刨花楠不同相对生长速率下林木叶片碳氮磷的适应特征

分别对9年生与13年生刨花楠林木叶片氮磷养分之间关系及林木生物量相对生长速率与叶片碳氮磷化学计量比关系进行分析,探讨不同相对生长速率下的林木叶片N、P养分适应特征,并检验相对生长速率假说理论对刨花楠树种的适应性。结果表明:两种年龄刨花楠林木生物量相对生长速率、叶片C、N、P含量及其计量比值均存在显著差异;同一年龄的林木叶片N、P之间存在显著相关性,二者具有协同相关性;9年生林木叶片P含量及C∶P、N∶P与生物量相对生长速率呈二次曲线相关,而13年生林木叶片N、P含量及C∶N、C∶P、N∶P则与生物量相对生长速率均呈线性相关。研究表明,在能满足植物生长所需养分供给的土壤环境中,叶片N、P含量与林木相对生长速率间呈线性正相关,但当土壤中养分供应满足不了植物高速生长时,植物则会对有限的养分资源进行适应性调整。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区森林生态系统生态化学计量特征

为了阐明黄土丘陵沟壑区森林生态系统植物与土壤之间的养分循环关系,明确叶片与乔木层整体生态化学计量特征差异性,采用野外调查与室内分析相结合的方法对研究区内主要森林生态系统不同乔木器官和土壤C、N、P含量进行了测定,分析了叶片、乔木层和土壤化学计量特征及之间的关系。结果表明:研究区内森林生态系统乔木层平均C、N、P含量均显著低于叶片水平,表层土壤(0—10 cm)C、N含量以及C∶P、N∶P值均显著高于土壤(0—100 cm)平均值;叶片与乔木层及二者与土壤间的生态化学计量特征关系不同;乔木层平均C含量与降水呈显著正相关,乔木层平均P含量仅与海拔呈显著正相关,影响本地区植物生长状态的主要因素是降水。土壤平均C、N含量仅受土壤容重的影响,土壤平均P含量主要受土壤容重、温度和降水的影响。研究结果可以为黄土丘陵沟壑区人工林的建设和管理提供理论依据。     

狗娃花叶片生态化学计量特征及功能性状对坡向的响应

坡向对植物叶片生态化学计量特征及功能性状有显著影响。研究不同坡向上植物叶片生态化学计量特征与功能性状有助于了解植物对环境变化的响应及适应。以兰州地区狗娃花叶片为研究对象,分析其生态化学计量及功能性状随坡向的变化特征。结果显示:阳坡叶片C含量(408.12 g·kg~(-1))、C∶P(348.61)与N∶P(29.71)均显著高于阴坡(其值分别为400.75 g·kg~(-1)、196.69和16.60),N含量(34.81 g·kg~(-1))和C∶N(11.72)与阴坡无显著差异(其值分别为34.07 g·kg~(-1)和12.24),而P含量(1.67 g·kg~(-1))显著小于阴坡(2.56 g·kg~(-1));阳坡比叶面积及叶片含水量(10.55 cm2·g~(-1)、59.06%)与阴坡(9.70 cm2·g~(-1)、60.65%)无显著差异,叶干物质含量(0.14 g·g~(-1))和叶面积(0.31 cm2)均显著低于阴坡(0.15 g·g~(-1)、0.41 cm~2);不同坡向狗娃花叶片生长均受P限制;阳坡比叶面积、叶片含水量、叶面积分别是影响叶片C含量、N含量和叶片C∶N的主导因子;阴坡叶干物质含量是影响叶片C含量和P含量的主导因子,而叶片功能性状的4项指标对叶片N含量和C∶N均有影响,且叶面积为主导因子,比叶面积次之。研究表明,坡向对狗娃花叶片生态化学计量特征和功能性状均有影响,将二者结合研究有助于全面了解植物对环境的适应策略。     

