计算机辅助骨组织工程技术的研究进展

计算机辅助骨组织工程作为一种新的研究领域可以帮助进行复杂的个性化支架的建模,设计和制造,使支架材料达到理想的物理,化学和生物学性能。本文从骨组织工程支架材料的设计路线出发,综述了计算机辅助技术在骨组织工程支架材料上面的应用,并着重探讨了计算机辅助组织建模、骨组织工程支架的设计和快速成型制造技术的最新进展。     

骨髓间充质干细胞复合支架材料的骨组织工程研究进展

近年来,组织工程技术飞速发展,将种子细胞与支架材料相复合的骨组织工程研究已成为热点,并日趋走向成熟。这一全新的治疗方案将成为解决临床上各种原因造成的骨组织缺损的最有效途径之一。骨组织工程技术包括种子细胞、支架材料和生长因子三个方面。其中,BMSCs因具有多向分化能力、强大的增殖能力以及低免疫源性被认为是最理想的种子细胞,而支架材料的种类有很多种,目前对支架材料的选择也尚有分歧。如何找到理想的支架材料是骨组织工程研究中亟待解决的重要问题。本文就组织工程中与骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)相复合的各类支架材料的研究现状进行综述,这些支架材料的研究将为骨组织工程支架材料的选择提供有效依据。     

藻酸盐三维细胞培养在骨组织工程中应用的研究进展

目的综述藻酸盐三维细胞培养系统在骨组织工程中的应用研究进展。方法广泛查阅近年来有关藻酸盐三维细胞培养系统在骨组织工程应用研究的文献进行综述。结果藻酸盐具有良好的生物相容性,无毒、对宿主无免疫原性和生物可降解等独特的物理、化学和生物特性,藻酸盐三维细胞培养系统仍然是迄今理想的骨组织工程支架材料之一。结论藻酸盐三维细胞培养系统不仅将广泛应用于生命科学基础研究,作为一种理想的组织移植的支架材料,有望逐步走向临床应用。     

骨组织工程脱细胞骨基质的研究进展及存在问题

随着骨科学的发展,骨组织缺损治疗这一难题尤显突出,急需一种更为有效的疗法.骨组织工程是采用组织工程学的原理与方法,研制具有修复骨缺损能力的骨替代物的一门科学.经过20余年的发展,骨组织工程最终确立了将骨再生相关分子、成骨活性细胞与支架材料三者复合来构建组织工程骨的基本模式.支架材料是骨组织工程的核心,而作为支架材料之一的脱细胞骨基质(Acellular bone extracellular matrix,ABECM),近年来发展迅猛,展示出强大的生命力及临床应用前景.并且ABECM已有应用于临床试验的报道.本文将就此做一综述.     

壳聚糖复合材料在骨组织工程中的应用

支架材料作为骨组织工程的关键三要素之一具有重要的作用。壳聚糖是唯一带正电的天然碱性多糖,其具有良好的生物相容性、生物可降解性、固有的抗菌性以及促进成骨细胞增殖、促成骨分化等优点,在骨组织工程中被广泛用来制备骨组织工程支架材料。但单纯壳聚糖制备的支架材料机械性能较差、生物响应性较低。因此,近些年来基于壳聚糖的复合支架备受人们关注。目前,人们已经研发出了不同类型的壳聚糖基复合材料,包含与无机相、有机相以及多相复合的支架材料等,并对其生物学性能进行广泛研究,主要包括支架材料在细胞体外培养中的作用、支架材料体内修复不同骨缺损的效果和模式等方面。本文对此进行综述,并对今后的研究趋势进行了初步的探讨     

基于天然水凝胶的生物材料在骨组织工程中的应用*

天然水凝胶是指原材料来自于天然生物材料的水凝胶。由于这种天然的聚合物含有构成生物体的天然成分,与天然组织具有生物学和化学相似性,而受到特别关注。天然水凝胶由于其与细胞外基质高度的相似性被认为是骨组织工程中优良的仿生基质材料。而针对天然水凝胶机械性能差、成骨诱导性能弱等缺陷,通常需要对天然水凝胶进行改性、引入其他材料或生物活性因子,以此来获得更适用于骨组织工程支架材料。对近年来基于天然水凝胶的生物材料在骨组织工程的应用,与其不同的应用形式(可注射水凝胶、多孔水凝胶支架、3D生物打印水凝胶支架等)进行了概述,以期对这类基于天然水凝胶的生物材料在未来骨组织工程中的应用提供参考。     

