生活垃圾堆肥基质草坪建植体系接种草坪土壤线虫多样性特征

通过城市生活垃圾堆肥基质草坪建植体系接种草坪土壤线虫,研究了线虫数量、科属分类、营养类群等线虫多样性变化.结果表明,接种草坪土壤线虫 4 个月后,垃圾堆肥基质中共鉴定出线虫4科7属,包括植物寄生性线虫、食真菌线虫和食细菌线虫3个营养类群;垃圾堆肥基质草坪建植体系中线虫总数明显少于土壤基质.在接种草坪线虫的土壤基质草坪建植体系中,植物寄生线虫为优势营养类群,盘旋线虫属仍为优势属,相对多度达到83.3%,显著高于本底土壤45.1%.在接种草坪土壤线虫的垃圾堆肥基质草坪建植体系中,土壤本底中处于优势属的植物寄生类线虫如盘旋线虫属和螺旋线虫属基本消失了,表明垃圾堆肥基质对植物寄生类群的生长与繁殖表现出明显的抑制作用,优势属也发生了很大变化,食细菌类群的头叶属和丽突属成为优势属,相对多度分别为67.0%和14.0%.因此,从草坪土壤线虫危害角度来说,以垃圾堆肥作为草坪基质将会为草坪植物生长创造良好的基质环境.     

长期施用生物有机肥土壤的氮矿化

1997年在中国农业大学曲周试验站设置了施用EM堆肥、传统堆肥、化肥和对照处理的田间试验,在2004年和2005年取样测定土壤的矿质氮和氮矿化率.结果表明:在小麦生长的前期矿质氮含量是:化肥处理 > EM堆肥处理 > 传统堆肥处理 > 对照;但是在施用化肥前和小麦生长的后期矿质氮含量是: EM堆肥处理 > 传统堆肥处理 > 化肥处理 > 对照.土壤的氮矿化率是:EM堆肥处理 > 传统堆肥处理 > 化肥处理 > 对照.小麦的产量是:EM堆肥处理显著高于传统堆肥处理,传统堆肥处理显著高于化肥处理,化肥处理显著高于对照.与传统堆肥相比,EM堆肥提高了土壤的矿质氮含量,提高了土壤的氮矿化率,增加了小麦产量.     

开放式空气CO2浓度增高对中国稻田生态系统线虫营养类群产生的影响

土壤动物在农田生态系统腐屑食物网中占有重要地位 ,它们参与土壤有机质分解、植物营养矿化及养分循环作用 .国内外许多研究表明 ,土壤动物对全球变化 ,尤其是大气CO2 浓度升高能够产生正向、中性和负向的影响 .土壤线虫是这类土壤动物的典型代表 ,因为它们在大多数土壤中分布是丰富的 ,而且营养类群是多样的 .应用自由空气CO2 浓度增高 (FACE)技术设计 3个处理水稻圈暴露在大气CO2 增高(浓度为 5 70 μmol·mol-1)条件下 ,3个对照水稻圈为环境中的CO2 浓度 (370 μmol·mol-1) .在中国无锡稻田生态系统水稻生长期内 ,本项研究监测了 0～ 5cm和 5～ 10cm土层中线虫营养类群 .研究结果显示 ,线虫总数、食细菌线虫、植物寄生线虫、杂食 捕食类线虫在取样深度和取样日期上存在显著差异 ;在整个取样日期中 ,FACE处理 5～ 10cm深度中线虫总数、食细菌线虫数量比对照中的高 ;在 0～ 5cm深度中 ,FACE处理食细菌线虫数量比对照中的高 ,而杂食 捕食类线虫数量则表现出相反的趋势 .食真菌线虫在FACE处理与对照之间也存在极显著差异 .     