辽东山区不同森林类型生态化学计量特征

森林生态系统化学计量对于阐明养分元素在生态系统中的供应状况及其耦合关系,揭示影响森林结构与功能恢复的限制性因子具有重要作用。本研究以辽东山区主要森林类型——次生阔叶混交林、柞树林、油松林和落叶松人工林、红松人工林为研究对象,通过测定叶片、凋落物和土壤的C、N、P含量,分析了不同林型的化学计量特征及差异。结果表明:1)不同林型的C、N、P含量差异显著,且各林型叶片和凋落物C、N、P含量均大于土壤;其中阔叶混交林土壤N含量最高,而柞树林土壤N含量最低。2)5种林型C∶N和C∶P变化趋势均为凋落物叶片土壤,N∶P为叶片凋落物土壤;其中叶片N∶P平均值为12.16,表明该地区植物生长可能存在N限制。阔叶混交林和柞树林与油松林、落叶松林和红松林N∶P差异显著,前者受N、P共同限制,后者受N限制。3)辽东山区森林植被叶片与凋落物的N、P、C∶N和N∶P均表现为正相关关系,土壤与叶片和凋落物N、C∶N均呈负相关关系。本研究表明,理解养分元素在"植物-凋落物-土壤"之间的生态化学计量特征,对于揭示整个森林生态系统的养分状况和生物化学循环过程极为重要。     

中亚热带植被恢复阶段植物叶片、凋落物、土壤碳氮磷化学计量特征

为揭示植被恢复过程中生态系统的养分循环机制及植物的生存策略, 根据亚热带森林群落演替过程, 采用空间代替时间方法, 以湘中丘陵区地域相邻、环境条件基本一致的檵木(Loropetalum chinensis) +南烛(Vaccinium bracteatu) +杜鹃(Rhododendron mariesii)灌草丛(LVR)、檵木+杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata) +白栎(Quercus fabri)灌木林(LCQ)、马尾松(Pinus massoniana) +柯(Lithocarpus glaber) +檵木针阔混交林(PLL)、柯+红淡比(Cleyera japonica) +青冈(Cyclobalanopsis Glauca)常绿阔叶林(LCC)作为一个恢复系列, 设置固定样地, 采集植物叶片、未分解层凋落物和0-30 cm土壤样品, 测定有机碳(C)、全氮(N)、全磷(P)含量及其化学计量比, 运用异速生长关系、养分利用效率和再吸收效率分析植物对环境变化的响应和养分利用策略。结果表明: (1)随着植被恢复, 叶片C:N、C:P、N:P显著下降, 而叶片C、N、P含量和土壤C、N含量、C:P、N:P显著增加, 其中LCC植物叶片C、N含量, 土壤C、N含量及其N:P, PLL植物叶片P含量, 土壤C:P显著高于其他3个恢复阶段, 各恢复阶段植物叶片N:P > 20, 植物生长受P限制; 凋落物C、N、P含量及其化学计量比波动较大。(2)凋落物与叶片、土壤的化学计量特征之间的相关关系较弱, 叶片与土壤的化学计量特征之间具有显著相关关系, 其中叶片C、N、P含量与土壤C、N含量、C:N (除叶片C、N含量外)、C:P、N:P呈显著正相关关系; 叶片C:N与土壤C、N含量、C:P、N:P, 叶片C:P与土壤C含量、C:N、C:P, 叶片N:P与土壤C:N呈显著负相关关系。(3)植被恢复过程中, 叶片N、P之间具有显著异速生长关系, 异速生长指数为1.45, 叶片N、P的利用效率下降, 对N、P的再吸收效率增加, LCC叶片N利用效率最低, PLL叶片P利用效率最低而N、P再吸收效率最高。(4)叶片N含量内稳态弱, 而P含量具有较高的内稳态, 在土壤低P限制下植物能保持P平衡。植被恢复显著影响叶片、凋落物、土壤C、N、P含量及其化学计量比, 叶片与土壤之间C、N、P含量及化学计量比呈显著相关关系, 植物通过降低养分利用效率和提高养分再吸收效率适应土壤养分的变化, 叶片-凋落物-土壤系统的N、P循环随着植被恢复逐渐达到“化学计量平衡”。     

