烟草细胞色素P450的基因组学分析

细胞色素P450是一类含血红素的单加氧酶超基因家族, 在植物多种代谢途径中起着重要作用。为了解烟草中的P450的种类和数量, 文章将植物代表性P450蛋白质序列与烟草基因组序列比对, 在烟草基因组中鉴定了44个P450家族共263个成员。将这些烟草P450基因与烟草表达序列标签(EST)比对, 发现173个成员有EST证据。通过与拟南芥中已知的P450蛋白序列比较, 分析了部分烟草P450蛋白序列的特征和二级结构。根据烟草基因芯片数据和部分基因的RT-PCR结果, 发现73个烟草P450基因能够在不同的生长发育时期表达, 其中部分基因具有组织特异性。这些研究结果为烟草P450基因功能的深入分析奠定了基础。     

应用RNAi技术培育抗2种病毒病的转基因烟草

分别提取烟草普通花叶病(TMV)和烟草黄瓜花叶病（CMV）的病毒RNA。经反转录和外壳蛋白阅读框PCR扩增,获得TMV和CMV外壳蛋白基因cDNA, 分别进行两种病毒已知株系cDNA序列比对获得各自的保守序列,设计干涉序列,将干涉片段扩增产物连接到pMD18-T的相邻酶切位点,制备融合序列,并将其正向和反向序列插入pUCCRNAi载体,再转化到pCAMBIA2300-35S-OCS表达载体中。利用农杆菌LBA4404侵染烟草K326,获得3份含有TMV和CMV外壳蛋白基因干涉序列的转化材料,经分子鉴定证实干涉序列已导入烟草,并采用荧光定量PCR技术对其mRNA表达差异进行分析。抗病性调查表明转化烟株对TMV和CMV抗性都显著增强。     

盐地碱蓬DREB同源基因SsDREB的功能研究

Ss DREB是从盐地碱蓬克隆获得的一个DREB2类转录因子,其表达受高盐和干旱诱导,而对ABA和低温处理反应不明显。本研究将Ss DREB与绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)基因构建融合表达载体并在洋葱表皮细胞中进行瞬时表达,结果表明SsDREB编码蛋白定位在细胞核中;酵母转录激活实验证明,Ss DREB能特异性结合DRE顺式作用元件,并激活下游报告基因的表达;采用农杆菌介导法将Ss DREB基因在35S启动子的驱动下转入烟草中,获得的转基因植株对干旱和盐胁迫抗性均显著提高;为研究Ss DREB过量表达提高转基因烟草抗旱、耐盐能力的分子机制,选取烟草中与提高质膜稳定性、消除活性氧和渗透平衡相关的8个逆境胁迫相关基因,以烟草α-tublin基因做为内参,利用半定量RT-PCR方法分析在正常生长条件下这8个基因在转基因烟草和对照烟草中的表达情况,实验结果表明这8个基因都受外源Ss DREB基因的调控,其中6个基因在转基因烟草中的表达量显著高于非转基因植株。     

植物生物技术的现状及展望

1　大田转基因植物研究现状1.1　病原体诱导的病毒抗性自从Beachy等发现转基因植物表达烟草花叶病毒外壳蛋白基因可以抑制或延缓病毒病的发生之后 ,又发现许多病毒序列可以产生一定水平的抗病性。病原体诱导的病毒抗性 (PDR)基因包括一些非编码蛋白序列 (如缺陷干扰型RNAs和DNA     

紫花苜蓿F-box蛋白基因MsFTL的克隆及功能分析

FTL(F-box Triple LRR protein)是F-box蛋白家族的成员,具有F-box保守结构域,在植物抵御逆境胁迫过程中起重要作用。本研究参考低温胁迫下紫花苜蓿转录组数据设计引物,通过RT-PCR克隆获得紫花苜蓿MsFTL基因,该基因的全长1422 bp,编码473个氨基酸。该蛋白含有1个F-box结构域及3个LRR重复。系统进化分析表明,MsFTL与蒺藜苜蓿XP_003626345.1 F-box/FBD/LRR-repeat protein亲缘关系最近。两者蛋白序列比对发现共有11个差异位点。在低温、盐、干旱以及外源ABA处理下,MsFTL基因受到诱导,表达量上调。构建植物过表达载体pCBM-MsFTL,通过农杆菌介导法转化烟草。对经过抗性筛选、PCR和Real-time PCR验证的转基因植株进行低温抗性鉴定。在-4℃低温胁迫下,野生型烟草叶片出现了明显的萎蔫失水现象,而转基因烟草萎蔫程度相对较轻。生理检测结果表明,4℃处理24 h之后,转基因烟草的可溶性蛋白含量、可溶性糖含量、SOD活性,CAT活性高于野生型,MDA含量低于野生型。本研究表明,MsFTL基因在提高植物对低温胁迫的抗性方面具有重要的作用。     