明胶微球在骨组织工程中的应用

骨组织工程通过联合利用种子细胞、生物活性因子和支架材料等要素来构建骨组织再生微环境,从而促进骨缺损的修复重建来诱导骨再生。明胶微球具有多孔性、生物降解性、生物相容性及生物安全性等优势,是一种极具应用潜能的骨修复材料。明胶微球用于体外培养种子细胞时可实现高效扩增。多官能团结构使其可作为促血管再生因子、促骨再生因子及抗感染因子等多种药物的递送载体,缓释药物的同时也可实现微球的多功能化。在构建明胶微球支架时与其他生物材料复合及血管化性能的赋予可提高支架材料的综合性能,但目前支架的设计还存在如何兼顾材料多孔结构和力学性能的问题。本文主要综述了明胶微球的常见制备技术及其近年来在骨组织工程中的应用,并对未来的发展前景进行展望。     

利用新型聚羟丁酸酯材料构建组织工程软骨

目的:研究新型聚羟丁酸酯作为组织工程软骨支架材料的可行性.方法:取幼兔软骨组织中软骨细胞体外培养扩增.实验组接种软骨细胞于支架材料上,体外培养两周后埋植于新西兰大白兔背部皮下;对照组埋入未接种细胞的支架材料.扫描电镜观察材料表面形态及细胞生长情况.分别于第4、8、12周取出标本,大体观察后进行HE和Masson染色,观察组织工程软骨形成情况.结果:扫描电镜观察可见裸材料孔隙分布均匀,形状不规则;细胞材料复合体体外培养两周后材料表面爬满细胞且生长状态良好.埋植材料取出后可见不同时间点实验组标本大小无明显变化,对照组标本逐渐变小.HE和Masson染色显示各组支架材料至12周时已被完全吸收;实验组12周时可见较成熟软骨组织;对照组支架材料被吸收后最终被纤维结缔组织取代.结论:此新型聚羟丁酸酯材料可作为组织工程软骨支架材料.     

生物水凝胶及其复合材料在骨修复中的应用

由于外伤、疾病或骨吸收引起的大面积骨缺损无法自行修复,往往需要植入人工骨来恢复缺损区的骨形态和功能。由于传统的异体和异种骨存在易被宿主吸收、排斥等问题,且自体骨取材有限,因此,骨组织工程是目前最具前景和可行的骨修复策略。骨组织工程的关键是要有种子细胞、支架材料以及生长因子,生物水凝胶是潜在的组织工程细胞支架材料之一。水凝胶具有良好的生物相容性和可降解性,越来越受到组织工程领域学者的关注。本文对生物水凝胶在骨组织工程中的应用进行了评述。     

聚多巴胺的表面修饰功能在组织工程的应用进展*

聚多巴胺作为贻贝的仿生材料,可由多巴胺在碱性环境中自发形成。由于其较好的黏附特性以及组织相容性,在生命科学等领域有着广泛的应用。将聚多巴胺对材料进行表面修饰,既可以保护材料免受强氧化剂、酸碱等外界的侵蚀,也可以通过表面改性赋予材料新的功能,使其在各领域发挥更好的作用。对聚多巴胺的制备原理、生物性能,以及近年来在组织工程领域(骨组织、软骨组织、硬脑膜组织、血管组织、耳组织)的运用进行综述,以期为后续聚多巴胺作为组织工程黏附材料的研究提供参考。     

Biological properties of solid free form designed ceramic scaffolds with BMP-2: in vitro and in vivo evaluation

Porous ceramic scaffolds are widely studied in the tissue engineering field due to their potential in medical applications as bone substitutes or as bone-filling materials. Solid free form (SFF) fabrication methods allow fabrication of ceramic scaffolds with fully controlled pore architecture, which opens new perspectives in bone tissue regeneration materials. However, little experimentation has been performed about real biological properties and possible applications of SFF designed 3D ceramic scaffolds. Thus, here the biological properties of a specific SFF scaffold are evaluated first, both in vitro and in vivo, and later scaffolds are also implanted in pig maxillary defect, which is a model for a possible application in maxillofacial surgery. In vitro results show good biocompatibility of the scaffolds, promoting cell ingrowth. In vivo results indicate that material on its own conducts surrounding tissue and allow cell ingrowth, thanks to the designed pore size. Additional osteoinductive properties were obtained with BMP-2, which was loaded on scaffolds, and optimal bone formation was observed in pig implantation model. Collectively, data show that SFF scaffolds have real application possibilities for bone tissue engineering purposes, with the main advantage of being fully customizable 3D structures.     

