Molecular cloning and expression of TRα and TRβ in the protandrous cinnamon clownfish,Amphiprion melanopus during sex reversal

We divided the process of sex reversal from immature male to mature female in the protandrous cinnamon clownfish (Amphiprion melanopus) into six developmental stages as follows: I, immature male; II, mature male; III, male at 60 days after female removal; IV, male at 90 days after female removal; V, male at 120 days after female removal; and VI, mature female. Thyroid hormone receptors α (TRα) and β (TRβ) cDNAs were cloned from the ovary and mRNA expression levels were compared during the sex-reversal process. The nucleotide sequences of the TRα and TRβ cDNA were 1230 and 1188 bp in length with open reading frames encoding peptides of 409 and 395 amino acids, respectively. We observed that TRα mRNA and protein levels were high in all stages except the immature gonad, while TRβ mRNA levels were higher in the mature ovary than in any other gonadal stage. We injected gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue to identify its effects on TRs mRNA in immature fish. The mRNA levels of TRs increased significantly. We therefore propose that TRs are related to testicular development as well as ovarian development in cinnamon clownfish. The present study also provides basic data on the role of TRs during sex reversal in fish.     

核受体TR3/Nur77与肿瘤治疗

核孤儿受体TR3(也称Nur77)是NR4A1编码的立早基因产物,属于类固醇/甲状腺受体/视黄酸受体超家族成员。TR3广泛参与各种生命活动过程,如细胞生长、分化、凋亡和自噬等调控,被认为是良好的抗肿瘤药物设计靶标。TR3不仅作为转录因子通过结合DNA应答元件调控基因的转录和表达,而且还能作为调节蛋白通过蛋白相互作用和亚细胞不同定位发挥独特的作用。该文重点综述了TR3在肿瘤发生发展中的功能和调控机制,及以TR3为靶标治疗肿瘤的药物研究进展。     

核转录因子TR3的转位与细胞凋亡

在诸多凋亡路径中 ,线粒体膜的渗透性改变是导致多种凋亡关键分子从线粒体膜内腔释放出来的主要原因。这些分子包括胱天蛋白酶原 (ｐｒｏ ｃａｓｐａｓｅ)、细胞色素ｃ(胱天蛋白酶的激活剂 )、Ｓｍａｃ/Ｄｉａｂｌｏ(胱天蛋白酶的协同激活剂 ) [1] 等。Ｌｉ等[2 ] 新近发现了一种凋亡前期转录因子ＴＲ3,又称作Ｎｕｒ77或ＮＧ ＦＩＢ ,通常它存在于细胞核中 ,某种情况下也能转移到线粒体中 ,并引起线粒体膜的渗透性变化 ,最终导致细胞凋亡。ＴＲ3是一种类固醇 甲状腺激素 类维生素Ａ类转录因子 ,它有一个中央锌指状ＤＮＡ结合结构域 ,在其两…     

白曲霉工程菌TR12循环转化酒精废液研究

在含固体残渣8％的酒精废液中,加入尿素2g／L、玉米浆2mL／L,经接种白曲霉基因工程菌TRl2菌株,在32℃摇床培养70h后,可获得含糖化酶246U／mL和耐酸性α-淀粉酶13．42U／mL的转化液。转化液直接循环利用于无蒸煮酒精发酵配料工序,不仅不影响酒精生产的产量和质量,而且能有效地减轻环境污染压力,节约水资源,降低生产成本。     

孤儿受体TR3在小鼠睾丸中的定位和表达

本文采用原位杂交和免疫组织化学技术,观察孤儿受体ＴＲ３及其ｍＲＮＡ在小鼠睾丸中的表达及细胞定位。结果表明,在小鼠睾丸中有显著量的孤儿受体ＴＲ３ ｍＲＮＡ和蛋白表达,其表达量在不同曲细精管有明显的差异;孤儿受体ＴＲ３蛋白主要定位于生精细胞,其ｍＲＮＡ在生精细胞特异表达,主要在精原细胞和发育早期的初级精母细胞表达,提示孤儿受体ＴＲ３在小鼠曲细精管精子发生的早期阶段中起着调控作用。     

