储粮防护剂的应用现状及展望

长期以来,磷化氢熏蒸已逐渐成为全球储粮害虫防治的主要手段.面对储粮害虫广泛产生的磷化氢抗性和替代药剂的缺乏,需要重新审视储粮防护剂的应用意义.由于储粮害虫对现用的储粮防护剂产生了广泛抗性,单一使用防护剂难以达到害虫防治的目的.只有综合考虑和利用各种影响药效的因素,改进防护剂的使用技术,并优化多种防治技术的组合方案,加强防护剂应用基础研究,才能解决防护剂使用所遇到的瓶颈问题,实现储粮害虫磷化氢抗性的治理.     

储粮环境挥发性化合物与储粮害虫的关系研究进展

每种粮食的储粮环境中都存在有其特征性挥发物,储粮害虫的发生对储粮环境中挥发物具有重要影响。本文简述了顶空式固相微萃取法、浸入式固相微萃取法、电子鼻检测法等储粮挥发物的提取方法及其优缺点,对小麦 Triticum aestivum L.、稻谷 Olyza sativa L.、玉米 Zea mays L.和燕麦 Avena sativa L.等主要储藏粮食种类的挥发性化合物成分、粮食挥发物对昆虫行为反应的影响、主要储粮害虫(赤拟谷盗 Tribolium castaneum、锈赤扁谷盗 Cryptolestes ferrugineus 和象虫 Sitophilus spp.)发生与粮食挥发物的关系等研究进展进行综述,探讨了储粮环境挥发性化合物与储粮害虫关系未来的研究方向,以期对今后储粮害虫生态防治研究与应用提供参考信息。     

1%蛇床子素粉剂对三种储粮害虫的防效

研究1%蛇床子素粉剂在5种处理浓度下对3种储粮害虫谷蠹Rhizopertha dominica Fabricius、玉米象Sitophilus zeamai Motschulsky和赤拟谷盗Tribolium castaneum Herbst的防治效果。室内毒力测定结果表明,按有效成分0.5mg/kg(蛇床子素:粮食)浓度处理粮食,7d后,粮食中谷蠹、玉米象和赤拟谷盗的校正死亡率分别为97.78%、100%、86.70%,防治效果优于对照药剂防虫磷和谷虫净。将药剂处理4个月后的粮食进行接虫试验,15d后谷蠹和玉米象的防治效果仍可达100%,达到储粮害虫防治要求。     

昆虫不育剂的效力和安全系数

<正> 昆虫不育剂已经用于害虫防治,并逐步发展为一类新型的化学药剂。例如,绝育磷(TEPA)和不育特(apholate)可以在棉花上防治象鼻虫、红铃虫和斜纹夜蛾等重要害虫。 耐普林(knipling)通过理论和实践的研究表明,施用接触性化学不育剂明显地优于辐射不育法,它不需要大量饲养和释放不育雄虫,并且比直接杀死昆虫的农药更为优越。如果某杀虫剂有90％的效力,以100头害虫作为基数的话,存活的10％害虫继续交配繁殖后代,就需     

农药诱导害虫再猖獗机制

害虫再猖獗是农林害虫防治中出现的普遍现象,包括生态再猖獗和生理再猖獗.前者的机制主要是药剂削弱了自然控制作用,后者主要是药剂引起害虫的毒物兴奋效应及补偿作用(刺激产卵).作者团队最新研究证明,药剂刺激产卵是由于药剂激活了脂肪体RNA转录水平,使卵黄蛋白基因表达量显著上调;两性交配昆虫药剂同样刺激雄性生殖并能通过交配传导...     

两种防护剂和磷化氢联用对储粮书虱和 锈赤扁谷盗的实仓防治效果

储粮书虱Liposcelis spp.和锈赤扁谷盗Cryptolestes ferrugineus(Stephens)由于对磷化氢具有较高的抗性而成为目前粮食储藏过程最难防治的两类害虫,研究储粮防护剂和磷化氢联用对储粮书虱和锈赤扁谷盗的防治效果,对于缓解其对磷化氢的抗性以及其在实仓中综合防治具有重要的经济意义。本文用55%甲基嘧啶磷乳油和2%溴氰·甲嘧磷粉剂分别和磷化氢联用对广东、广西、安徽和河南4个不同气候条件的粮库中的书虱和锈赤扁谷盗进行防治效果的研究。结果表明,在磷化氢熏蒸粮食之前用55%甲基嘧啶磷乳油或2%溴氰·甲嘧磷粉剂处理粮面表层的粮食,在4个粮库的试验粮仓内书虱和锈赤扁谷盗的防治效果有显著差异:在北方干燥少雨的河南汤阴库防治效果最好,可达100%,其次是安徽舒城库、广西柳州库,防治效果分别为71.8%和71.9%。效果最差的是高温高湿的是广东湛江库,防治效果为50.4%。用55%甲基嘧啶磷乳油或2%溴氰·甲嘧磷粉剂和磷化氢联用对书虱和锈赤扁谷盗具有很好的防治效果,说明储粮防护剂和磷化氢联用对于储粮书虱和锈赤扁谷盗具有更好的防治效果。     