NH+4-N和NO-3-N肥对大棚黄瓜根际土线虫群落组成及其多样性影响

研究了两种形态氮肥,硝态氮(NO-3-N)和铵态氮(NH+4-N),对大棚黄瓜整个生长期内土壤线虫的群落组成及其多样性的影响差异.结果表明:在黄瓜的整个生育期内,NO-3-N和NH+4-N抑制了土壤线虫总量.在黄瓜各生长阶段,土壤线虫总量在NO-3-N和NH+4-N处理下,均无显著性差异.两种形态氮肥处理后,垫刃属和伪垫刃属仍为优势属,而小杆科从常见科变为优势科,其平均相对丰度为NO-3-N处理高于NH+4-N处理.土壤线虫群落中各营养类群较稳定,但植物寄生线虫与非植物寄生线虫出现频率的变化趋势相反.NO-3-N和NH+4-N处理后,植物寄生线虫出现频率的变化趋势由高到低;非植物寄生线虫出现频率的变化趋势则都是由低到高.在度量土壤线虫群落多样性的指标中,多样性指数(H′)、丰富度指数(SR)较好地反映了不同形态氮肥的施用对大棚黄瓜土壤线虫多样性的影响.与NH+4-N处理相比,NO-3-N更有利于提高土壤线虫的多样性和稳定性.     

开放式空气CO2浓度增高对中国稻田生态系统线虫营养类群产生的影响(英)

土壤动物在农田生态系统腐屑食物网中占有重要地位,它们参与土壤有机质分解、植物营养矿化及养分循环作用.国内外许多研究表明,土壤动物对全球变化,尤其是大气CO₂浓度升高能够产生正向、中性和负向的影响.土壤线虫是这类土壤动物的典型代表,因为它们在大多数土壤中分布是丰富的,而且营养类群是多样的.应用自由空气CO₂浓度增高(FACE)技术设计3个处理水稻圈暴露在大气CO₂增高(浓度为570μmol·mol^-1)条件下,3个对照水稻圈为环境中的CO₂浓度(370μmol·mol^-1).在中国无锡稻田生态系统水稻生长期内,本项研究监测了0～5cm和5～10cm土层中线虫营养类群.研究结果显示,线虫总数、食细菌线虫、植物寄生线虫、杂食捕食类线虫在取样深度和取样日期上存在显著差异;在整个取样日期中,FACE处理5～10cm深度中线虫总数、食细菌线虫数量比对照中的高;在0～5cm深度中,FACE处理食细菌线虫数量比对照中的高,而杂食捕食类线虫数量则表现出相反的趋势.食真菌线虫在FACE处理与对照之间也存在极显著差异.     

甘南高寒草甸土壤线虫营养功能群 的地统计学分析

土壤线虫是土壤生态系统的重要指示生物。研究高寒草甸土壤线虫营养功能群空间分布格局特征,有助于揭示土壤线虫分布对高寒草甸生态因子变化的响应。2019年7月中旬,采用网格法（1.0 m × 0.5 m）研究5.0 m × 4.0 m尺度土壤层（0 ~ 20 cm）土壤线虫营养功能群空间特征。采用改良湿漏斗法,共获得土壤线虫1 830条,隶属于49属,土壤线虫个体平均密度以50 g干土计量为63.2条,其中,绕线属（Plectus）和拟丽突属（Acrobeloides）为优势类群。土壤线虫以食细菌线虫、植物寄生线虫为主。土壤线虫营养功能群变异系数介于64.26% ~ 107.69%（n = 38）之间,存在较强的变异性。食真菌线虫与食细菌线虫（P < 0.001）、食真菌线虫与植物寄生线虫（P < 0.001）间空间分布均存在显著相关性。地统计分析显示,土壤线虫营养功能群的空间相关范围存在明显差异,有效变程介于0.50 ~ 27.07 m之间,其67.26% ~ 99.79%的变异与空间自相关过程有关。食细菌土壤线虫分布格局呈较均匀的斑块镶嵌结构,斑块较小;非食细菌土壤线虫呈斑块连接或斑块镶嵌结构,斑块较大且斑块间过渡明显,表明土壤线虫小尺度明显的斑块结构可能是高寒草甸受干扰后的一种常见分布模式,并受多种因素影响。     