牙鲆甲状腺激素受体TRαA介导甲状腺激素调控的靶基因鉴定

为了鉴定牙鲆甲状腺激素受体TRs介导甲状腺激素调控的靶基因, 研究采用RT-PCR克隆了TRαA基因的CDS区, 并构建了p3×Flag-TRαA重组真核表达载体;该重组质粒转染HEK293T细胞后, RT-PCR、实时定量PCR与Western blot检测均表明牙鲆TRαA在哺乳动物蛋白表达系统中成功转录并翻译;且重组质粒转染的细胞裂解液通过G1亲和层析柱纯化、过滤除菌可得到纯的融合蛋白3×Flag-TRαA, 然后双荧光素酶报告实验通过在HEK293T细胞中共转染p3×Flag-TRαA和含候选靶启动子的报告基因表达载体pGL3-Pro-atoh8-1517/1333/708, 表明TRαA受体结合在atoh8基因启动子区–1497— –688特异的2个TRE识别序列来调控该基因的转录, 即atoh8是TRαA介导甲状腺激素直接调控的靶基因。研究为深入探究甲状腺激素受体TRαA介导甲状腺激素调控的信号通路提供了基础依据。     

Mycobacterium tuberculosis modulates macrophage lipid-sensing nuclear receptors PPARγ and TR4 for survival

Mycobacterium tuberculosis-macrophage interactions are key to pathogenesis and clearance of these bacteria. Although interactions between M. tuberculosis-associated lipids and TLRs, non-TLRs, and opsonic receptors have been investigated, interactions of these lipids and infected macrophage lipid repertoire with lipid-sensing nuclear receptors expressed in macrophages have not been addressed. In this study, we report that M. tuberculosis-macrophage lipids can interact with host peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and testicular receptor 4 to ensure survival of the pathogen by modulating macrophage function. These two lipid-sensing nuclear receptors create a foamy niche within macrophage by modulating oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor CD36, phagolysosomal maturation block by induction of IL-10, and a blunted innate response by alternative polarization of the macrophages, which leads to survival of M. tuberculosis. These results also suggest possible heterologous ligands for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and testicular receptor 4 and are suggestive of adaptive or coevolution of the host and pathogen. Relative mRNA expression levels of these receptors in PBMCs derived from clinical samples convincingly implicate them in tuberculosis susceptibility. These observations expose a novel paradigm in the pathogenesis of M. tuberculosis amenable for pharmacological modulation.     

Mapping, expression and regulation of the TRα gene in porcine adipose tissue

Thyroid hormone receptors (TR) are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily. There are at least two TR isoforms, TRα and TRβ. The TRα isoform plays a critical role in mediating the action of thyroid hormone in adipose tissue. We mapped the porcine TRα gene to chromosome 12 p11-p13, by using the ImpRH panel. We examined tissue-localization of TRα and determined expression patterns of TRα in porcine adipose tissue with quantitative real-time PCR. TRα was expressed in all tissues, including heart, liver, spleen, stomach, pancreas, brain, small intestine, skeletal muscle, and subcutaneous adipose tissue. In the adipose tissue, the expression of TRα decreased postnatally. Compared to Yorkshire pigs, Jinhua pigs had significantly lower expression levels of TRα gene in the subcutaneous fat tissue. The expression levels of β2-AR, HSL and ATGL were also significantly lower in Jinhua pigs than in Yorkshire pigs. However, no significant differences in PPARγ and SREBP-1C expression levels were found between Jinhua and Yorkshire pigs. Incubation of porcine adipose tissue explants with high doses of isoproterenol (100 and 1000 nM) significantly increased the expression levels of TRα. We conclude that there is considerable evidence that TRα plays an important role in fat deposition in porcine adipose tissue.     