生物支架材料——组织工程连载之二

具有三维结构的支架材料是组织工程的核心内容之一。现有组织工程支架可分为天然生物材料、合成有机材料和无机材料三类。支架材料近年来研究十分活跃,不仅在组织工程的最早产品人工皮肤领域进行了更为完善的研究和开发,同时在诸如人工骨、软骨、神经、血管、皮肤、肝、脾、肾、膀胱等方面进行了大量研究和探索。与普通组织工程支架需要预先制备并在体外成型不同,近年来在骨和软骨组织工程实践中兴起的可注射支架具有许多优势,是未来组织工程支架发展的重要方向之一。     

Fabrication of individual scaffolds based on a patient-specific alveolar bone defect model

Fabricating individualized tissue engineering scaffolds based on the three-dimensional shape of patient bone defects is required for the successful clinical application of bone tissue engineering. However, there are currently no reported studies of individualized bone tissue engineering scaffolds that truly reproduce a patient-specific bone defect. We fabricated individualized tissue engineering scaffolds based on alveolar bone defects. The individualized poly(lactide-co-glycolide) and tricalcium phosphate composite scaffolds were custom-made by acquiring the three-dimensional model through computed tomography, which was input into the computer-aided low-temperature deposition manufacturing system. The three-dimensional shape of the fabricated scaffold was identical to the patient-specific alveolar bone defects, with an average macropore diameter of 380 μm, micropore diameters ranging from 3 to 5 μm, and an average porosity of 87.4%. The mechanical properties of the scaffold were similar to adult cancellous bone. Scaffold biocompatibility was confirmed by attachment and proliferation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Successful realization of individualized scaffold fabrication will enable clinical application of tissue-engineered bone at an early date.     

Bone marrow stromal cells (bone marrow-derived multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells) for bone tissue engineering: basic science to clinical translation

Bone tissue engineering is a promising field of regenerative medicine in which cultured cells, scaffolds, and osteogenic inductive signals are used to regenerate bone. This technology has already been used in several clinical studies and its efficacy has been reported. In this review, we focus on bone marrow stromal cells, which are the most commonly used cell source for bone tissue engineering. The nature of the cells, suitable culture conditions for bone tissue engineering, and their potential therapeutic applications are reviewed with possible caveats. Furthermore, recent advances in bone marrow stromal cell biology are discussed with reference to clinical translation.     

Designing of PLA scaffolds for bone tissue replacement fabricated by ordinary commercial 3D printer

Background

The primary objective of Tissue engineering is a regeneration or replacement of tissues or organs damaged by disease, injury, or congenital anomalies. At present, Tissue engineering repairs damaged tissues and organs with artificial supporting structures called scaffolds. These are used for attachment and subsequent growth of appropriate cells. During the cell growth gradual biodegradation of the scaffold occurs and the final product is a new tissue with the desired shape and properties.In recent years, research workplaces are focused on developing scaffold by bio-fabrication techniques to achieve fast, precise and cheap automatic manufacturing of these structures. Most promising techniques seem to be Rapid prototyping due to its high level of precision and controlling. However, this technique is still to solve various issues before it is easily used for scaffold fabrication.In this article we tested printing of clinically applicable scaffolds with use of commercially available devices and materials. Research presented in this article is in general focused on “scaffolding” on a field of bone tissue replacement.

