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几种水生植物腐解过程的比较研究 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
研究水生植物腐烂分解过程及其养分动态对认识水生态系统物质循环过程具有重要意义。通过室内植物分解模拟试验,对6种水生植物的腐解过程及腐解残余物成分的变化进行了比较研究。结果表明,在64 d的腐解过程中,浮叶植物的分解速率最快,沉水植物其次,挺水植物最慢;同种植物的分解速率及残余物成分变化在不同生物量密度组间存在一定差异,但总体趋势一致。分解过程中,植物残余物中P、纤维素、木质素含量的变化趋势种间差异较小,总体上P含量先迅速下降后缓慢上升,纤维素含量先下降后趋于稳定,木质素含量先上升后趋于稳定;植物残余物中C、N、半纤维素含量在分解初期种间的变化趋势不同,而分解后期则均为C含量上升,N、半纤维素含量趋于稳定。相关性分析结果表明,总体上,在整个分解周期中,初始N、P含量越大分解越快,初始纤维素、半纤维素、木质素含量、C/N、C/P、木质素/N等越大分解越慢;植物腐解不同阶段的质量指标对分解速率的影响有所不同,在分解前期,残余物中N含量越高分解越快,半纤维素含量、C/N、木质素/N越高,分解越慢,而后期木质素含量越高分解越慢,其它因子影响较小。 相似文献
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木质素代谢的生理意义及其遗传控制研究进展 总被引:27,自引:1,他引:26
木质素含量及其相关酶系活性与植物的生长发育、抗病性、抗逆性密切相关.在造纸工业中,木质素处理是造成环境污染的重要来源。本文对木质素代谢在植物生长发育过程中的生理意义及近年来通过控制PAL、4CL、CAD、POD等酶的活性调节木质素含量或改变其组分方面的研究进展进行了综合评述,并对今后的林木育种工作进行了展望。 相似文献
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在25 ℃和水分含量为400 g·kg-1(以风干土计)条件下对19种植物残体进行培养实验,同时进行田间填埋试验,研究残体的木质素和N含量对其在土壤中分解的影响。相关分析表明,不同植物残体的分解速率与其初始全N含量呈正相关,与初始木质素含量、木质素与N含量之比呈负相关。逐步回归分析进一步表明,植物残体的C分解与全N及木质素含量的数学关系可表达成:Y=B0+B1N+B2L。式中,B0、B1和B2为回归系数,N和L分别表示植物残体的初始全N含量及木质素含量。Y可分别表示为植物残体C分解的一级动力学常数、培 相似文献
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受害马尾松木质素含量及其过氧化物酶活性 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
木质素是植物防御植食性昆虫危害的重要物质。对林间马尾松针叶进行接虫咬食处理后,测定了不同时间内木质素含量、过氧化物酶活性及其同功酶谱带的变化。结果表明:与对照相比,虫害针叶1h木质素含量就略有升高,而系统针叶木质素含量10h才开始升高,24h两种处理的木质素含量及过氧化物酶活性均显著提高;受害后所取时间点内,其差异逐渐加大,这种差异在于表达量不同。F检验的结果显示,虫害及系统针叶木质素含量、过氧化物酶活性及同工酶谱带变化一致,均在24h达到显著差异(P(0.05)。 相似文献
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肉桂酰辅酶A还原酶(Cinnamoyl-CoA reductase,CCR)是催化木质素特异途径的第一个关键酶,是调节碳素流向木质素潜在的控制关节点,对木质素单体的生物合成起着重要作用。通过NCBI数据库收集来自裸子植物、单子叶植物及双子叶植物的35条CCR基因的完整信息,对35条CCR基因的cDNA及其编码的氨基酸序列的进化规律、理化性质、结构域、导肽、信号肽、跨膜结构域、亲/疏水性以及蛋白质结构等性状进行了生物信息学分析与预测,构建了CCR基因的系统发育树。分析结果表明,单子叶植物CCR基因中GC的含量明显高于双子叶植物;CCR基因编码的氨基酸序列存在9个保守区域;所编码氨基酸的理化性质基本一致,但单子叶、双子叶及裸子植物的CCR基因编码主要氨基酸的种类和含量存在着差异;CCR蛋白的N-端存在一个脱氢酶/差向异构酶/辅酶Ⅰ结合蛋白的结构域,无导肽、信号肽及跨膜结构域,属亲水性蛋白;进化树绘制以及同源建模结果表明,CCR基因的进化和植物的进化基本一致,CCR蛋白三级结构模型的空间结构稳定,建模结果可靠。分析结果对于深入研究CCR蛋白在木质素合成中的作用具有一定的理论指导意义。 相似文献
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棉花漆酶基因在转基因新疆杨中的表达及其对木质素合成的影响 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
以新疆杨叶柄为外植体,利用农杆菌法将棉花漆酶基因GaLAC1导入新疆杨.PCR,Soutllern杂交证明外源基因已经整合到杨树基因组中.漆酶活性分析表明转基因植株中漆酶活性较非转基因对照显著提高.与对照植株相比,转基因新疆杨茎段中总木质素的含量有不同程度的增加,最高达21.5%.木质素的组织化学染色进一步证实了GaLAC1的过量表达能够导致转基因植株中总木质素含量的增加.实验结果表明GaLAC1参与了植物体内木质素的合成,这是首次成功利用转基因植物证实植物漆酶基因参与木质素合成的报道. 相似文献
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Biosynthesis and Genetic Engineering of Lignin 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Lignin, a complex heteropolymer of cinnamyl alcohols, is, second to cellulose, the most abundant biopolymer on Earth. Lignification has played a determining role in the adaptation of plants to terrestrial life. As all extracellular polymers, lignin confers rheological properties to plant tissues and participates probably in many other functions in cell and tissue physiology orin cell-to-cell communication. Economically, lignin is very important because it determines wood quality and it affects the pulp and paper-making processes as well as the digestibility of forage crops. For all these reasons the lignin biosynthesis pathway has been the subject of many studies. At present, most genes encoding the enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of lignin have been cloned and characterized. Various recent studies report on the alteration of the expression of these genes by genetic engineering, yielding plants with modified lignin. In addition, several mutants have been analyzed with changes in lignin content or lignin composition resulting in altered properties. Thanks to these studies, progress in the knowledge of the lignin biosynthesis pathway has been obtained. It is now clear that the pathway is more complex than initially thought and there is evidence for alternative pathways. A fine manipulation of the lignin content and/or composition in plants is now achievable and could have important economical and environmental benefits. 相似文献
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Toshiaki Umezawa 《Phytochemistry Reviews》2018,17(6):1305-1327