色季拉山急尖长苞冷杉林不同坡向土壤养分及肥力研究

以色季拉山不同坡向急尖长苞冷杉(Abies georgei var.smithii)天然林为研究对象,采用单因素方差、化学计量比及内梅罗指数等方法对不同坡向0—100 cm土壤的pH和7种养分含量及肥力状况进行研究,以期为色季拉山急尖长苞冷杉的经营管理提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)色季拉山急尖长苞冷杉林土壤pH7,为酸性。0—100 cm土层中除土壤全钾含量外,其他各养分含量及变异系数的均值均表现为:阳坡阴坡,且均属于中等变异程度。除全磷、全钾含量较低外,其他指标均处于"中等"及以上水平。(2)土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮随土层的增加而降低,总体上表层与深层差异显著(P0.05),其他土层之间差异不显著(P0.05);其他养分随土层变化规律不一致,各土层之间差异不显著(P0.05)。(3)阳坡各土壤化学计量比总体上表现为随土壤深度增加而降低,阴坡呈波动性变化,除C∶N外,阳坡C∶P、C∶K、N∶P、N∶K、P∶K均小于阴坡。(4)阴坡的土壤肥力指数(1.44)大于阳坡(1.32),不同坡向土壤肥力均属于"中等"水平。坡向通过影响多种因素使土壤理化性质具有一定差异性,阴坡的土壤养分含量及肥力状况优于阳坡,全钾是第一限制因子,全磷是第二限制因子。     

中亚热带植被恢复阶段植物叶片、凋落物、土壤碳氮磷化学计量特征

为揭示植被恢复过程中生态系统的养分循环机制及植物的生存策略,根据亚热带森林群落演替过程,采用空间代替时间方法,以湘中丘陵区地域相邻、环境条件基本一致的檵木(Loropetalumchinensis)+南烛(Vacciniumbracteatu)+杜鹃(Rhododendron mariesii)灌草丛(LVR)、檵木+杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)+白栎(Quercus fabri)灌木林(LCQ)、马尾松(Pinus massoniana)+柯(Lithocarpus glaber)+檵木针阔混交林(PLL)、柯+红淡比(Cleyera japonica)+青冈(Cyclobalanopsis Glauca)常绿阔叶林(LCC)作为一个恢复系列,设置固定样地,采集植物叶片、未分解层凋落物和0–30 cm土壤样品,测定有机碳(C)、全氮(N)、全磷(P)含量及其化学计量比,运用异速生长关系、养分利用效率和再吸收效率分析植物对环境变化的响应和养分利用策略。结果表明:(1)随着植被恢复,叶片C:N、C:P、N:P显著下降,而叶片C、N、P含量和土壤C、N含量、C:P、N:P显著增加,其中LCC植物叶片C、N含量,土壤C、N含量及其N:P,PLL植物叶片P含量,土壤C:P显著高于其他3个恢复阶段,各恢复阶段植物叶片N:P 20,植物生长受P限制;凋落物C、N、P含量及其化学计量比波动较大。(2)凋落物与叶片、土壤的化学计量特征之间的相关关系较弱,叶片与土壤的化学计量特征之间具有显著相关关系,其中叶片C、N、P含量与土壤C、N含量、C:N (除叶片C、N含量外)、C:P、N:P呈显著正相关关系;叶片C:N与土壤C、N含量、C:P、N:P,叶片C:P与土壤C含量、C:N、C:P,叶片N:P与土壤C:N呈显著负相关关系。(3)植被恢复过程中,叶片N、P之间具有显著异速生长关系,异速生长指数为1.45,叶片N、P的利用效率下降,对N、P的再吸收效率增加, LCC叶片N利用效率最低, PLL叶片P利用效率最低而N、P再吸收效率最高。(4)叶片N含量内稳态弱,而P含量具有较高的内稳态,在土壤低P限制下植物能保持P平衡。植被恢复显著影响叶片、凋落物、土壤C、N、P含量及其化学计量比,叶片与土壤之间C、N、P含量及化学计量比呈显著相关关系,植物通过降低养分利用效率和提高养分再吸收效率适应土壤养分的变化,叶片-凋落物-土壤系统的N、P循环随着植被恢复逐渐达到"化学计量平衡"。     

