基于染色体片段置换系的野生稻粒宽QTL-qGW8.1的精细定位

利用以栽培稻9311为受体、普通野生稻为供体的染色体单片段置换系CSSL182,检测到一个与粒宽相关的QTL。CSSL182与受体亲本9311粒型性状差异显著,且只在8号染色体有一个野生稻导入片段。构建CSSL182/9311的F_2次级分离群体,将粒宽QTL初定位在8号染色体的标记RM447和RM264之间,贡献率达22.49%,将该QTL命名为qGW8.1。随后进一步设计区间内多态性分子标记引物,检测F_2群体的2000株分离个体以及F_(2∶3)群体交换单株,结合后代表型验证,最终将qGW8.1精细定位到8号染色体10 kb区间内。该区间内含有3个候选基因,基因测序发现这3个基因在双亲之间均含有丰富的变异。对双亲子粒颖壳细胞电镜扫描观察发现,CSSL182的颖壳细胞宽度比9311减少16.7%。这一结果表明qGW8.1中来自野生稻的等位基因通过改变颖壳细胞形状影响粒型。     

基于染色体置换系的野生稻抽穗期及紫色性状QTL的鉴定

利用一套以9311为背景的普通野生稻染色体片段置换系群体为研究材料,进行野生稻相关QTL的定位与基因的鉴定。在多年多点的抽穗期调查数据基础上,结合200多个分子标记引物的基因型鉴定结果,定位到11个与抽穗期相关的QTL;选取携带相关QTL导入片段的两个置换系进一步研究,发现2个抽穗期主效QTL均为已克隆基因的等位基因。利用叶鞘、稃尖、柱头颜色与9311差异显著的一个单片段置换系定位到来自野生稻的紫色性状基因Or C,初步鉴定与栽培稻的等位基因功能不同。这些结果再次表明染色体片段置换系是行之有效的QTL定位以及基因发掘的遗传群体。通过对抽穗期、紫色性状相关QTL的定位与基因的鉴定,为进一步的功能研究提供了基因资源。     

基于CSSL的高密度物理图谱定位水稻分蘖角度QTL

对以籼稻9311为遗传背景携带粳稻日本晴基因组的染色体片段置换系（CSSL）的遗传图谱进行分子标记加密,构建了含250个多态标记的高密度物理图谱。以119个CSSLs为材料,P≤0.001为阈值,筛选到分蘖角度与受体亲本9311差异极显著的10个系。结合物理图谱和代换作图方法,共鉴定出5个分蘖角度QTL,其中qTA11的加性效应表现为增效作用,来源于9311的等位基因;其余4个QTL的加性效应为减效作用,均来源于日本晴的等位基因。qTA6-1和qTA6-2分别被定位于第6染色体RM253–RM527之间的3.55Mb区段和RM3139–RM494的1.65Mb区间;qTA9被定位于第9染色体RM257–RM189之间的3.40Mb区段;qTA10被定位在第10染色体RM222–S10-1之间的2.10Mb区段;qTA11被定位于第11染色体RM1761–RM4504之间的3.30Mb区间。以上研究结果为水稻分蘖角度QTL的精细定位和株型育种提供了依据。     

利用CSSLs群体研究稻米粒型QTL的表达稳定性

利用Asominori×IR2 4的染色体片段置换系 (CSSLs)群体 ,对稻米粒长、粒宽和长宽比进行连续两年及 4个地点的QTL表达稳定性分析。结果表明 :3个性状“两年四点”的表现型都为连续分布 ,均存在超亲遗传类型 ;共检测到 13个粒型相关QTL ,其中在 8个环境中都能被重复检测到的QTL有 6个 ,即影响粒长的 qGL 3、控制粒宽的qGW 5a和 qGW 5b以及共同作用于长宽比的qLWR 3、qLWR 5a和 qLWR 5b。这 6个QTL对应置换系的相应性状与背景亲本Asominori的表现型差异在 8个环境中都达到极显著水平 (P <0 0 0 1) ,且同一QTL对应置换系相应性状的表现型在不同环境间呈显著正相关 (r≥ 0 75 ,r0 0 5=0 6 6 6 ) ,说明这 6个QTL表达稳定性较高。由于 qGL 3和 qLWR 3均位于R19 C16 77标记区间 ,qGW 5a和 qLWR 5a位于C2 6 3标记附近 ,qGW 5b和 qLWR 5b被定位在R5 6 9标记附近 ,因此R19、C16 77、C2 6 3和R5 6 9这 4个RFLP标记对优良水稻外观品质的标记辅助选择 (MAS)育种有着重要作用     