Lignocellulose polysaccharides are encrusted by lignin, which has long been considered an obstacle for efficient use of polysaccharides during processes such as pulping and bioethanol fermentation. Hence, numerous transgenic plant lines with reduced lignin contents have been generated, leading to more efficient enzymatic saccharification and forage digestion. However, lignin is also a potential feedstock for aromatic products and an important direct-combustion fuel, or a by-product fuel in polysaccharide utilization such as pulping and bioethanol production. For aromatic feedstock production, the complicated structure of lignin along with its occlusion within polysaccharide matrices makes lignin utilization intractable. To alleviate these difficulties, simplification of the lignin structure is an important breeding objective for future high-value utilization of lignin. In addition, higher lignin contents are beneficial for increasing heating values of lignocellulose, because lignin has much larger heating values than polysaccharides, cellulose and hemicelluloses. Structural modification of lignin may also be effective in increasing heating values of lignocellulose biomass, because the heating value of p-hydroxyphenyl lignin is highest, followed by those of guaiacyl lignin and of syringyl lignin in this order. Herein, recent developments for augmenting lignin contents and for lignin structural modifications, to improve its utilization by metabolic engineering, are outlined. 相似文献
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Hiroshi Hisano Rangaraj Nandakumar Zeng-Yu Wang 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》2009,45(3):306-313
The energy in cellulosic biomass largely resides in plant cell walls. Cellulosic biomass is more difficult than starch to
break down into sugars because of the presence of lignin and the complex structure of cell walls. Transgenic down-regulation
of major lignin genes led to reduced lignin content, increased dry matter degradability, and improved accessibility of cellulases
for cellulose degradation. This review provides background information on lignin biosynthesis and focuses on genetic manipulation
of lignin genes in important monocot species as well as the dicot potential biofuel crop alfalfa. Reduction of lignin in biofuel
crops by genetic engineering is likely one of the most effective ways of reducing costs associated with pretreatment and hydrolysis
of cellulosic feedstocks, although some potential fitness issues should also be addressed. 相似文献
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木质素生物合成途径及调控的研究进展 总被引:50,自引:0,他引:50
木质素是植物体中仅次于纤维素的一种重要大分子有机物质,具重要生物学功能。木质素填充于纤维素构架中增强植物体的机械强度,利于疏导组织的水分运输和抵抗不良外界环境的侵袭。陆生植物的木质素合成是适应陆地环境的重要进化特征之一。然而,制浆造纸的中心环节是用大量化学品将原料中的木质素与纤维素分离,纤维素用于造纸,分离的木质素等成为造纸工业的主要废弃物,对江河湖海的污染触目惊心。脱木质素的化学品投入及废液的碱回收处理需大量耗能并增加造纸成本。饲草的木质素还影响牲畜的消化与营养吸收,木质素含量的高低是饲草优劣… 相似文献
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Modeling interactions between a β‐O‐4 type lignin model compound and 1‐allyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride ionic liquid 下载免费PDF全文
Aiming at understanding the molecular mechanism of the lignin dissolution in imidazolium‐based ionic liquids (ILs), this work presents a combined quantum chemistry (QC) calculation and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation study on the interaction of the lignin model compound, veratrylglycerol‐β‐guaiacyl ether (VG) with 1‐allyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride ([Amim]Cl). The monomer of VG is shown to feature a strong intramolecular hydrogen bond, and its dimer is indicated to present important π‐π stacking and intermolecular hydrogen bonding interactions. The interactions of both the cation and anion of [Amim]Cl with VG are shown to be stronger than that between the two monomers, indicating that [Amim]Cl is capable of dissolving lignin. While Cl– anion forms a hydrogen‐bonded complex with VG, the imidazolium cation interacts with VG via both the π‐π stacking and intermolecular hydrogen bonding. The calculated interaction energies between VG and the IL or its components (the cation, anion, and ion pair) indicate the anion plays a more important role than the cation for the dissolution of lignin in the IL. Theoretical results provide help for understanding the molecular mechanism of lignin dissolution in imidazolium‐based IL. The theoretical calculations on the interaction between the lignin model compound and [Amim]Cl ionic liquid indicate that the anion of [Amim]Cl plays a more important role for lignin dissolution although the cation also makes a substantial contribution. 相似文献
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Lignin characteristics in soil profiles in different plant communities in a subtropical mixed forest
Xinggang Wang Qiuxiang Tian Qianxi Li Chang Liao Mei He Feng Liu 《Journal of Plant Ecology》2018,11(4):560