子午岭林区人工与天然油松林(Pinus tabulaeformis)养分库和碳库特征

为了揭示黄土高原地区人工油松林自然化发育过程中的植物叶片与土壤养分库和碳库的变化规律,采用典型样地法,以子午岭林区天然油松群落为参照,选择了不同立地条件的人工油松林,分别对其土壤的氮库、碳库及植物叶片养分库和碳库进行了分析.结果表明,该区油松针叶C、N、P的含量平均值分别为(499.5±63.75)mg/g、(8.53±0.50)mg/g和(0.94±0.64)mg/g,叶片C含量大小依次为阳坡天然林>阴坡天然林>阴坡人工林>阳坡人工林,阳坡人工林叶片N、P含量显著高于阳坡天然林.不同立地条件下油松林叶片C/N、C/P差异显著,叶片N、P和N/P均达到极显著水平,但是叶片C含量差异不显著.油松叶片C含量与N、P含量均呈极显著负相关,N和P之间的呈显著正相关.不同立地的油松林除40～60cm土层土壤C、N含量无显著差异外,0～20cm和20～40cm两个土层的人工林土壤C、N含量显著高于天然林,同时阳坡人工林土壤C、N含量显著高于阴坡人工林.0～20cm、20～40cm两个土层土壤C含量与N含量均呈极显著正相关,与植物N、P均呈显著正相关.子午岭林区阳坡的人工油松林不仅叶片养分含量较高,而且林地土壤是该区土壤的最大养分库和碳库.     

喀斯特峰丛洼地不同森林类型植物和土壤C、N、P化学计量特征

研究西南喀斯特峰丛洼地人工林、次生林、原生林3个不同森林类型的6个代表性植物群落C、N、P化学计量特征及其与土壤的关系.结果表明: 不同森林类型植物和土壤C、N、P含量均存在显著差异.土壤C和N含量均为次生林最高,人工林最低,土壤P含量为人工林最高,原生林最低;植物C和P含量变化趋势为人工林>原生林>次生林,植物N含量为次生林最高,原生林最低.土壤C∶P、N∶P以及植物C∶P均为原生林显著高于次生林和人工林,土壤C∶N在不同森林类型间差异不显著;植物N∶P为次生林最高,人工林最低,植物C∶N为原生林>人工林>次生林.在不同森林类型中,乔木叶片N含量与P含量、C∶N与C∶P以及C∶P与N∶P之间均呈显著线性正相关,除了植物叶片C∶N与N∶P以及土壤C∶N与N∶P之间呈显著线性负相关外,植物和土壤的C、N、P、C∶P均无显著相关性,说明土壤C、N、P供应量对乔木叶片C、N、P含量影响不大.     

刨花楠叶片碳氮磷化学计量比与个体大小的关系

以9和13年生刨花楠为对象,分析叶片碳氮磷含量与林木胸径的关系,研究林木叶片碳氮磷化学计量特征在个体大小及林龄间的变化规律.结果表明： 利用实生苗所营造的刨花楠人工林,个体分化随年龄增大而明显;两刨花楠人工林林木叶片C、N、P含量及C∶N均存在显著差异,但二者叶片C∶P及N∶P差异不显著;9 年生林木叶片平均C、N、P含量及N∶P均低于13年生林木,但叶片C∶N、C∶P高于13年生林木;同一林龄中,不同个体大小之间叶片的N、P含量及化学计量特征均存在显著差异;9年生刨花楠不同个体叶片N、P含量及其化学计量特征与胸径呈显著线性相关,13年生不同个体林木叶片N、P含量及C∶P、N∶P与胸径呈显著抛物线关系,而C∶N与胸径呈显著线性相关;9年生刨花楠叶片N、P转移率高于13年生,叶片N、P在生长季与非生长季的养分转移策略因不同生长阶段和生长环境而产生差异.     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Analysis of twin of eyeless regulation during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

The Drosophila Pax6 homolog twin of eyeless (toy) is so far the first zygotically expressed gene involved in eye morphogenesis in Drosophila. The study of its expression during embryogenesis is therefore informative of the initial events of eye development in Drosophila. We have analyzed how the initial expression domain of toy at cellular blastoderm is regulated. We show that the three maternal patterning systems active in the cephalic region (the anterior, terminal and dorsal-ventral systems) cooperate with zygotically activated gap genes to shape the initial expression domain of toy. Whereas Bicoid, Dorsal and Torso signaling synergistically act as activators, Hunchback, Knirps and Decapentaplegic act as repressors.     