Results

Commercially available 3D printer and Polylactic acid were used to create originally designed and possibly suitable scaffold structures for bone tissue engineering. We tested printing of scaffolds with different geometrical structures. Based on the osteosarcoma cells proliferation experiment and mechanical testing of designed scaffold samples, it will be stated that it is likely not necessary to keep the recommended porosity of the scaffold for bone tissue replacement at about 90%, and it will also be clarified why this fact eliminates mechanical properties issue. Moreover, it is demonstrated that the size of an individual pore could be double the size of the recommended range between 0.2–0.35 mm without affecting the cell proliferation.

Conclusion

Rapid prototyping technique based on Fused deposition modelling was used for the fabrication of designed scaffold structures. All the experiments were performed in order to show how to possibly solve certain limitations and issues that are currently reported by research workplaces on the field of scaffold bio-fabrication. These results should provide new valuable knowledge for further research.

     

Advances in 3D printing of composite scaffolds for the repairment of bone tissue associated defects

The conventional methods of using autografts and allografts for repairing defects in bone, the osteochondral bone, and the cartilage tissue have many disadvantages, like donor site morbidity and shortage of donors. Moreover, only 30% of the implanted grafts are shown to be successful in treating the defects. Hence, exploring alternative techniques such as tissue engineering to treat bone tissue associated defects is promising as it eliminates the above-mentioned limitations. To enhance the mechanical and biological properties of the tissue engineered product, it is essential to fabricate the scaffold used in tissue engineering by the combination of various biomaterials. Three-dimensional (3D) printing, with its ability to print composite materials and with complex geometry seems to have a huge potential in scaffold fabrication technique for engineering bone associated tissues. This review summarizes the recent applications and future perspectives of 3D printing technologies in the fabrication of composite scaffolds used in bone, osteochondral, and cartilage tissue engineering. Key developments in the field of 3D printing technologies involves the incorporation of various biomaterials and cells in printing composite scaffolds mimicking physiologically relevant complex geometry and gradient porosity. Much recently, the emerging trend of printing smart scaffolds which can respond to external stimulus such as temperature, pH and magnetic field, known as 4D printing is gaining immense popularity and can be considered as the future of 3D printing applications in the field of tissue engineering.     

Bone tissue engineering using marrow stromal cells

Bone tissue defects cause a significant socioeconomic problem, and bone is the most frequently transplanted tissue beside blood. Autografting is considered the gold standard treatment for bone defects, but its utility is limited due to donor site morbidity. Hence much research has focused on bone tissue engineering as a promising alternative method for repair of bone defects. Marrow stromal cells (MSCs) are considered to be potential cell sources for bone tissue engineering. In bone tissue engineering using MSCs, bone is formed through intramembranous and endochondral ossification in response to osteogenic inducers. Angiogenesis is a complex process mediated by multiple growth factors and is crucial for bone regeneration. Vascular endothelial growth factor plays important roles in bone tissue regeneration by promoting the migration and differentiation of osteoblasts, and by inducing angiogenesis. Scaffold materials used for bone tissue engineering include natural components of bone, such as calcium phosphate and collagen I, and biodegradable polymers such as poly(lactide-coglycolide) However, ideal scaffolds for bone tissue engineering have yet to be found. Bone tissue engineering has been successfully used to treat bone defects in several human clinical trials to regenerate bone defects. Through investigation of MSC biology and the development of novel scaffolds, we will be able to develop advanced bone tissue engineering techniques in the future.     

Osteochondral tissue engineering: scaffolds, stem cells and applications

Osteochondral tissue engineering has shown an increasing development to provide suitable strategies for the regeneration of damaged cartilage and underlying subchondral bone tissue. For reasons of the limitation in the capacity of articular cartilage to self-repair, it is essential to develop approaches based on suitable scaffolds made of appropriate engineered biomaterials. The combination of biodegradable polymers and bioactive ceramics in a variety of composite structures is promising in this area, whereby the fabrication methods, associated cells and signalling factors determine the success of the strategies. The objective of this review is to present and discuss approaches being proposed in osteochondral tissue engineering, which are focused on the application of various materials forming bilayered composite scaffolds, including polymers and ceramics, discussing the variety of scaffold designs and fabrication methods being developed. Additionally, cell sources and biological protein incorporation methods are discussed, addressing their interaction with scaffolds and highlighting the potential for creating a new generation of bilayered composite scaffolds that can mimic the native interfacial tissue properties, and are able to adapt to the biological environment.