云南省香格里拉地区现代孢粉与植被关系研究

本文对云南省香格里拉地区(海拔3 400～4 700 m)7个植物群系下采集的21个现代苔藓样品进行了孢粉研究,探讨了现代孢粉组合与样点周围植被之间的关系,以及主要孢粉类型的代表性与传播能力。结果表明,香格里拉地区不同植物群系的孢粉组合具有不同的代表性成分与变化特征,能较好地反映当地植被状况。桦木林和黄背栎林的孢粉组合中指示性成分分别是高含量的桦木属和常绿栎类花粉;冷杉林下的样品,除采自仅有稀疏冷杉的冷杉林下的样品外,其他样品的孢粉组合都较好地反映了高含量的冷杉属花粉;杜鹃灌丛和蔷薇灌丛的孢粉组合分别以高含量的杜鹃花科和蔷薇科花粉为特征;在花粉产量低且植被较开阔的流石滩疏生草甸中,孢粉组合以高含量的草本花粉和外来乔木花粉(如松、冷杉等)为主。松属花粉在本研究区各植物群系下所有样品的孢粉组合中均有较高含量,说明松属花粉产量高、传播能力最强,具有超代表性;铁杉属和桤木属花粉也具有较强的传播能力,它们是外来花粉的主要成分,在不同植物群系下其花粉含量的高低与当地植被的郁闭度及当地植被花粉产量有关;桦木属和常绿栎类花粉代表性强,花粉产量高,也具有较强的传播能力;冷杉属花粉具有明显的低代表性,但其传播能力较强;杜鹃花科花粉的代表性较好,但传播能力差,其花粉散布范围基本在有母体植物生长的地方;柳属花粉代表性低,其花粉含量高于1.0%可能指示柳树的存在;单裂缝孢子的蕨类植物在本研究区部分样品中有较高含量,说明单裂缝孢子的蕨类植物比三裂缝孢子的蕨类植物可能更能适应海拔3 400 m以上的高海拔环境。     

青藏高原南部米拉山东、西坡表土花粉与现代植被关系研究

本文通过分析西藏米拉山东、西坡不同植被类型23个表土花粉样品,结合现代植被样方调查资料,探讨了米拉山地区表土花粉组合与现代植被的关系。结果显示,米拉山地区的表土花粉组合特征基本上能够反映出现代植被类型特征,但是在科属类别,组成方面又存在一定的差异性。同时,米拉山地区主要花粉类型代表性R值分析结果表明,灌木植物花粉杜鹃属具有低代表性,草本植物花粉蒿属、禾本科具有超代表性,而莎草科与蓼属则具有低代表性,这为本地区及相似地区古气候重建提供了基础和验证资料。     

云南亚热带南部孢粉空间组合特征及其与环境分异的关系

以云南亚热带南部野外调研孢粉资料为基础,分析了7个样地的35个表土样品以及28个剖面样品孢粉组合的空间分异特征.结果发现:(1)表土孢粉无论是在科属种类、数量及优势科属还是在科属植物区系上,哀牢山山脉东西两侧的样地均具有较大的差异.孢粉科属种类和数量方面,哀牢山西侧样地要较东部丰富;优势科属方面,哀牢山山脉西侧植物群落的优势科属不明显,且较东部要复杂,而东部地区植物群落的优势科属则较为集中和突出;植物区系分布方面,世界广布、泛热带、热带亚洲至热带非洲以及北温带分布等4个植物区系,其数量和所占比例东西差异都很大.(2)剖面孢粉的分析结果显示,其空间变化趋势与表土孢粉基本一致,同样反映了孢粉组合的东西空间差异.(3)孢粉组合的空间组合与区域的地形、气候分异特征有关.纵向排列的山系对大气环流的"阻隔"作用,以及哀牢山东西侧不同的季风环流系统导致的水热组合条件的差异是造成孢粉组合空间分异格局的主要原因.云南亚热带南部孢粉空间组合反映了区内自然环境的区域差异.     