水稻籽粒γ-氨基丁酸含量的QTL定位分析

本研究以低含量γ-氨基丁酸的宁农黑粳为母本,高含量γ-氨基丁酸的高粱稻-1为父本,构建F2群体,获得了216个F2单株。利用130个SSR标记构建了一张F2群体的SSR标记连锁图谱,覆盖基因组长度为2406.9 cM,连锁群长度在129.5～360.7 cM之间,标记间的平均距离为18.5 cM,并进一步开展控制水稻γ-氨基丁酸含量的QTL定位研究。结果表明:共检测到7个QTL位点,分别位于第8号和第9号染色体上,其中qGABA8-2、qGABA8-3、qGABA9-1的贡献率依次为10%、11%和9%。对3个贡献率大的QTL位点进行复合区间作图,当LRS为25.6时,在RM342～RM515处可能存在较为可靠的QTL,初步将qGABA8定位在标记RM342与RM515之间的326 kb区间内。利用InDel标记对目标区间加密,将该区间进一步缩小到183 kb区间内,位于标记RM342和G121之间。本研究结果可进一步通过构建次级群体对该基因进行精细定位及图位克隆,同时,研究中筛选出的SSR标记和设计的InDel标记可快速筛选水稻育种材料中富γ-氨基丁酸的基因型,加快育种进程。     

基于CSSL的水稻穗颈长度QTL的代换作图

水稻穗颈长度是影响杂交水稻制种产量提高的重要农艺性状之一。文章利用94个以籼稻品种9311为遗传背景、粳稻品种日本晴为染色体片段供体的覆盖全基因组的染色体片段置换系(Chromosome segment substi-tution lines, CSSL)为材料, 调查和分析CSSL群体及双亲的穗颈长度。结果表明: 在17个置换系中检测到8个控制水稻穗颈长度的数量性状位点(Quantitative trait loci, QTL), 分别位于第2、3、7、8、9和第11染色体; 利用代换作图法, 定位了其中的7个穗颈长度QTL; 其加性效应值介于0.10~3.20之间, 其中qPE-9和qPE-11的加性效应值较大, 平均效应值分别为3.15和2.95, 表现为主效基因特征; qPE-2-2、qPE-3-1、qPE-3-2、qPE-7和qPE-8等5个QTL被定位在小于10.0 cM的区段内。利用CSSL可以有效地鉴定水稻穗颈长度QTL, 这些QTL为分子标记辅助选育穗颈长度适中的水稻品系及其进一步的精细定位奠定了基础。     

一个水稻长芒基因AWN-2的定位与克隆

本研究在以广西普通野生稻DP30为供体,籼稻品种9311为受体构建的染色体片段代换系中,筛选鉴定出1份稳定遗传的具有长芒表型的染色体片段代换系。利用该代换系与轮回亲本9311构建了BC5F2分离群体,对控制长芒表型的基因进行了遗传分析,发现该群体中长芒与短芒的单株分离比符合3:1的比例,表明该长芒性状受一对显性核基因控制。采用图位克隆法,将目的基因精细定位于水稻第4染色体分子标记M7和M8之间的12.14 kb范围内,该区域只有一个候选基因即LOC_Os04g43840,测序分析发现与栽培稻日本晴、9311相比,CSSL5的LOC_Os04g43840基因在5'UTR区有29个碱基的缺失和2个碱基的置换,因此,推测LOC_Os04g43840可能为该长芒候选基因。     

5 个籼稻背景的高代回交置换系的置换片段分析

以轮回亲本籼稻品种9311(Oryz a sativa ssp. indica ‘Yangdao 6’)为对照, 选用132个亲本间有多态性的SSR标记, 对以粳稻品种日本晴(Oryz a sativa ssp. japonica 'Nipponbare’)为供体的5个高代回交置换系的农艺性状及置换片段进行分析。5个置换系在粒长、粒宽、千粒重、剑叶长、株高及落粒性等方面与籼稻品种9311之间有极显著差异, 其余性状与籼稻品种9311间的差异不显著; 从置换系中检测出8个置换片段, 总长度为236.0 cM, 平均长度为29.5 cM; 从置换片段上检出包括2个千粒重、1个粒长、1个粒宽、1个剑叶长、1个株高和1个落粒性共7个QTLs , 分别分布在水稻第1、3、5、6和第10染色体上。其中, 第1染色体上控制剑叶长的QTL和第6染色体上控制株高的QTL可能是新发现的QTLs。实验结果进一步丰富了置换系群体的数量和质量, 也为QTLs 的精细定位及分子设计育种奠定了基础。     