玉米秸秆还田对土壤线虫数量动态与群落结构的影响

通过大田玉米秸秆还田试验研究了其对农田土壤线虫数量动态、属的种类及群落结构等的影响。结果表明:2013—2014连续两年试验期间,蠡玉35玉米秸秆还田(CR)与不还田对照处理(CK)共鉴定到土壤线虫36个属(CR 36个属,CK 30个属);其中,植食性线虫12个属(CR 12属,CK 10属),食细菌线虫15个属(CR 15属,CK 14属),食真菌线虫5个属(CR 5属,CK4属),捕/杂食线虫4个属(CR 4属,CK 2属)。秸秆还田处理与不还田处理相比,植食线虫和食真菌线虫的相对丰度降低,而食细菌线虫和杂/捕食线虫的相对丰度提高,且食细菌线虫的相对丰度显著提高达42.95%。此外,秸秆还田处理土壤线虫总数高于不还田对照处理,但差异不显著;而秸秆还田处理可显著增加食细菌线虫数量,增幅高达16.3%—125.6%。与不还田处理对照相比,秸秆还田处理可显著提高土壤线虫群落多样性指数(H')、属类丰富度(S)和线虫通路指数(NCR),但对群落均匀度(J)、瓦斯乐斯卡指数(WI)和总成熟指数(∑MI)的影响不显著。可见,玉米秸秆还田具有重要的生态学意义,可在一定程度上增加土壤线虫数量和种类多样性,进而使土壤生态系统向稳定健康的方向发展。     

稻田不同水分管理方式对土壤线虫群落的影响

在下辽河平原地区就稻田不同水分管理方式对土壤线虫多度、营养类群、群落组成的影响进行了研究．结果表明,0～10cm土层不同水分管理处理的线虫总数在耙耕前和黄熟期显著低于对照,10～20cm土层各时期处理间线虫总数的差异不显著,20～30cm土层线虫总数在耙耕前和黄熟期差异极显著．北方单季稻水田试验共观察到土壤线虫16科22属．绕线属(Plectus)、垫刃属(Tylenchus)、单宫属(Monhystera)是优势属,绕线属和垫刃属对不同的水分管理比较敏感．在耙耕前和黄熟期不同水分管理方式对0～10cm土壤食细菌线虫能够产生显著影响．稻田土壤中食细菌线虫和植物寄生线虫是优势营养类群,而捕食／杂食性线虫的相对多度最低．     

悉生培养微缩体系食细菌线虫提高土壤激素含量的机制

研究土壤食细菌线虫与细菌的相互作用及其生态功能是土壤生态学的核心内容之一。食细菌线虫取食细菌可以促进土壤中氮素的矿化,提高氮素养分的供给,改善土壤的营养条件,从而促进植物的生长发育。土壤食细菌线虫促进植物根系生长的"养分作用机制"已得到确认,而"激素作用机制"还存在争议。从供试土壤中筛选获得一株高效产IAA细菌和两种不同cp值的食细菌线虫,通过设置简化的悉生培养系统,对这两种土著食细菌线虫与土著产IAA细菌之间的相互作用,及其对土壤中IAA含量变化的影响进行研究。结果表明:两种食细菌线虫的取食均能促进细菌数量和活性的增强,食细菌线虫与产IAA细菌相互作用也能显著增加土壤中IAA的含量;这些促进作用受到接种食细菌线虫的种类以及培养时间的影响:在培养第10天和第20天时,接种cp值为1的中杆属食细菌线虫显著增加了产IAA细菌的数量;在培养第10天和第30天时,相比较接种cp值为2的头叶属食细菌线虫,接种中杆属食细菌线虫显著提高了土壤中IAA的含量。     

新疆长期棉花连作对土壤理化性状与线虫群落的影响

土壤线虫群落特征是评价和指示土壤生态系统健康状况的重要依据。本研究选取不同连作年限(5、10、15、20和25年)的棉田为样地,采用高通量测序技术,探究土壤性状和线虫群落对棉田长期连作的响应。结果表明: 棉田连作10～15年后,土壤pH、电导率显著升高,有机碳、全氮、有效磷、有效钾、硝态氮含量和土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)显著降低。在连作棉田中共鉴定出土壤线虫3纲7目18科25属,其中螺旋属在不同连作年限的棉田土壤中均为优势属;土壤植物寄生类线虫在不同连作年限中均为优势营养类群,呈现先降低后增加的趋势,连作25年较其他连作年限植物寄生类线虫增加9.1%～208.6%,其中螺旋属线虫增加了392%。随着连作年限的增加,矮化属、茎属、Discopersicus、中环属和中轮属等植物寄生类线虫被检出。连作15年的棉田土壤中,土壤线虫丰富度指数和自由生活线虫成熟度指数显著降低,植物寄生线虫成熟度指数/自由生活线虫成熟度指数显著升高,Shannon多样性指数和瓦斯乐斯卡指数最低;有效磷和MBC是影响土壤线虫群落变化的主要环境因子。这说明棉田连作10～15年会发生土壤养分失衡,土壤线虫多样性降低,土壤食物网稳定性变差,棉花致病类植物寄生线虫增加,产生连作障碍。     