燕山地区表土花粉与植被间的数量关系

 根据表土花粉分析和植被样方调查,燕山地区各植被带的表土孢粉组合在总体面貌上代表了植被组成,但孢粉组合不等于植被组成,而影响其差异的原因是孢粉保存、孢粉产量、外来孢粉和孢粉鉴定。表土花粉的代表性因种属不同而差异颇大,乔木植物花粉中松(Pinus)、桦(Betula)、胡桃     

陕西彬县地区中侏罗世延安组孢粉植物群及其意义

报道了采自陕西彬县地区中侏罗世延安组的孢粉化石６０属,８３种。经研究表明,陕西彬县地区延安组的孢粉组合是以裸子植物花粉为主,蕨类植物孢子次之。银杏、苏铁类和松柏类花粉在组合中占优势;桫椤科孢子在蕨类中具有较高的含量。根据孢粉组合特征及其对比,延安组的时代应属中侏罗世早期。陕西彬县地区当时的植被是以银杏、苏铁类和松柏类等乔木为主,并伴有桫椤科为主体的树蕨植物及草本植物,古气候应属大陆性亚热带气候。     

云南泸沽湖及周边山地表层孢粉与植被关系研究

本文对云南泸沽湖周边山地不同植被类型下采集的32个表土样品和36个泸沽湖湖泊表层样品进行了孢粉分析,探讨了不同植被类型内的表土孢粉散布特征,对比分析了山地表土与湖泊表层孢粉分布特征的差异。结果表明,不同山地植被类型的孢粉组合具有不同的代表性成分与变化特征,能够较好地反映相应的植被类型。湖泊表层孢粉研究表明,湖泊内不同位置的孢粉组合差异较小,说明湖泊表层孢粉反映的是区域植被的平均分布状况。对比分析泸沽湖周边山地表土与湖泊表层样品的孢粉组合,两者存在一定的差异,表现为:湖泊表层的孢粉组合中乔木花粉(主要是松属)平均含量比表土高,但波动范围要小;草本花粉平均含量要低,且波动范围也小。这可能是由于乔木植物植株较高,而且有些乔木植物花粉具有气囊,更易借助风力将花粉传播到比较远的湖泊中的原因造成的。冷杉和铁杉花粉在所有样品中含量都相对较低,分别不高于6.5%和3.6%;桦属、桤木属、常绿栎类花粉的最高值出现在有这些母体植物生长的表土样品中,在其他样品中则明显较低。在表土孢粉样品中经常可以见到冷杉的气孔器,但在湖泊表层样品中却没有见到,说明气孔器不易到达湖泊中。该研究是对中国西南表层孢粉研究的有益补充,同时为泸沽湖新生代特别是第四纪化石孢粉解释提供了可靠的参考和依据。     

青藏高原东北缘表土花粉初步分析

通过对青藏高原东北缘不同群落19个样点的表土花粉组合特征及其与植物群落之间关系的研究,发现:(1)针叶林和高山灌丛的花粉组合特征与植物群落有较好的对应关系,落叶阔叶林和针阔混交林的花粉组合基本上能反映植被群落特征,草本植物的花粉组合未能反映植物群落的数量特征;(2)主要花粉类型中松属、云杉属和桦属花粉具超代表性,杜鹃花科、杨属和柏科花粉具低代表性;(3)通过花粉相对含量降趋势对应分析(DCA)能较好地区分不同植被类型。该研究成果可为本地区及相似地区的古植被和古环境重建提供基础和验证资料。     