烟草赤霉素2-氧化酶基因NtGA2ox1的克隆、表达及亚细胞定位分析

赤霉素2-氧化酶(GA2ox)通过2-β-羟基化作用产生失活的赤霉素,进而调节植物体内的赤霉素的活性水平。前期,本研究在烟草侧枝发育突变体转录组数据中,发现一个赤霉素2-氧化酶基因,其表达水平与野生型相比存在显著差异,命名为NtGA2ox1。为了更好地研究该基因在烟草侧枝发育中的作用,本研究从普通烟草中分离克隆了NtGA2ox1基因。通过测序分析该基因的编码及全长序列,发现NtGA2ox1基因含有2个外显子和1个内含子,编码一条长度为379个氨基酸的序列。同源进化分析表明,该基因在多种植物中存在同源序列,特别是茄科植物。组织特异性表达分析发现,NtGA2ox1基因在烟草的各个生长阶段均有表达,其中,在花和根中表达量较高。同时,激光共聚焦显微镜结果表明,YFP-NtGA2ox1融合蛋白在细胞质和细胞核中有很强的荧光信号,表明NtGA2ox1蛋白很可能定位于细胞核和细胞质中。本研究为进一步研究赤霉素调控烟草侧枝发育提供了理论依据。     

日本血吸虫童虫裂解物对东方田鼠肝脏T7噬菌体展示cDNA文库的筛选及阳性克隆分析

东方田鼠对血吸虫具有天然抗性。为筛选和分析东方田鼠抗血吸虫抗性相关基因, 以日本血吸虫童虫可溶性裂解物为探针, 筛选东方田鼠肝脏噬菌体展示cDNA文库。经三轮筛选, 特异性噬菌体得到有效富集(375倍)。随机挑取92个克隆进行序列测定, 获得了19条有效EST序列。其中13个条EST序列与已知基因或表达序列标签同源, 6个EST序列与已知基因或表达序列标签均无同源性, 为新的表达序列标签。将19个EST序列的阳性噬菌体克隆和血吸虫童虫共培养, 其中4号(GenBank Accession No.: EW968294)、13号(GenBank Accession No.: EW968303)、14号(GenBank Accession No.: EW968304)、15号(GenBank Accession No.: EW968305)、18号(GenBank Accession No.: EW968308)克隆均诱导了显著的杀虫效果。综合生物信息学分析结果及体外杀伤试验结果, 编码CASP8和FADD类似性细胞程序性死亡调节蛋白、a-2-HS-糖蛋白、M4蛋白、具有R3H结构域的一种mRNA结合蛋白以及三种未知蛋白的编码基因(14、15、18号克隆)可能是东方田鼠抗血吸虫病抗性相关基因。为进一步研究东方田鼠抗血吸虫机理奠定了基础。     

日本血吸虫童虫裂解物对东方田鼠肝脏T7噬菌体展示cDNA文库的筛选及阳性克隆分析

东方田鼠对血吸虫具有天然抗性。为筛选和分析东方田鼠抗血吸虫抗性相关基因, 以日本血吸虫童虫可溶性裂解物为探针, 筛选东方田鼠肝脏噬菌体展示cDNA文库。经三轮筛选, 特异性噬菌体得到有效富集(375倍)。随机挑取92个克隆进行序列测定, 获得了19条有效EST序列。其中13个条EST序列与已知基因或表达序列标签同源, 6个EST序列与已知基因或表达序列标签均无同源性, 为新的表达序列标签。将19个EST序列的阳性噬菌体克隆和血吸虫童虫共培养, 其中4号(GenBank Accession No.: EW968294)、13号(GenBank Accession No.: EW968303)、14号(GenBank Accession No.: EW968304)、15号(GenBank Accession No.: EW968305)、18号(GenBank Accession No.: EW968308)克隆均诱导了显著的杀虫效果。综合生物信息学分析结果及体外杀伤试验结果, 编码CASP8和FADD类似性细胞程序性死亡调节蛋白、a-2-HS-糖蛋白、M4蛋白、具有R3H结构域的一种mRNA结合蛋白以及三种未知蛋白的编码基因(14、15、18号克隆)可能是东方田鼠抗血吸虫病抗性相关基因。为进一步研究东方田鼠抗血吸虫机理奠定了基础。     

植物病程相关蛋白及其在烟草中的研究进展

植物在受到病原物侵染时,会产生一系列抗性反应,病程相关蛋白是其中参与抗病性的重要物质,能够被病原物诱导产生并在植物体内积累,对于诱导植物系统抗性,阻止病原物侵染具有重要作用。对植物病程相关蛋白的性质、诱导因素、分类和功能进行综述,并概述病程相关蛋白与烟草系统抗性的紧密联系以及烟草病程相关蛋白基因在增强系统抗性中的应用,为烟草抗病育种和病虫害防治提供了理论。     