核转录因子TR3小干扰RNA载体的构建及其效果鉴定

目的：构建核孤儿受体TR3的小干扰RNA（siRNA）真核表达载体,并进行沉默效果测定。方法：根据TR3 mRNA序列和载体psiSTRIKE的粘性末端,设计合成TR3的干扰RNA序列,退火后克隆至psiSTRIKE,经测序鉴定后用阳离子脂质体将重组子和TR3高表达载体TR3-pcDNA共转染至HEK293细胞中,以Western blotting检测干扰后HEK293细胞内TR3表达的变化。结果：Western blotting检测结果证实构建的TR3 siRNA表达重组载体可显著抑制HEK293细胞内TR3的高表达。结论：构建了核孤儿受体TR3 siRNA真核表达载体。     

白曲霉工程菌TR12循环转化酒精废液研究*

在含固体残渣 8%的酒精废液中 ,加入尿素 2g/L、玉米浆 2mL/L ,经接种白曲霉基因工程菌TR1 2菌株 ,在 32℃摇床培养 70h后 ,可获得含糖化酶 2 4 6U/mL和耐酸性α 淀粉酶 1 3 42U/mL的转化液。转化液直接循环利用于无蒸煮酒精发酵配料工序 ,不仅不影响酒精生产的产量和质量 ,而且能有效地减轻环境污染压力 ,节约水资源 ,降低生产成本。     

核孤儿受体TR3/nur77与一种新细胞凋亡机制

核孤儿受体TR3/nur77是一种立刻早期基因（immediate-early gene）的产物,与固醇类激素受体结构相似,是核受体超家族的重要成员之一,可被多种生长因子或凋亡诱导剂诱导表达,具有复杂的生物学功能,涉及细胞增殖、分化发育和凋亡过程.最近对其诱导凋亡机制的研究取得了重大进展,发现当细胞受到凋亡诱导剂刺激后,TR3基因表达升高,其产物从细胞核移位至线粒体膜,引起细胞色素c释放,从而导致细胞凋亡.即TR3的转录激活功能和诱导凋亡功能是由其不同的亚细胞定位结合所决定的,其诱导凋亡过程与其对基因的反式激活功能无关.核转录因子p53也具有类似情况.这种核转录因子由细胞核移位至细胞浆并发挥生物学功能的调控方式是一种新模式,可能具有重要的生物学意义.     

Acute T3 treatment protects the heart against ischemia-reperfusion injury via TRα1 receptor

We have previously shown that acute thyroid hormone treatment could limit reperfusion injury and increase post-ischemic recovery of function. In the present study, we further explore potential initiating mechanisms of this response. Thus, isolated rat hearts were subjected to 30 min zero-flow global ischemia (I) followed by 60-min reperfusion (R). Reperfusion injury was assessed by post-ischemic recovery of left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP%) and LDH release. T3 at a dose of 60 nM which had no effect on contractile function of non-ischemic myocardium, significantly increased LVDP% [48% (2.9) vs. 30.2% (3.3) for untreated group, P < 0.05] and reduced LDH release [8.3 (0.3) vs. 10 (0.42) for untreated group, P < 0.05] when administered at R. T4 (60 and 400 nM) had no effect on contractile function either in non-ischemic or ischemic myocardium. Administration of debutyl-dronedarone (DBD), a TRα1 antagonist abolished the T3-limiting effect on reperfusion injury: Thus, co-administration of T3 and DBD resulted in significantly lower LVDP%, [23% (4.7) vs. 48% (2.9) for T3 group, P < 0.05] and higher LDH release [9.9 (0.3) vs. 8.3 (0.3), for T3 group, P < 0.05]. In conclusion, acute T3 and not T4 treatment will be able to protect against reperfusion injury. T3 can exert this beneficial effect on ischemic myocardium at a dose that has no effects on non-ischemic myocardium. Acute T3-limiting effect on reperfusion injury is mediated, at least in part, via TRα1 receptor.     