油菜田害虫调查及蚜虫防治药剂筛选

田间调查试验表明,合肥市油菜田害虫的发生种类有15种,主要害虫为蚜虫类、油菜潜叶蝇Phytomyza horticola、小菜蛾Plutella maculipennis和菜青虫Pieris rapae。其中,以蚜虫类危害最重,全生育期在冬、春季各有一个峰值。油菜苗期以萝卜蚜、小菜蛾危害较重,后期以桃蚜Myzus persicae、油菜潜叶蝇危害较重。蚜虫防治药剂筛选试验表明,70%吡虫啉水分散粒剂防治蚜虫药效高,持效期长,且对油菜安全,10%烯啶虫胺可溶液剂和25%吡蚜酮可湿性粉剂防效也较好,可作为70%吡虫啉水分散粒剂的轮换药剂。     

控制害虫的新设想——不育基因的生物工程

害虫防治的重要性和艰巨性害虫给农作物和人类健康所造成的危害是巨大的。在长期生产实践中,人们已经发展了各种方法来控制害虫,其中包括农业防治、化学药剂防治、生物防治(应用微生物杀虫剂和天敌昆虫)、物理防治和遗传防治等防治和技术。但是这些方法的使用都有一定的局限性和副作用,有的甚至造成了严重后果。例如作为目前生产中占主导地位的化学药剂防治,已给人类带来了很大麻烦,害虫对化学农药产生抗性,导致农药的     

浅谈对林木食叶害虫科学防治的思考

本文系统阐述林木食叶害虫的防治策略,包括生物防治、物理防治、诱杀、无公害药剂防治、植物检疫等方面,以为食叶害虫的防治提供参考。     

稻纵卷叶螟自然种群生命表的研究

自从Morris等(1954)把生命表方法引用到昆虫自然种群的研究以来,生命表方法逐渐发展成为研究昆虫种群动态的一种重要手段,并在农作物害虫、果树害虫、储粮害虫和卫生害虫的研究上广泛的应用(尹汝湛,1980:Harcourt,1969)。1973年以来,中山大学等在广东四会县大沙公社进行了水稻害虫综合防治的研究,7年的试验结果,原来为害严重的水稻三化螟Scirpophaga incertulas、粘虫Leucania separata、稻褐飞虱Nilaparvata lu-     

Field evaluation of spinosad as a grain protectant for stored wheat in Australia: efficacy against Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) and fate of residues in whole wheat and milling fractions

Abstract  The potential of spinosad as a grain protectant for the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica , was investigated in a silo-scale trial on wheat stored in Victoria, Australia. Rhyzopertha dominica is a serious pest of stored grain, and its resistance to protectants and the fumigant phosphine is becoming more common. This trial follows earlier laboratory research showing that spinosad may be a useful pest management option for this species. Wheat (300 t) from the 2005 harvest was treated with spinosad 0.96 mg/kg plus chlorpyrifos-methyl 10 mg/kg in March 2006, and samples were collected at intervals during 7.5 month storage to determine efficacy and residues in wheat and milling fractions. Chlorpyrifos-methyl is already registered in Australia for control of several other pest species, and its low potency against R. dominica was confirmed in laboratory-treated wheat. Grain moisture content was stable at about 10%, but grain temperature ranged from 29.3°C in March to 14.0°C in August. Bioassays of all treated wheat samples over 7.5 months resulted in 100% adult mortality after 2 weeks exposure and no live progeny were produced. In addition, no live grain insects were detected during outload sampling after a 9 month storage. Spinosad and chlorpyrifos-methyl residues tended to decline during storage, and residues were higher in the bran layer than in either wholemeal or white flour. This field trial confirmed that spinosad was effective as a grain protectant targeting R. dominica .     