普通烟草CESA基因家族成员的鉴定、亚细胞定位及表达分析

纤维素合成酶蛋白(cellulose-synthase proteins, CESA)是一类质膜定位蛋白,以蛋白复合体的形式存在于质膜上合成纤维素,在细胞壁建成和植物生长发育过程中起着非常重要的作用。本研究利用CESA蛋白保守域序列PF03552检索普通烟草(Nicotiana tabacum L.)蛋白序列,并通过拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)10个CESA蛋白序列在普通烟草基因组数据库中利用TBLASTN程序进行比对,共获得21条NtCESA基因候选序列,对这些序列进行蛋白序列理化性质分析、系统进化树构建、基因结构分析、保守结构域及跨膜区分析和组织表达模式分析,并对NtCESA9和NtCESA14两个蛋白进行了亚细胞定位实验。结果表明：获得的21条NtCESA蛋白序列的理化性质相似;系统进化分析将21个NtCESA基因和10个AtCESA基因分成5个分支,每一个分支各成员之间的进化相对保守,基因结构类似,不同分支之间的基因结构差异也较小;NtCESA蛋白结构域相对保守,都含有CESA蛋白典型的N端锌指结构、C端跨膜区和DDD-QXXRW保守功能域;组织表达分析结果表明,大部分NtCESA基因在幼苗和成熟期烟草的根、叶、胚芽和愈伤组织中都有表达,同一个分支中的基因表达模式基本一致,并且NtCESA基因参与初/次生细胞壁纤维素的合成与该基因编码蛋白的跨膜区数目存在关联,表明NtCESA基因家族成员功能上的复杂性;亚细胞定位结果证实NtCESA9和NtCESA14为质膜定位蛋白。本研究为烟草CESA基因家族功能的深入研究奠定了基础。     

Activation of a diverse set of genes during the tobacco resistance response to TMV is independent of salicylic acid; induction of a subset is also ethylene independent

Through differential screening of a cDNA library, we cloned six groups of genes that are expressed relatively early in the inoculated leaves of tobacco resisting infection by tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). Induction of all these genes was subsequently detected in the uninoculated leaves; thus, their expression is associated with the development of both local and systemic acquired resistance. Exogenously applied salicylic acid (SA) was observed to induce these genes transiently. However, analyses with transgenic NahG plants, which are unable to accumulate SA, demonstrated that expression of these genes in TMV-inoculated leaves is mediated via an SA-independent pathway. Because the expression kinetics of these genes differ from those associated with the well-characterized pathogenesis-related protein (PR-1) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) genes, we propose that they belong to a group which we designate SIS, for SA-independent, systemically induced genes. Interestingly, the expression of several SIS genes in the uninoculated leaves of TMV-infected NahG plants was delayed and/or reduced, raising the possibility that SA is involved in activating some of these genes in systemic tissue. Most of the SIS genes were induced by exogenous ethylene. However, analyses of infected NahG plants treated with ethylene action and/or synthesis inhibitors indicated that the TMV-induced expression of several SIS genes is independent of ethylene as well as SA.     

A pathogen- and salicylic acid-induced WRKY DNA-binding activity recognizes the elicitor response element of the tobacco class I chitinase gene promoter

Using a simple oligo selection procedure, we have previously identified a tobacco sequence-specific DNA-binding activity, TDBA12, that increases markedly during the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)-induced hypersensitive response (HR). Based on the binding specificity and the two cDNA clones isolated, TDBA12 is related to a novel class of DNA-binding factors containing WRKY domains. In the present study, we report that TDBA12 could be induced not only by TMV infection but also by treatment with salicylic acid (SA) or its biologically active analogs capable of inducing pathogenesis-related (PR) genes and enhanced resistance. TDBA12 was sensitive to temperature and the protein dissociating agent sodium deoxycholate, suggesting that it may be a multimeric factor in which protein–protein interaction is important for the enhanced DNA-binding activity. Pre-treatment of nuclear extracts with alkaline phosphatase abolished TDBA12, suggesting that protein phosphorylation is important for its high DNA-binding activity. TDBA12 specifically recognized the elicitor response element of the tobacco class I basic chitinase gene promoter. The increase in the levels of TDBA12 following TMV infection or SA treatment preceded the induced expression of the tobacco chitinase gene. These results strongly suggest that certain WRKY DNA-binding proteins may be activated by enhanced protein phosphorylation and regulate inducible expression of defense-related genes during pathogen- and SA-induced plant defense responses.     