孤儿受体TR3与人CNTF受体基因中顺式元件作用机制的研究

应用两对人工合成的寡核苷酸引物,分别通过ＰＣＲ扩增,得到了ＣＮＴＦＲα－Ｉ５ＮＢＲＥ序列两侧的两个扩增片段,将其和在ＥｃｏＲⅤ位点切开的ｐＴ７ｂｌｕｅ一起定向连接,得到了插入在ｐＴ７ｂｌｕｅ的ＥｃｏＲⅤ位点的缺失了ＮＢＲＥ序列的ＣＮＴＦＲα－Ｉ５,然后再将其切下,插入到具有ＳＶ４０起动子的ＣＡＴ基因表达载体的ＢｇｌⅡ位点,构建了ＣＡＴ报道基因．细胞转染和ＣＡＴ实验表明,缺失ＮＢＲＥ后,ＣＮＴＦＲα－Ｉ５仍具有增强子功能,ＴＲ３通过该增强子对ＣＮＴＦＲα的表达具有诱导作用,说明这种诱导作用并不是单一通过ＮＢＲＥ序列进行的．     

广西巴马小型猪TRβ1基因真核表达载体的构建及鉴定

本试验为了克隆广西巴马小型猪甲状腺激素受体β1(TRβ1)基因编码序列并构建该基因的真核表达载体,取广西巴马小型猪肝脏组织作为材料,采用RT-PCR技术扩增出TRβ1基因编码序列,与pMD19-T-Simple载体连接,测序正确的重组质粒双酶切后,连接pEGFP-N1载体,构建pEGFP-N1-TRβ1真核表达载体。经双酶切和测序鉴定后,重组质粒pEGFP-N1-TRβ1转染293T细胞,培养48 h后,在荧光显微镜下观察细胞荧光蛋白的表达情况。结果表明,本试验成功克隆了广西巴马小型猪的TRβ1基因cDNA序列,序列长度为1 368 bp,编码455个氨基酸,与参考序列的同源性为99.6%,有5处位点突变,且全为同义突变。阳性重组质粒pEGFP-N1-TRβ1转染293T细胞48 h后,在荧光显微镜下观测出绿色荧光表达。     

牙鲆甲状腺激素受体TRαA的原核表达和多克隆抗体的制备及应用

为研究牙鲆甲状腺激素受体TRαA在牙鲆变态发育过程中的调控作用,将TRαA基因克隆插入融合表达栽体pET30a,并在大肠杆菌Escherichia coli DE3(BL21)中进行诱导表达.表达菌株经1 mmol/L异丙基-β-D-硫代半乳糖苷(IPTG)诱导4 h后,重组蛋白TRaA表达并形成包涵体.SDS-PAGE和Western blotting检测鉴定表达产物.包涵体经变性后在His-Bind树脂进行亲和层析纯化,柱上复性法对重组蛋白复性,获得纯度较高的目的蛋白,蛋白复性的效果良好.用纯化后的目的蛋白免疫新西兰家兔制备多克隆抗体.Dot blotting检测抗体效价达1:200 000,检测证明抗体特异性良好.此外,通过染色质免疫沉淀技术鉴定了在活体细胞中多克隆抗体与TRαA的特异性结合.表明了甲状腺激素通过其受体在体内参与碱性磷酸酶(ALP)基因的转录调控.     

核转录因子TR3及其缺失突变体在酵母双杂交系统中转录激活作用的检测

目的:检测TR3及其转录活性域缺失突变体在酵母双杂交系统中的转录自激活作用。方法:采用PCR方法扩增TR3全长序列及其缺失突变体,构建酵母双杂交系统的诱饵载体pGBKT7-TR3和pGBKT7-TR3/Δ1～690,将pGBKT7-TR3转化感受态酵母菌AH109后培养于含缺失培养基的平板上,检测β-半乳糖苷酶活性,判定其是否具有转录自激活作用。结果:构建了包含TR3全长序列和TR3/Δ1～690序列的诱饵载体,转化酵母菌AH109后在双缺和三缺培养基上未能使β-半乳糖苷酶活性滤纸片变蓝,说明β-半乳糖苷酶报告基因未被激活。结论:TR3及其转录活性域缺失突变体没有转录自激活作用,可用于酵母双杂交系统。