广西青藓科分类学修订

通过对采自广西24个县(市)的1 147份青藓科植物标本的逐一鉴定及相关文献的查阅,确认有广西青藓科植物11属、44种,其中包括广西青藓科植物新记录属1属,即拟异叶藓属(Pseudokindbergia),新记录种7种,分别为匐枝青藓(Brachythecium procumbens)、阔叶尖喙藓(Oxyrrhynchium latifolium)、泛生尖喙藓(O. vagans)、拟异叶藓(Pseudokindbergia dumosa)、华东细喙藓(Rhynchostegiella sinensis)、长肋拟青藓(Sciurohypnum populeum)和弯叶拟青藓(S. reflexum)。该文提供了修订后的广西青藓科植物名录,并对其中的新记录属、种的主要形态学识别特征、生境和地理分布等进行了详细描述。     

Evaluation of antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial activities of the resin glycosides and the other metabolites of Scrophularia cryptophila

Resin glycosides are secondary metabolites exclusive to the convolvulaceous plants. In this study, crypthophilic acids A–C (1–3), the first resin glycosides occurring in another family (Scrophulariaceae), and the other constituents of Scrophularia cryptophila were examined for in vitro antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial potentials. Except for crypthophilic acid B (2), all tested compounds exhibited growth-inhibitory effect against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, with l-tryptophan (6) and buddlejasaponin III (7) being the most potent ones (IC₅₀'s 4.1 and 9.7 μg/ml). In contrast, the activity towards Trypanosoma cruzi was poor, and only crypthophilic acid C (3), 6 and 7 were trypanocidal at concentrations above 40 μg/ml. With the exception of 2 and 6, all compounds were active against Leishmania donovani. Harpagide (4) and 3 emerged as the best leishmanicidal agents (IC₅₀'s 2.0 and 5.8 μg/ml). Only compounds 3, 6 and 7 showed antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum with IC₅₀ values of 4.2, 16.6 and 22.4 μg/ml. Overall the best and broadest spectrum activity was presented by compounds 3 and 7, as they inhibited all four parasitic protozoa. None of the isolates had significant activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MICs >100 μg/ml) or were toxic towards mammalian (L6) cells. This is the first report of antiprotozoal activity for natural resin glycosides, as well as for harpagide (4), acetylharpagide (5), tryptophan (6) and buddlejasaponin III (7).     

Apoptotic Regulation of Caspase Activity

Intracellular cysteine aspartate-specific proteases (caspases) play both signaling and effector roles in realizing the program of cell death. Caspases function as proteolytic cascades unique for each cell type and signal triggering apoptosis. All parts of the proteolytic cascades are duplicated and controlled by feedback signals. Amplification cycles between pairs of caspases (the third and the sixth, the ninth and the third, the twelfth and the sixth, and others) help multiply the initial apoptotic signal. The presence of physiological inhibitors of apoptosis that directly interact with caspases creates a multilevel regulatory network of apoptosis in cell. The caspase proteolytic cascades are also regulated by sphingolipid secondary messengers, among them ceramide, sphingosine, and their phosphates. Moreover, an association of the caspase signaling with ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis is shown in cells. In particular, the use of extracellular activators and inhibitors of caspases allows irreversible activation of apoptosis in tumor cells or the prevention of apoptosis in cortical neurons under neurodegenerative diseases.     

The effect of cyanobacteria and azolla on the performance of rice under different levels of fertilizer nitrogen

Cyanobacteria and/or azolla were inoculated, with urea at 0, 72 or 144 kg N/ha, in plots in which azolla-free Indica rice var. IR 28 was grown. Productive tillers, yield and nitrogen contents of grain and straw positively responded to inoculation with cyanobacteria or azolla, even with fertilizer-N up to 144 kg N/ha. Inoculation improved colonization by cyanobacteria. Azolla were superior to the asymbiotic cyanobacteria in enhancing rice performance. Urea at a rate of 72 kg N/ha was found to support the best colonizations when applied with cyanobacteria or azolla or, to give maximum rice yields, both inoculants.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

New species of Peruvian Orchidaceae III

Sixteen new species are proposed in the generaAckermania, Dressleria, Epidendrum, Maxillaria, Oncidium, Rodriguezia, Sigmatostalix, andTrigonidium. All new species are illustrated.Maxillaria vittariifolia L. O. Williams is newly recorded for Peru. A key is provided forTrigonidium of Peru.Trigonidium loretoense Schltr. andT. peruvianum Schltr. are lectotypified.