Potential of the neonicotinoid imidacloprid and the oxadiazine indoxacarb for controlling five coleopteran pests of stored grain

Abstract The potential for using imidacloprid (a neonicotinoid) and indoxacarb (an oxadiazine) as grain protectants was investigated in bioassays against resistant strains of five stored grain beetles. The species investigated were Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (the lesser grain borer), Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (the rice weevil), Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (the rust‐red flour beetle), Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) (the saw tooth flour beetle), and Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) (the flat grain beetle). Each of these species has developed resistance to one or more protectants, including organophosphorus insecticides, synthetic pyrethroids and the juvenile hormone analogue methoprene. Mortality and reproduction after a 2‐week exposure of adults to treated wheat depended on species, dose and insecticide. Imidacloprid had no effect on S. oryzae at any dose, but none of the other species produced any live progeny at 10 mg/kg. Indoxacarb had no effect on T. castaneum at any dose, but none of the other species produced any live progeny at 5 mg/kg. The results show that although both imidacloprid and indoxacarb can control at least four of the five key pests tested at doses comparable to those used for organophosphorus protectants, more potent neonicotinoid or oxadiazine insecticides would be needed than either of these to provide broad spectrum protection of stored grain.     

Pyrethroid-Acarophenax lacunatus interaction in suppressing the beetle Rhyzopertha dominica on stored wheat

Any biocontrol agent used against stored grain insects will have to interact with insecticides used as grain protectants due to their heavy use especially in tropical areas. Therefore, the interaction between the pyrethroid insecticides bifenthrin and deltamethrin and Acarophenax lacunatus (Cross & Krantz) (Prostigmata: Acarophenacidae), an egg parasite of the stored cereal pest Rhyzopertha dominica(F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae), was assessed in a range of mite densities and insecticide doses for each compound. Despite the mite species presence on all insecticide doses, the lowest instantaneous rate of increase of A.lacunatus was recorded with the highest doses of insecticides. The presence of the biological control agent at all doses of both insecticides suggests its tolerance to these compounds. A. lacunatusshowed higher parasitism rate with bifenthrin than with deltamethrin indicating a higher selectivity of the first compound to the biocontrol agent. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Insecticidal efficacy of three vegetable oils as post-harvest grain protectants of stored wheat against Rhyzopertha dominica （F.） （Coleoptera： Bostrychidae）

The lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica is a major insect pests of stored grain in the tropics. Vegetable oils （chamomile, sweet almond and coconut） at 2.5, 3.5, 5.0, 7.0 and 10.0 mL/kg were tested against Rhyzopertha dominica （F.） in wheat grain. All bioassays were conductr, d at 30℃ and 65% ＋ 2% RH. Treatments with vegetable oils at high dose （10.0 mL/kg） achieved over 95% control within 24 h of exposure to freshly treated grain, There was little difference between the three oils in their effect. Persistence of oils in grains was tested at short-term storage intervals （48, 72 and 96 h） and intermediate-term intervals （10, 20 and 30 days） after treatments. The activity of all products decreased with storage period. Seed viability was reduced by the high dose rate （10.0 mL/kg） of oil treatments. The potential use of vegetable oils as supplementary or alternative grain protectants against insect damage in traditional grain storage in developing countries is discussed.     

Interaction between organophosphate insecticides and the parasitic mite Acarophenax lacunatus (Prostigmata: Acarophenacidae) on Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae)

The interaction between the organophosphate insecticides fenitrothion and pirimiphos-methyl with Acarophenax lacunatus (Cross & Krantz) (Prostigmata: Acarophenacidae), an egg parasite of the stored grain pest Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae), was assessed in a range of doses for each compound. The number of physogastric females of A. lacunatus and egg parasitism (%) decreased with increasing insecticide doses and mite density for both organophosphates. Lower insecticide doses for fenitrothion and pirimiphos-methyl and lower mite densities led to higher instantaneous rates of increase of the mite population. Overall lower instantaneous rates of increase of A. lacunatus were obtained with the insecticide pirimiphos-methyl. The sustained presence of the mite species in all insecticide doses suggest that this biological control agent may be used together with insecticide applications for controlling R. dominica, but high insecticide doses, mainly of pirimiphos-methyl, compromise mite population growth. The high rates of egg parasitism obtained with the biological control agent may aid the insecticide effect on the adult pest population preventing its outbreaks in wheat grains, constituting a potential tactic for pest management of stored wheat.     