长江三峡中坝遗址地层的孢粉学初步研究

对重庆忠县中坝遗址剖面82个地层样品和遗址附近的12个现代表土样品进行孢粉分析,结果表明:表土样品中孢粉含量较高,沉积地层中频繁出现蕨类植物孢子(相对于木本和草本花粉,其数量多,比例高),揭示出中坝地区植被长期处于次生化状态。表土花粉中,松在乔灌木中占明显优势;旱生草本花粉以蒿属、十字花科和菊科等为主;蕨类孢子以水龙骨、三缝孢子、凤尾蕨、石松孢子和单缝孢子为主,植被处于次生化。地层花粉中,蕨类孢子以凤尾蕨属、卷柏属、其它三缝孢子和单缝孢子为主;乔灌木植物花粉以松属和榆属占优势;草本植物花粉中,禾本科、菊科、藜科和蒿属等含量较高。研究点孢粉分析显示,人类活动对中坝遗址影响较大:1)新石器晚期:先人栽培种植活动已经开始;2)新石器时代末期至六朝,受人类活动影响,植被覆盖度较低;3)商代至周初至秦汉时期,人类活动不断加强;4)唐宋时期,人类栽培种植活动较活跃;5)明清至现代,人类砍伐当地植被日趋严重,导致植被次生化现象增强。     

长江三峡库区玉溪遗址的环境与人类活动的孢粉记录

对玉溪遗址剖面53个地层样品和附近山地的9个现代表土样品进行了孢粉分析,结果表明:玉溪文化时期(6 000a.BP—7 200a.BP)孢粉组合以乔灌木为主,草本次之,蕨类孢子含量较少。乔灌木中以松属、桦木属、栎属占绝对优势;草本中藜科、蒿属含量较高;蕨类孢子以凤尾蕨为主。孢粉谱反映了较为湿润的气候特征。表土孢粉以超代表性的松属占绝对优势,可能是植被群落演替过程中松属植物作为先锋种类表现在演替初级阶段具有明显生长优势的结果,表土孢粉组合基本与当地植被状况相吻合。本研究在14 C测年基础上结合其它代用指标发现在剖面上部第4—8层和下部淤泥层中Rb/Sr值较高且乔灌木花粉百分含量明显增加,可以解释为该段淤泥层为古洪水遗迹,洪水可能有利于对孢粉的富集。地层剖面中文化层与淤泥层呈现交互沉积,表明周期性的洪水事件影响到了人类活动的连续性。     

云南丽江老君山表土花粉与植被关系的研究

通过云南丽江老君山18个样点山地林下表土花粉组合特征及其与植物群落之间关系的分析,结果发现:(1)花粉组合中木本植物花粉占83.3%,木本植物与草本植物花粉比值(AP/NAP)约为5,以常绿栎类、桦属(Betula)和冷杉属(Abies)为主;(2)针叶常绿落叶阔叶混交林和常绿落叶阔叶混交林的花粉组合与植物群落有较好的对应关系,针叶落叶阔叶混交林花粉组合基本能够反映母体植被特征,针叶林花粉组合未能反映植物群落的数量特征;(3)主要花粉类型中冷杉属、柳属(Salix)和杜鹃花科(Ericaceae)花粉具低代表性;常绿栎类、松属(Pinus)和桦属花粉具超代表性,其花粉产量和散布范围为松属常绿栎类桦属;(4)通过花粉相对含量,DCA分析能较好地区分不同植物群落。该研究成果可为西南地区古植被和古环境重建提供基础数据资料。     

Abscission and thinning of young fruit and thier regulation by plant hormones and bioregulators

Natural abscission of young fruit and its regulation by plant hormones isconsidered and compared to the generally accepted model of senescencetriggered abscission of, for example, leaves or mature fruit. It isconcluded that abscission of young fruit cannot be explained by this model.Alternatively, it is suggested that the senescence triggered initial step inthe classical abscission model should be replaced by a correlativelytriggered step. Polar basipetal IAA transport with its autostimulation andautoinhibition components is the main regulating signal in this correlativeacting system and replaces ethylene as the initial driving force from thesenescence triggered model.Results supporting this model are presented and tested against existingresults from the literature. Finally, this hypothesis is tested as a possibleexplanation of the mode of action of some thinning chemicals orbioregulators. It is speculated how a thinning chemical should be designedto function in a more reliable way, at least as far as its interference with the endogenous hormone system is concerned.     

