过免疫动物制备针对NUCB2/Nesfatin-1蛋白单一抗原表位的多克隆抗体,应用Western Blot方法检测NUCB2/Nesfatin-1蛋白在双峰驼下丘脑(弓状核、孤束核、腹内侧核)、前峰脂肪、后峰脂肪、胃(胃底腺周围组织)、十二指肠、空肠、回肠、盲肠、结肠、直肠、胰腺、肝以及腹部脂肪组织中的表达情况,使用荧光定量PCR技术检测NUCB2/Nesfatin-1 mRNA在双峰驼上述组织中的表达情况。结果采用GraphPad Prism 5.0软件的t检验分析。合成的双峰驼NUCB2/Nesfatin-1蛋白特定表位的多肽杂峰很少,经过计算其纯度大于95%。多肽的质荷比[M+4H]^(4+)和[M+3H]^(3+)符合预期。经过间接ELISA法测定制备的针对NUCB2/Nesfatin-1蛋白的多克隆抗体的效价为5.12×10^(5),成功制备多克隆抗体。使用制备的NUCB2/Nesfatin-1多克隆抗体检测双峰驼体内的NUCB2/Nesfatin-1蛋白的分布,其中,在双峰驼脂肪组织和胰腺组织中表达较为显著。荧光定量PCR检测双峰驼体内的NUCB2/Nesfatin-1 mRNA的分布,在所检测的组织中均有基因表达,其中,在腹部脂肪和肝组织的相对表达量较高。本研究通过分析抗原表位及合成多肽的方式,成功制备了针对双峰驼NUCB2/Nesfatin-1蛋白的特异性抗体,且该抗体的效价高、特异性强。通过成功制备的特异性抗体在蛋白层次上检测NUCB2/Nesfatin-1在双峰驼体内的分布情况,再使用荧光定量PCR方法在基因层次检测NUCB2/Nesfatin-1在双峰驼体内的分布情况。通过对结果的分析后发现,NUCB2/Nesfatin-1可能在双峰驼的耐渴、耐饥饿的机制调节中起到了抑制食欲的作用,使得双峰驼可以忍受长时间的饥饿,在双峰驼的外周脂肪组织中高表达,推测NUCB2/Nesfatin-1蛋白在双峰驼体内可能通过抑制脂肪细胞的分化,促进脂肪细胞中脂滴的水解为机体提供能量,其具体在脂肪细胞中的功能有待我们的进一步研究。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.