利用RIL和CSSL群体检测水稻种子休眠性QTL

利用由梗稻品种Asominori与籼稻品种IR24的杂交组合衍生的重组自交F10。家系(Recombinant Inbred Lines,RIL)群体及其衍生的染色体片段置换系(Chromosome Segment Substitution Lines,CSSL)群体,进行了种子休眠性QTL的检测和遗传效应分析。其中CSSL群体有2个,即CSSLl(以Asominori为背景,置换片段来自IR24)和CSSL2(以IR24为背景,置换片段来自Asominori)。在RIL群体上共检测到3个种子休眠性QTL,分别位于第3、6和9染色体上;在CSSL1群体中检测到分布在第1、3和7染色体上的3个休眠性QTL;而在CSSl2群体上检测到的3个QTL则分别位于第1、2和7染色体上。同时在两套CSSL群体上,分别检测到位于第1、7染色体上位置相近且效应一致的休眠性QTL,分析表明其所在的Asominori片段含对种子休眠性的增效基因,相应的IB24段含有减效基因。     

5个籼稻背景的高代回交置换系的置换片段分析

以轮回亲本籼稻品种9311（Oryza sativassp.indica‘Yangdao6’）为对照,选用132个亲本间有多态性的SSR标记,对以粳稻品种日本晴（Oryzasativassp.japonica‘Nipponbare’）为供体的5个高代回交置换系的农艺性状及置换片段进行分析。5个置换系在粒长、粒宽、千粒重、剑叶长、株高及落粒性等方面与籼稻品种9311之间有极显著差异,其余性状与籼稻品种9311间的差异不显著;从置换系中检测出8个置换片段,总长度为236.0cM,平均长度为29.5cM;从置换片段上检出包括2个千粒重、1个粒长、1个粒宽、1个剑叶长、1个株高和1个落粒性共7个QTLs,分别分布在水稻第1、3、5、6和第10染色体上。其中,第1染色体上控制剑叶长的QTL和第6染色体上控制株高的QTL可能是新发现的QTLs。实验结果进一步丰富了置换系群体的数量和质量,也为QTLs的精细定位及分子设计育种奠定了基础。     

利用水稻重组自交系群体定位谷粒外观性状的数量性状基因

用区间作图和混合线性模型的复合区间作图两种方法,对水稻（Oryza sativa L）珍汕97和明恢63组合的重组自交系群体的谷粒外观性状－粒长,粒宽和粒形进行了数量性状基因（QTL）定位,用区间作图法在LOD≥2．4水平上（近拟于a=0.005),1998年对粒长,粒宽和粒形分别检测到6,2放2个QTLs,1999年对以上3个性状分别检测到3,2和2个QTLs,其中7个QTLs在两年均检测到,位于第3染色体RG393－C1087区间的QTL效应大,同时影响粒长和粒形,两年贡献分别为57．5％,61．4％和26．7％,29．9％,位于第5染色体RG360－C734B区间的QTL效应大,同时影响粒宽和粒形,两年贡献率分别为44．2％,53．2％和32．1％和36．0％,用混合线性模型的复合区间作图法在P＝0．005水平上,对粒长,粒宽和粒形分别检测到8,5和5个QTLs,共解释各自性状变异的58．81％,44．75％和57．47％,只检测到1个QTL与环境之间存在的显互作。     

Mapping Quantitative Trait Loci for Grain Appearance Traits of Rice Using a Recombinant Inbred Line Population

A linkage map consisting of 221 markers was constructed based on a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population from the cross between Zhenshan 97 and Minghui 63. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping was carried out for grain appearance traits such as grain length, grain width and grain shape in rice in 1998 and 1999. Based on interval mapping method at the threshold LOD≥2.4, six, two and two QTLs were detected for grain length, grain width and grain shape, respectively, in 1998; In 1999, three, two and two QTLs were identified for the three traits, respectively. Of them, seven QTLs were simultaneously identified in both of the years. The QTL with large effects located in the interval RG393-C1087 on chromosome 3 not only controlled the grain length, but also influenced the grain shape. It explained 57.5%, 61.4% and 26.7%, 29.9% of phenotypic variation of the grain length and the grain shape in two years, respectively. The QTL with large effects located in the interval RG360-C734B on chromosome 5 affected the grain width and the grain shape. It explained 44.2%, 53.2% and 32.1%, 36.0% of phenotypic variation of the grain width and the shape in two years, respectively. Eight, five and five QTLs were identified for the grain length, width and shape, respectively, based on mixed linear-model composite interval mapping method at P =0.005. Their general contributions were 58.81%, 44.75%, and 57.47%. One QTL for the grain length was found to be significant interaction with environment.     