Management of Sitotroga cerealella in stored cereal grains: a review

The economic loss due to pest attack in stored commodities is a serious problem worldwide. About 200 insect species attack stored commodities. These insect pests are responsible for quantitative and qualitative losses in cereal grains. Among the stored grain pests, Angoumois grain moth, Sitotroga cerealella is considered as common, top of the list and most destructive pest of cereal grains. Its infestation starts in the standing crop and continues in storage. Although there are many control strategies, our need is some effective, cheap and readily available strategy for safe storage. This review presents different ways by which S. cerealella can be controlled. In this paper, a list of approaches is given which are used to improve the protection of stored grains against S. cerealella attack. These approaches include use of edible oils, containers, synthetic chemicals, agricultural waste materials, plant derivatives, bacterial protoxins, biopesticides, biocontrol enhancers and semiochemicals. If these tactics are followed as combined strategies in a compatible manner, they can provide us an integrated pest management programme for the efficient control of S. cerealella in cereal grains.     

Insect infestation of stored oats in Florida and field evaluation of a device for counting insects electronically

Automated methods of monitoring stored grain for insect pests will contribute to early detection and aid in management of pest problems. An insect population infesting stored oats at a seed processing plant in north-central Florida was studied to test a device for counting insects electronically (Electronic Grain Probe Insect Counter, EGPIC), and to characterize the storage environment. The device counts insects as they fall through an infrared beam incorporated into a modified grain probe (pitfall) trap and transmits the counts to a computer for accumulation and storage. Eight traps were inserted into the surface of the grain bulk, and the insects trapped were identified and counted manually at weekly intervals. Grain temperature and moisture content also were recorded for each trap location. Manual and automatic counts were compared to estimate error in the EGPIC system. Both over- and undercounting occurred, and errors ranged from -79.4 to 82.4%. The mean absolute value of error (+/- SE) was 31.7% (+/- 4.3). At least 31 species, or higher taxa, were detected, but the psocid Liposcelis entomophila (Enderlein) and the foreign grain beetle, Ahasverus advena (Waltl), accounted for 88% of the captured insects. Species diversity, phenology, and spatial distribution are presented, as well as temporal and spatial distribution of grain temperature and moisture content. The data sets generated will find application in population modeling and development of integrated pest management systems for stored grain.     

Population development of Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) on different stored products

The lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica, is an important pest of various stored products around the world. In this study, the development, survival, reproduction, and life table parameters of R. dominica were investigated on six stored products (angelica, jujube, maize, rice, soybean, and wheat). The developmental time of the immature stage of R. dominica was shortest on wheat (40.20 days) and longest on angelica (67.04 days). The survival rate of the immature stage was highest on wheat (76.33%) and lowest on angelica (41.00%). The fecundity level of R. dominica was highest on wheat (246.05 eggs/female) and lowest on angelica (69.38 eggs/female). The net reproductive rate (R₀) and intrinsic rate of increase (r_m) of R. dominica differed significantly among the six stored products. The highest R₀ of R. dominica was on wheat (68.50), followed by rice (41.28), maize (32.32), soybean (27.17), jujube (23.16), and angelica (20.18); the r_m values showed a similar trend, with values of 0.059, 0.046, 0.042, 0.039, 0.036, and 0.033, respectively. Our results indicate that wheat was the most suitable stored product, whereas angelica was the least suitable, for the feeding, development, and population increase of R. dominica. These findings provide basic information about the occurrence trends and characteristics of R. dominica that will be useful for the control of this pest on different stored products. The physicochemical properties of angelica should be further explored for potential application in the control or integrated management of R. dominica.     

两种书虱微卫星富集文库的构建及比较

利用链霉亲和素与生物素之间的强亲和性原理,将链霉亲和素偶联的磁珠与微卫星探针(AC)12、(TC)12、(ATC)8、(ATG)8、(AAC)8、(ATAC)6及(GATA)6退火结合后,再亲和捕捉含接头和微卫星序列的单链书虱基因组DNA限制性酶切目的片段,经PCR扩增形成双链后进行克隆、建库。结果表明本研究成功构建了嗜卷书虱和嗜虫书虱共13个微卫星富集文库,包括6个嗜卷书虱文库,7个嗜虫书虱文库,其平均阳性克隆率为71.17%。经检测发现共得到两种书虱260个微卫星位点。这两种书虱微卫星富集文库的建立和高多态性微卫星位点的筛选将为嗜卷书虱和嗜虫书虱的种群遗传与进化、基因连锁图谱构建、分子系统发育研究等提供大量分子遗传标记,对其在实仓中的持续控制提供遗传学信息。