The types of homology and their significance for evolutionary biology and phylogenetics

This paper comments on recently revived discussion about the most adequate definition of homology. Homologues are considered as similarities of complex structures or patterns which are based on a continuity of biological information or instruction. Dependent on the level of comparison four types of homology are defined: (1) Iterative ( = serial = homonomy), (2) ontogenetic, (3) di- or polymorphic, and (4) supraspecific homology. The significance of all four types for evolutionary biology and phylogenetic analysis is outlined.     

Primeval cells: Possible energy-generating and cell-division mechanisms

Summary It is proposed that the first entity capable of adaptive Darwinian evolution consisted of a liposome vesicle formed of (1) abiotically produced phospholipidlike molecules; (2) a very few informational macromolecules; and (3) some abiogenic, lipid-soluble, organic molecule serving as a symporter for phosphate and protons and as a means of high-energy-bond generation. The genetic material had functions that led to the production of phospholipidlike materials (leading to growth and division of the primitive cells) and of the carrier needed for energy transduction. It is suggested that the most primitive exploitable energy source was the donation of 2H⁺+2e^– at the external face of the primitive cell. The electrons were transferred (by metal impurities) to internal sinks of organic material, thus creating, via a deficit, a protonmotive force that could drive both the active transport of phosphate and high-energy-bond formation.This model implies that proton translocation in a closed-membrane system preceded photochemical or electron transport mechanisms and that chemically transferable metabolic energy was needed at a much earlier stage in the development of life than has usually been assumed. It provides a plausible mechanism whereby cell division of the earliest protocells could have been a spontaneous process powered by the internal development of phospholipids. The stimulus for developing this evolutionary sequence was the realization that cellular life was essential if Darwinian survival of the fittest was to direct evolution toward adaptation to the external environment.     

Differentiation antigens of hemoblastoses and epithelial tumors: Relations to the mechanisms of transformation and progression

The role of mechanisms underlying differentiation is considered in malignant transformation of hemoblastoses and epithelial tumors. In hemoblastoses, differentiation is intimately related to malignant transformation and they are underlain by the same mechanisms. Immunophenotyping of hemoblastoses is fully based on successive stages of their differentiation with characteristic expression of differentiation antigens. Unlike hemoblastoses, epithelial tumors gradually, in the course of progression, lose their differentiation due to the degradation of the connections with the microenvironment, which controls the direction and level of epithelial differentiation. Therefore, carcinomas are characterized by varying degrees of “antigenic simplification”, including the epithelial-mesenchymal transition.     

烟叶果胶质分解菌的选育

从烟叶叶面分离到产果胶酶真菌 18株 ,在此基础上 ,进行液体培养 ,测定酶活 ,得到一株酶活性较高的黄曲霉DPE - 0 0 5。对该菌株产酶培养基的碳、氮源进行正交法研究 ,正交实验的结果表明 ,影响该菌产酶活性的因素依次为A(麸皮 ) >B(乳糖 ) >C(果胶 ) >D(硫酸铵 ) ,其最佳组合为A2B3C3D1。最适产酶条件为 :麸皮 4 0 % ,果胶 0 3% ,乳糖 1 5 % ,(NH4 ) 2 SO4 0 5 % ,KH2 PO4 0 2 5 % ,MgSO4 ·7H2 O 0 0 5 % ,NaNO30 0 2 % ,FeSO4 ·7H2 O 0 0 0 1% ,起始pH 6 0 ,在 2 8℃摇床培养 7d产酶量达到最高。以玉溪B3F烟叶为材料 ,施加DPE - 0 0 5菌株所产酶液 ,在 5 0℃贮存 12h。经化学成分检测 ,结果表明 ,果胶质降低了 18 15 %。     

Construction of Plant Expression Vector with Double Resistance to Virus and Insect and Identification of Transformation in Tomato