Liming and deep ripping responses for a range of field crops

Grain yields were measured over 2 seasons from a range of field crops following liming and deep ripping an acid and compacted soil in north-eastern Victoria. Lime (2.5 t ha^–1) substantially reduced the level of exchangeable Al and exchangeable Mn whilst raising soil pH by about 1.0 unit. The crops grown were 7 cultivars of wheat and one cultivar each of triticale, oats, barley, rapeseed, safflower, field pea, chick pea and lupins. With the exception of lupin, liming the soil increased (p=0.05) the grain yield of all crops and cultivars. With the wheat cultivars there were 2 distinct groups with different tolerance to soil acidity. Wheat, oats, triticale and lupins had higher absolute yields than the other crops. Safflower and chick pea had very low yields without soil amendment. The magnitude of the lime response did not differ between the wheat cultivars (17%) or between any of the crop species (range 9–29%). Deep ripping the soil to break a hard compacted layer resulted in more yield for all the cereals and safflower. The results demonstrate the importance of using crops with tolerance to acid soil conditions as well as gains that can be obtained with ameliorating identifiable soil problems.     

Identification of Quantitative Trait Loci for Grain Appearance and Milling Quality Using a Doubled-Haploid Rice Population

Improving grain quality, which is composed primarily of the appearance of the grain and its cooking and milling attributes, is a major objective of many rice-producing areas in China. In the present study, we conducted a marker-based genetic analysis of the appearance and milling quality of rice （Oryza sativa L.） grains using a doubled-haploid population derived from a cross between the indica inbred Zhenshan 97 strain and the japonica inbred Wuyujing 2 strain. Quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis using a mixed linear model approach revealed that the traits investigated were affected by one to seven QTLs that individually explained 4.0%-30.7% of the phenotypic variation. Cumulatively, the QTL for each trait explained from 12.9% to 61.4% of the phenotypic variation. Some QTLs tended to have a pleiotropic or location-linked association as a cause of the observed phenotypic correlations between different traits. Improvement of the characteristics of grain appearance and grain weight, as well as an improvement in the milling quality of rice grains, would be expected by a recombination of different QTLs using marker-assisted selection.     

利用籼粳回交群体分析水稻粒形性状相关QTLs

水稻谷粒的外观性状对稻米外观品质存在重要的影响。该研究利用SSR标记,以回交群体Balilla／NTH∥Balilla为作图群体,构建了水稻12条染色体的连锁图,该遗传图谱包括：108个分子标记,平均图距为11．9cM。以构建的遗传图谱为基础,采用区间作图法对谷粒外观性状,包括粒长、粒宽和粒形进行了数量性状基因(QTL)定位。结果表明,粒长、粒宽和粒形在回交群体中均呈近似的正态分布,表现出典型的数量性状特征。QTL定位结果表明,第12染色体上RM101-RM270区间内存在一个与粒长性状相关的QTL,(qGL-12),加性效应约为0．26mm,贡献率为16．7％。在第2和第3染色体上RM154-RM211和RM257-RM175区问内,分别检测到qGW-2和qGW-3两个位点与粒宽性状有关,加性效应为分别为-0．10mm和-0．12mm,贡献率分别为11．5％和16．6％。对于粒形性状,共检测到3个QTLs,qLW-2、qLW-6和qLW-7,分别位于第2、6和7染色体上。其中qLW-2和qLW-7的加性效应分别约为0．09和0．10,两个QTLs分别可解释表型变异的12．7％和18．3％;而qLW-6的加性效应约为-0．13,可解释粒形变异的11．5％。文中还讨论了粒形和稻米外观品质同时改良的可能性。     