The effects of spent mushroom compost and municipal solid waste compost on Phytophthora drechsleri in vivo and in vitro

Leached spent mushroom compost (SMC), municipal solid waste compost (MSWC) and their extracts, were tested to suppress Phytophthora drechsleri in cucumber plants. The composts were mixed with sand-loam soil in sterile and non-sterile types and were used to assess suppressiveness against P. drechselri in greenhouse experiments. The extracts of composts, in both sterile and non-sterile types, were applied to evaluate their effect in suppression of pathogen in vitro. The results of the experiments showed that all applications rate of non-sterile SMC were significantly effective in the control of the pathogen. However the sterile SMC amendments did not have a positive effect on the pathogen suppression in vitro or in vivo, as it was expected. In greenhouse experiments, both composts were effective in controlling pathogen at the rate of 15%, but the treatments amended with higher rate of MSWC did not show a positive effect. The treatments amended with MSWC (15%) and SMC (25%) showed the most suppressive effect in controlling the pathogen. The extract of leached-SMC could inhibit P. drechselri in petri dish.     

A yield control approach to assess phytoavailability of Zn and Cu in irradiated,composted sewage sludges and composted manure in field experiments: II. Copper

Organic wastes such as sewage sludges contain copper (Cu). Increased attention to environmental protection requires that wastes be treated with pathogen-eliminating procedures before application to farmland. It is not clear, however, if such procedures affect the plant availability of Cu in the wastes. This 2-year field research investigated the effect of irradiation and composting on Cu availability in sludges and manure using a yield control approach. Four organic wastes [digested and dewatered (DSS), digested and irradiated (DISS), composted (DICSS) sewage sludges and composted livestock manure (CLM)] were applied at four rates (10, 20, 30 and 40 t solid ha^–1 year^–1) with supplemented N and K fertilizers. A control treatment (CT) received N and K fertilizers only. Beans, lettuce and petunias were grown in first year and lettuce were harvested twice in second year. Beans appeared to have a strong ability to absorb Cu compared with the other test crops. In general, crop Cu concentration responses to Cu applied in DSS and DISS were well described by quadratic equations. Tested by a paired t-test, Cu concentration in bean pods was higher in DISS than in DSS treatment, indicating that irradiation increased phytoavailability of Cu. However, the parabolic response of crop Cu to Cu applied in DISS, suggesting that the increases were confined to the lower rates of DISS. Copper applied in DICSS did not increase Cu concentration in any of the test crops. At a given level of applied Cu, crop Cu tended to be lower in DICSS than in DSS or DISS treatment. Sludge composting depressed phytoavailability of Cu. Copper concentration in CLM was much lower than in sludges and sludge composts, but application of CLM increased Cu concentration in bean pods. The pattens of Cu concentration in the two cuts of lettuce in 1991 to Cu applied in CLM were similar, where low rates of CLM application slightly reduced Cu concentration, then the Cu concentration increased with increased rates. The dynamics of available Cu supply were different in the sludge composts and manure composts.     

Priming effect as determined by adding 14C-glucose to modified controlled composting test

The development of new biodegradable packaging materials, especially biodegradable plastics, has created a need for biodegradability testing. The European standard for controlled composting test was used in this study for assessing if the addition of a test material results in excess CO₂ production in compost. This effect, designated as the priming effect, would give an erroneous result for biodegradation, which is based on CO₂ formation from the test material. Glucose was selected as a test substrate because it is the degradation product of starch and cellulose, which are major compounds of many packaging materials. Both ¹⁴C-glucose and non-labelled glucose was applied to nine compost samples of variable stability and agefrom two weeks to 1.5 years. CO₂ and ¹⁴CO₂ evolution were measured during the incubation. Biodegradation of glucose in unstable composts (age leq6 months) was negative and ¹⁴CO₂ evolution was poor, although the respective composts without glucose produced relatively high amounts of CO₂. It was concluded that a negative priming effect was observed in unstable composts, in which glucose remained mostly non-degraded and apparently inhibited the mineralization of native organic matter in the compost. In stable composts (age 6 months), biodegradation of glucose was high and approximately equal to ¹⁴C-glucose mineralization, i.e., the composts showed no priming effect. Young composts were unsuitable for controlled composting test due to lack of stability. It is important to ensure that the compost inoculum used for the test is sufficiently stable.     