Aims Lignin is generally considered as an important indicator of soil organic carbon (SOC) storage and dynamics. To evaluate the effects of plant communities and soil depth on soil lignin is critical to better understand forest carbon cycling.Methods We compared lignin content and chemical signature in three soil depths of four major plant communities in a subtropical forest, which located in the north part of Wuling Mountains, China. Lignin was measured using CuO oxidation method.Important findings Both lignin content and its biochemical signature in plant litter varied among communities. However, these differences were mostly no longer exist in the upper soil layers. Lignin chemistry in soils inherited some of the biochemical signature of lignin in litter, but in a diminished magnitude. These results suggest that different plant communities had similar decomposition process with varying rates, caused diminished differences in lignin content and its biochemical signature. Lignin content decreased with soil depth, but the biochemical signature of lignin was not significantly different among soil layers for all communities, which suggests that vertical movement of lignin within the soil profile is very likely a key process causing this similar biochemical signature. These results emphasized the important roles of lignin inputs and soil eluviation in shaping lignin characteristics and distribution in forest soils, which pinpoint the urgent need to consider hydrological processes in studying forest soil carbon cycling. 相似文献
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Marie Baucher Claire Halpin Michel Petit-Conil Wout Boerjan 《Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology》2013,48(4):305-350
Lignin is a major component of wood, the most widely used raw material for the production of pulp and paper. Although the biochemistry and molecular biology underpinning lignin production are better understood than they are for the other wood components, recent work has prompted a number of re-evaluations of the lignin biosynthetic pathway. Some of the work on which these revisions have been based involved the investigation of transgenic plants with modified lignin biosynthesis. In addition to their value in elucidating the lignin biosynthetic pathway, such transgenic plants are also being produced with the aim of improving plant raw materials for pulp and paper production. This review describes how genetic engineering has yielded new insights into how the lignin biosynthetic pathway operates and demonstrates that lignin can be improved to facilitate pulping. The current technologies used to produce paper are presented in this review, followed by a discussion of the impact of lignin modification on pulp production. Fine-tuned modification of lignin content, composition, or both is now achievable and could have important economic and environmental benefits. 相似文献
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Previous works have demonstrated that ligninolytic enzymes mediated effective degradation of lignin wastes. The degrading ability greatly relied on the interactions of ligninolytic enzymes with lignin. Ligninolytic enzymes mainly contain laccase (Lac), lignin peroxidase (LiP) and manganese peroxidase (MnP). In the present study, the binding modes of lignin to Lac, LiP and MnP were systematically determined, respectively. Robustness of these modes was further verified by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Residues GLU460, PRO346 and SER113 in Lac, residues ARG43, ALA180 and ASP183 in LiP and residues ARG42, HIS173 and ARG177 in MnP were most crucial in binding of lignin, respectively. Interactional analyses showed hydrophobic contacts were most abundant, playing an important role in the determination of substrate specificity. This information is an important contribution to the details of enzyme-catalyzed reactions in the process of lignin biodegradation, which can be used as references for designing enzyme mutants with a better lignin-degrading activity. 相似文献
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Lignin: genetic engineering and impact on pulping 总被引:25,自引:0,他引:25
Baucher M Halpin C Petit-Conil M Boerjan W 《Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology》2003,38(4):305-350
Lignin is a major component of wood, the most widely used raw material for the production of pulp and paper. Although the biochemistry and molecular biology underpinning lignin production are better understood than they are for the other wood components, recent work has prompted a number of re-evaluations of the lignin biosynthetic pathway. Some of the work on which these revisions have been based involved the investigation of transgenic plants with modified lignin biosynthesis. In addition to their value in elucidating the lignin biosynthetic pathway, such transgenic plants are also being produced with the aim of improving plant raw materials for pulp and paper production. This review describes how genetic engineering has yielded new insights into how the lignin biosynthetic pathway operates and demonstrates that lignin can be improved to facilitate pulping. The current technologies used to produce paper are presented in this review, followed by a discussion of the impact of lignin modification on pulp production. Fine-tuned modification of lignin content, composition, or both is now achievable and could have important economic and environmental benefits. 相似文献