高精度遥感影像下农牧交错带小流域景观特征的粒度效应

在GIS和RS技术支持下,以农牧交错带六道沟小流域2010年的WV-1高精度遥感影像为基础,编制了小流域景观类型图,选取经典景观指数,在类型和整体景观的水平上,探讨了农牧交错带小流域景观格局指数随粒度变化的基本规律,并分析了各景观格局指数间的相关性。结果表明：在1-50 m粒度范围内,农牧交错带六道沟小流域景观格局指数的“临界粒度”现象明显,总体而言,在0.5 m分辨率下六道沟小流域的景观格局指数的“临界粒度”为10 m,适宜计算的粒度范围为5-10 m,所以在利用高精度影像对小流域景观进行预测、对比和评价等研究时,需注意粒度的影响并进行一定的粒度转换。农牧交错带小流域景观形态具有分形特征,各类景观斑块的分维数对粒度变化的响应不同,分维数随粒度的增大呈非线性下降趋势,表明景观类型边界趋于简单化。相关性分析一方面定量反映了所选景观指数受粒度变化影响的相关性程度,另一方面可为后续农牧交错带小流域因“退耕还林（草）”工程引起的景观格局变化研究提供参考。     

储粮防护剂药效影响因素分析

针对应用防护剂防治储粮害虫时存在的问题,全面分析影响储粮防护剂药效的因素,如害虫对药剂的敏感性、药剂剂型和施药方法、粮食种类和环境条件.并探讨了相关研究结果在储粮害虫防治实践中的意义和储粮防护剂未来研究的方向.     

Effects of elevated CO2 on grain yield and quality of wheat: results from a 3-year free-air CO2 enrichment experiment

Spring wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. cv. TRISO) was grown for three consecutive seasons in a free-air carbon dioxide (CO₂) enrichment (FACE) field experiment in order to examine the effects on crop yield and grain quality. CO₂ enrichment promoted aboveground biomass (+11.8%) and grain yield (+10.4%). However, adverse effects were predominantly observed on wholegrain quality characteristics. Although the thousand-grain weight remained unchanged, size distribution was significantly shifted towards smaller grains, which may directly relate to lower market value. Total grain protein concentration decreased significantly by 7.4% under elevated CO₂, and protein and amino acid composition were altered. Corresponding to the decline in grain protein concentration, CO₂ enrichment resulted in an overall decrease in amino acid concentrations, with greater reductions in non-essential than essential amino acids. Minerals such as potassium, molybdenum and lead increased, while manganese, iron, cadmium and silicon decreased, suggesting that adjustments of agricultural practices may be required to retain current grain quality standards. The concentration of fructose and fructan, as well as amounts per area of total and individual non-structural carbohydrates, except for starch, significantly increased in the grain. The same holds true for the amount of lipids. With regard to mixing and rheological properties of the flour, a significant increase in gluten resistance under elevated CO₂ was observed. CO₂ enrichment obviously affected grain quality characteristics that are important for consumer nutrition and health, and for industrial processing and marketing, which have to date received little attention.     

Quantitative 3-dimensional Image Analysis of Mineral Surface Modifications—Chemical,Mechanical and Biological

Three principally different mechanisms contribute to the wear-down process of mineral aggregates in sedimentary environments: (1) mechanical abrasion by forces of wind and water and by floating or saltating neighbouring grains, (2) chemical attack and dissolution by fluids, and (3) physical bioerosion and chemical biocorrosion. It is however, difficult to attribute the specific surface changes to specific environments and processes. Quartz sand grains from subaerial and subaquatic environments were analysed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) for traces of natural and experimental aeolian, aquatic and biological wear-down processes. Quantitative topographical parameters of surface alterations were extracted from topography data by non-linear methods derived from digital image analysis. These parameters were examined by multivariate statistic, yielding three well-distinguishable groups. Morphological surface alterations dominated by subaerial, subaquatic and by biological impact could be differentiated. The method may also be used for the detection of aeolian, subaquatic, and biological modification of sedimentary grains and rock surfaces in extraterrestrial environments, and for assessment of environmental damage on monuments and buildings.     

大麦胚乳细胞增殖动态及其与粒重的关系

大麦籽粒胚乳细胞数在花后17 d左右就基本决定,增殖动态可用Richards曲线方程拟合,决定系数0.9900以上,达极显著水平.籽粒胚乳细胞数目、单个细胞重量与粒重均存在极显著正相关,r值分别为0.9019**和0.9409**.籽粒胚乳细胞数对粒重影响最大,单个胚乳细胞重次之,胚乳细胞数的多少是决定粒重的主要原因.