Temperature-Dependent Induction of Salicylic Acid and Its Conjugates during the Resistance Response to Tobacco Mosaic Virus Infection

Increases in endogenous salicylic acid (SA) levels and induction of several families of pathogenesis-related genes (PR-1 through PR-5) occur during the resistance response of tobacco to tobacco mosaic virus infection. We found that at temperatures that prevent the induction of PR genes and resistance, the increases in SA levels were eliminated. The addition of exogenous SA to infected plants at these temperatures was sufficient to induce the PR genes but not the hypersensitive response. However, when the resistance response was restored by shifting infected plants to permissive temperatures, SA levels increased dramatically and preceded PR-1 gene expression and necrotic lesion formation associated with resistance. SA was also found in a conjugated form whose levels increased in parallel with the free SA levels. The majority of the conjugates appeared to be SA glucosides. The same glucoside was formed when plants were supplied with exogenous SA. These results provide further evidence that endogenous SA signals the induction of certain defense responses and suggests additional complexity in the modulation of this signal.     

Malus hupehensis NPR1 induces pathogenesis-related protein gene expression in transgenic tobacco

Most commercially grown apple cultivars are susceptible to fungal diseases. Malus hupehensis has high resistance to many diseases affecting apple cultivars. Understanding innate defence mechanisms would help to develop disease-resistant apple crops. Non-expressor of pathogenesis-related genes 1 (NPR1) plays a key role in regulating salicylic acid (SA)-mediated systemic acquired resistance (SAR). MhNPR1 cDNA, corresponding to genomic DNA and its 5' flanking sequences, was isolated from M. hupehensis. Sequence analysis showed that the regulatory mechanism for oligomer-monomer transition of the MhNPR1 protein in apple might be similar to that of GmNPR1 in soybean, but different from that of AtNPR1 in Arabidopsis. No significant differences in MhNPR1 expression were found in M. hupehensis after infection with Botryosphaeria berengeriana, showing that MhNPR1 might be regulated by pathogens at the protein level, as described for Arabidopsis and grapevine. SA treatment significantly induced MhNPR1 expression in leaves, stems and roots, while methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment induced MhNPR1 expression in roots, but not in leaves or stems. The expression of MhNPR1 was highly increased in roots, moderately in leaves, and did not change in stems after treatment with 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC). SAR marker genes (MhPR1 and MhPR5) were induced by SA, MeJA and ACC in leaves, stems and roots. Overexpression of MhNPR1 significantly induced the expression of pathogenesis-related genes (NtPR1, NtPR3 and NtPR5) in transgenic tobacco plants and resistance to the fungus Botrytis cinerea, suggesting that MhNPR1 orthologues are a component of the SA defence signalling pathway and SAR is induced in M. hupehensis.     

Overproduction of salicylic acid in plants by bacterial transgenes enhances pathogen resistance

After a hypersensitive response to invading pathogens, plants show elevated accumulation of salicylic acid (SA), induced expression of plant defense genes, and systemic acquired resistance (SAR) to further infection by a broad range of pathogens. There is compelling evidence that SA plays a crucial role in triggering SAR. We have transformed tobacco with two bacterial genes coding for enzymes that convert chorismate into SA by a two-step process. When the two enzymes were targeted to the chloroplasts, the transgenic (CSA, constitutive SA biosynthesis) plants showed a 500- to 1,000-fold increased accumulation of SA and SA glucoside compared to control plants. Defense genes, particularly those encoding acidic pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins, were constitutively expressed in CSA plants. This expression did not affect the plant phenotype, but the CSA plants showed a resistance to viral and fungal infection resembling SAR in nontransgenic plants.     

Purification, cloning, and expression of a pathogen inducible UDP-glucose:Salicylic acid glucosyltransferase from tobacco

Salicylic acid (SA) plays an important role in plant disease resistance. Inoculation of tobacco leaves with incompatible pathogens triggers the biosynthesis of SA which accumulates primarily as the SA 2-O-beta-D-glucoside (SAG) and glucosyl salicylate (GS). The tobacco UDP-glucose:salicylic acid glucosyltransferase (SA GTase) capable of forming both SAG and GS was purified, characterized, and partially sequenced. It has an apparent molecular mass of 48 kDa, a pH optimum of 7.0, and an isoelectric point at pH 4.4. UDP-glucose was the sole sugar donor for the enzyme. However, SA and several phenolics served as glucose acceptors. The apparent K(m) values for UDP-glucose and SA were 0.27 and 1-2 mM, respectively. Zn(2+) and UDP inhibited its activity. The corresponding cDNA clone which encoded a protein of 459 amino acids was isolated from an SA-induced tobacco cDNA library and overexpressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant protein catalyzed the formation of SAG and GS, and exhibited a broad specificity to simple phenolics, similar to that of the purified enzyme. Northern blot analysis showed that the SA GTase mRNA was induced both by SA and incompatible pathogens. The rapid induction timing of the mRNA by SA indicates that it belongs to the early SA response genes.