Active compost biofiltration of toluene

Composting of leaves and alfalfa (i.e. active compost) was used for thebiofiltration of toluene-contaminated air in a 6-L biofilter (initial bedheight: 180 mm). During the thermophilic phase (45 to 55 °C), toluenebiodegradation rates reached 110 gtoluene.m^-3.h^-1 at an inlet concentration ofabout 5 g.m^-3.h^-1 and a gas residence time of 90 seconds. Thehighest rates were obtained late in the thermophilic phase suggesting amicrobial adaptation was occurring. Biodegradation rates decreased rapidly(50% in 48h) in the cooling stage. Under mesophilic conditions, themaximum biodegradation rates that could be obtained by increasing the inlettoluene concentration were near 89 gtoluene.m^-3.h^-1 which issimilar to that reported in the literature for mature compost biofilters. Novolatile by-product was detected by gas chromatography. Mineralization of¹⁴C-toluene and benzene showed that they were completelydegraded into CO₂ and H₂O under boththermophilic and mesophilic conditions. Bacteria isolated from latemesophilic stage had the capacity to degrade all BTEX compounds but were notable to transform chlorinated compounds. No organisms were isolated whichcould use toluene as their sole source of carbon and energy at 50 °C.Active compost biofiltration should be an excellent process for thetreatment of gaseous BTEX by biofiltration. This is the first report ofthermophilic biofiltration of toluene.     

The influence of composting on the fertilizing value of an aerobic sewage sludge

The influence of composting on the fertilizing value of an aerobic sewage sludge and its action on ryegrass was studied. Soil P and K contents, cation-exchange capacity (CEC) and CEC/total organic carbon incresed with composting, while the percentage of phytotoxic substances diminished. The compost provided useful quantities of organic matter and macronutrients. The addition of uncomposted waste to the soil initially had a depressive effect on yield which disappeared after a period of incubation of this material in the soil, whereas the application of a mature compost produced yields superior to those in the control treatment.     

真菌降解木质素研究进展及在好氧堆肥中的研究展望

综述了近十年来真菌降解木质素的研究进展,包括木质素的存在与结构,真菌降解木质素生物学、酶系及作用机理、生理学以及在环境工程中应用方面的研究进展,并对好氧堆肥处理城市垃圾中木质素生物降解的研究作了展望 。     

A yield control approach to assess phytoavailability of Zn and Cu in irradiated,composted sewage sludges and composted manure in field experiments: I. Zinc

The threat of spreading diseases is a serious concern when organic wastes are applied to farmland. Irradiation and composting are effective methods to reduce pathogens. Field experiments were conducted to assess the influence of these pathogen-eliminating methods on plant availability of Zn in the wastes. Four organic wastes: digested and dewatered (DSS), irradiated (DISS), composted (DICSS) sewage sludge and composted livestock manure (CLM) were applied during two growing seasons at 10, 20, 30, and 40 t solids ha^–1 year^–1. Available N and K in the wastes were estimated and N and K fertilizers were added to the soil to equalize available N and K supply among treatments to avoid dilution of crop Zn concentration. A control treatment (CT) received fertilizers but no waste. Lettuce, snap beans and petunias were grown in 1990, and two cuts of lettuce were harvested in 1991. The influence of waste Zn application on crop Zn concentration was studied within approximately equal crop yields. Crop Zn concentration increased in all crops treated with DSS or DISS, and often reached a maximum at the 30 t ha^–1 rate of application, then slightly decreased at 40 t ha^–1. The response of crop Zn concentration to the amount of Zn applied in the wastes was best described by quadratic equations. Waste application also significantly increased soil Zn availability index, which was a function of DTPA (diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid)-extractable soil Zn and soil pH. The index was highly correlated with crop Zn concentration. Although Zn concentration in DICSS was similar to those in DSS and DISS, Zn applied in DICSS did not increase crop Zn concentration or soil availability index. Composting reduced the availability of Zn. The similar concentrations of Zn in DSS and DISS in both years allowed the use of a paired t-test to determine the differences in crop Zn concentration caused by application of DSS and DISS. Zinc applied in DISS produced a higher Zn concentration in bean pods than Zn applied in DSS (t > T _0.05 at P < 0.02, df = 15), indicating that irradiation increased phytoavailability of Zn in the sludge. However, no similar effect was found in Zn concentrations in the two cuts of lettuce in 1991 or in soil Zn availability index.     