By in situ hybridization of bacterium clone and analysis of restriction enzyme digestion, both CMV-cp gene and Bt-toxin gene were inserted one by one into T-DNA of binary plant expression vector pea. The reconstructed plasmid was named pE14. Then, tomato was transformed with pE14 mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens GV311-SE, four regenerated tomato plants were obtained on the MS medium containing 100 μg/mL kanamycin. Assay of nopaline, dot blotting of tomato genomic DNA and PCR amplication of CMV-cp gene and Bt-toxin gene from genomic DNA showed that CMV-cp gene and Bt-toxin gene were transferred into the four regenerated tomato plants simultaneously with T-DNA, and no recombination of genes occurred. RNA dot blotting showed that two of them could express simultaneously the CMV-cp gene and Bt-toxin gene proteins. The resistances to virus and insect of the transgenic tomato plants will be tested in their F1 and F2 regenerations.     

桑-蚕系统中镉的吸收、累积与迁移

对桑－蚕系统中镉的吸收,累积与迁移行为研究结果表明：（１）桑树对土壤镉污染有一定的耐性,桑树镉累积量和相对累积率与土壤镉浓度的关系可分别用回归方程Ｔａ＝ａ＋ｂｌｏｇ（Ｓｃ）和ｌｏｇ（Ｒａ）＝ａ＋ｂｌｏｇ（Ｓｃ）描述。（２）随着土壤镉浓度的增加,镉在桑树根部的分布率明显增加,地上部分的分布率有所降低,运转到叶片的比率明显降低。（３）蚕体,蚕砂和蚕茧的镉含量,镉累积量,随着桑叶镉含量的增加而增加。     

Biochemical and Stability Properties of Recombinant Human MnSOD

The light absorption spectral properties of recornbinant human MnSOD. which contains an N-terminal additional methionyl residue, were investigated as a function of pH in the range 4.5–10.5. Whereas the extinction coefficient, ?_M at the UV maximum (282 nm) was essentially independent of pH, the ?_M values of the visible spectrum maximum (482 nm) displayed a bell-shaped dependence with a plateau between pH 6.5 and B. Those spectral changes were reversible and the enzymatic activity was not affected by exposure to buffered solutions at 25°C in the pH range 5–10.5. The stability of MnSOD was determined between 25 and 60°C at two different pH: 6.5 and 8.2. The enzyme was found to be considerably more stable at pH 6.5 than at pH 8.2, both toward aggregation and degradation. The gel permeation properties of MnSOD were investigated: the enzyme is a tetramer, with a subunit of 22.2 kD; however. it elutes from a Superose 12 column (Pharmacia) with an apparent molecular weight of ～60kD. Under dissociative conditions (such as guanidine-HCI). molecular weights corresponding to the dimer and monomer could also be demonstrated. It thus appears that the tetramer adopts a non-globular shape. which causes the deviation from the Stokes radius corresponding to its molecular weight.     

Large scale isolation of bovine and pig zonae pellucidae: Chemical,immunological, and receptor properties

A procedure is described for isolating milligram quantities of bovine and porcine zonae pellucidae, uncontaminated by follicle cells or their processes. On SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis the isolated bovine zona material formed one major glycoprotein band with an estimated molecular weight of approximately 100,000 daltons and two minor lower molecular weight components. The isolated pig zonae formed only one glycoprotein band with a molecular weight of approximately 62,000 daltons. Rabbit antisera raised against the isolated zonae were zona-specific and formed only a single precipitin line against the heat-solubilized zonae on immunoelectrophoresis. An adjuvant was not required for high-antibody titers. High titers were also obtained by injection of the dog and rhesus monkey. Anti-zona antibody was detected by immunofluorescence, zona-coating, double-immunodiffusion, and the inhibition of spermbinding to eggs, including those of human origin. Antigenic and sperm receptor properties were stable at 100°C for five minutes, but some activity was lost after longer exposure. The serum antibody produced by rabbits immunized with pig zonae was predominantly IgG and cross-reacted with the zonae of a variety of other species, including primates. Pregnancy was inhibited in female rabbits immunized with pig zona preparations.