施用EM堆肥对土壤螨群落结构的影响

对不同施肥条件下农田中的土壤螨进行调查,结果表明：（1）EM堆肥区土壤有机层加深,土壤螨垂直分布下限下移;（2）施用EM堆肥土壤螨数量多,物种丰富,分布均匀,长期施用EM堆肥可以形成多层次的食物网络,传统堆肥区土壤螨数量和种类较化肥区多,单纯施用化肥的农田,土壤螨数量和种类呈减少趋势,群落结构稳定性差,土壤生物间的联系向单一化方向发展。     

Effects of water extracts of a composted manure-straw mixture on the plant pathogen Botrytis cinerea

Manure-straw mixtures were composted and water extracts, made by incubating compost in water for 3 to 18 days, were assessed for antagonistic activity against Botrytis cinerea, using a range of tests. Extracts of all ages inhibited conidial germination on glass slides and reduced mycelial growth on agar. Mixing extracts of all ages with droplets of suspensions of B. cinerea conidia on detached Phaseolus bean leaves suppressed lesion development, but only 3- to 8-day-old extracts had an effect when sprayed onto leaves 2 days before inoculation. Extracts contained a large and varied microbial population of actinomycetes (0.3 to 2.4×10⁵ c.f.u.ml^–1), bacteria (1.5 to 5.6×10¹⁰ c.f.u.ml^–1), filamentous fungi (25.0 to 45.5 c.f.u. ml^–1) and yeasts (26.1 to 62.6 c.f.u.ml^–1). Eight- and 18-day-old extracts lost activity completely on filter sterilization or autoclaving. Weekly sprays of 8-day-old extracts onto lettuce in the glasshouse had no effect on the incidence of grey mould, but significantly reduced its severity and increased marketable yield. The use of compost extracts in biocontrol of plant diseases and their possible mode of action is discussed.M.P. McQuilken and J.M. Whipps are and J.M. Lynch was with the Microbiology and Crop Protection Department, Horticulture Research International, Littlehampton BN17 6LP, UK; J.M. Lynch is now with the School of Biological Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 5XH, UK.     

Effects of age of cattle,turning technology and compost environment on disappearance of bone from mortality compost

As residual bones in mortality compost negatively impact subsequent tillage, two studies were performed. For the first study, windrows of mature cattle or calves were placed on a base of barley straw and covered with beef manure. Windrows were divided into two sections and turned at 3-month intervals. Approximately 5000 kg of finished compost per windrow was passed through a 6 mm trommel screen, with bones collected and weighed. Bone weight was 0.66% of mature cattle compost and 0.38% of calf compost on a dry matter basis, but did not differ after adjustment for weights of compost ingredients. In a subsequent study, four windrows were constructed containing mortalities, straw and beef manure (STATC) or straw, manure and slaughter waste (STATW). Also, straw, beef manure and slaughter waste was added to an 850 L rolling drum composter (DRUMW). Fresh bovine long-bones from calves were collected, weighed and embedded in the compost. Bones were retrieved and weighed when windrows were turned, or with DRUMW, after 8 weeks. Temperatures achieved followed the order STATW > STATC > DRUMW (p < 0.05). Rate of bone disappearance followed a pattern identical to temperature, with the weight of bones in STATW declining by 53.7% during 7 weeks of composting. For STATC, temperatures were uniform over three composting periods, but bone disappearance was improved (p < 0.05) when compost dry matter was lower (46%), as compared to 58%. Using a ratio of five parts manure to one part mortalities, results of this study demonstrated that residual bone was <1% of cured cattle compost and may be reduced by maintaining a high compost temperature and moisture content.