黄颡鱼脑垂体的组织学和超微结构的研究

利用组织切片和超薄切片对性成熟雌黄颡鱼的脑垂体进行了组织学和超微结构的研究.黄颡鱼的脑垂体由垂体神经部和垂体腺部组成,垂体腺部又由前叶、间叶和后叶三部分构成.舍有嗜酸性和嗜碱性细胞.促肾上腺皮质激素细胞和催乳激素细胞组成腺垂体前叶,促性腺激素分泌细胞、促生长激素分泌细胞、促甲状腺激素分泌细胞组成腺垂体间叶,腺垂体后叶由促黑色素激素细胞构成.     

内皮素促进下丘脑—垂体—卵巢激素的释放

最近发现,内皮素(endothelin,ET)不仅具有强烈的血管活性作用,还可能作为激素调节肽参与性激素的调节。在下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴的器官和胎盘都有丰富的ETmRNA和ET受体存在。Kanyicska等在培养的雌性大鼠垂体前叶细胞,应用ET-3(10~(-14)～10~(-6)mol/L)明显抑制垂体前叶细胞分泌催乳素(PRL),增加促黄体生成素(LH)、促卵泡素(FSH)和促甲状腺素(TSH)的释放。ET的刺激效     

神经内分泌讲座（三）：———促性腺激素释放激素

１概述对促性腺激素释放激素（ＧｎＲＨ）的研究始于６０年代初,当时哈里斯（Ｈａｒｒｉｓ）将动物下丘脑提取物注入家兔或鼠的腺垂体时,可以引起促黄体生成素（ＬＨ）的分泌并发生排卵。体外垂体培养时加入这种提取物可使培养液中的ＬＨ和促卵泡生成激素（ＦＳＨ）浓度...     

垂体前叶内神经纤维可能参与ACTH分泌的调节

我们建立了垂体组织块短时温育并施加电场刺激的离体实验体系,运用此方法并结合放射免疫测定激素含量,观察了大鼠垂体前叶内神经纤维对促肾上腺皮质激素（ＡＣＴＨ）释放的影响。结果表明,电场刺激能够促使垂体前叶ＡＣＴＨ释放显著增加,刺激参数为强度３０ｍＡ,波宽０．５ｍｓ,频率１０Ｈｚ。这个效应可为温育液中加入河豚毒素（ＴＴＸ）和藜芦碱所阻断,但ＴＴＸ不能阻断精氨酸加压素（ＡＶＰ）诱发的ＡＣＴＨ分泌。同样参数的电场刺激对分散培养的大鼠垂体前叶细胞ＡＣＴＨ的分泌没有显著作用。以上结果说明,我们所用参数的电场刺激产生的效应是兴奋了垂体前叶内的神经纤维,而非直接刺激腺细胞所致。上述结果提示：垂体前叶激素分泌的调节除了传统的体液途径之外,还可能存在直接的神经控制。     

促性腺激素抑制激素与生殖轴的关系

下丘脑的促性腺激素释放激素((GnRH)对调控促性腺激素释放十分重要.10年前在鸟类中首先发现了促性腺激素抑制激素(GnIH),它的鉴定提示GnRH不是唯一能直接影响垂体促性腺激素释放的下丘脑神经肤.GnIH及其同系肽广泛存在于鸟类及哺乳动物体内,GnIH在脑部与GnRH神经接触,GnIH可以直接抑制垂体促性腺激素的合成和释放,GnIH及其受体在鸟类和哺乳动物的生殖腺存在.因此GnIH可以在多个水平直接影响生殖轴:脑部、垂体、生殖腺.     

PROP1与联合垂体激素缺乏症

垂体特异性转录因子祖先蛋白(PROP l),是成对同源转录因子,在垂体腺中呈特异性表达,参与早期胚胎垂体的发育,因此,PROP1基因对于垂体前叶的发育是必需的。PROP1启动胚胎期垂体特异性转录因子(PIT-1)的起始表达并维持个体出生后的持续表达,且可直接促使PIT-1细胞系的前体分化为促性腺细胞系。其基因突变可使人、鼠患有联合垂体激素缺乏症(CPHD),表现为生长激素(GH)、促乳素(PRL)、促甲状腺素(TSH)以及促黄体激素(LH)、促卵泡激素(FSH)或促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)缺乏,垂体核磁共振成像显示垂体萎缩。在其它哺乳动物中PROP1突变也会引起垂体和性腺激素异常。就PROP1基因的结构与功能,以及与CPHD间的关系作一综述。     

多巴胺、雌二醇及睾酮对虎纹蛙离体脑垂体促性腺激素分泌的影响

为了解虎纹蛙促性腺激素分泌的调节机理,用离体静态培育系统和放射免疫测定法,研究了多巴胺（ＤＡ）、雌二醇（Ｅ２）和睾酮（Ｔ）对雌性虎纹蛙离体脑垂体薄片促黄体激素（ＬＨ）和促卵泡激素（ＦＳＨ）分泌活动的影响。结果表明：０．１～１０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ的ＤＡ对成熟前期和冬眠期虎纹蛙离体脑垂体型薄片的ＬＨ及ＦＳＨ的释放都有抑制作用,并且随着ＤＡ浓度的增加,抑制作用逐渐增强。１和１０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ的Ｅ２显著刺激成熟前     

垂体前叶细胞的增殖及调控

构成垂体前叶的各型细胞均有一定的增殖活动,并呈生理性波动。本文回顾了诸如下丘脑促激素及因子。垂体前叶激素的靶腺,神经肽类及经典递质等众多因素对此过程的影响,强调此内分泌“主腺”的增殖活动是机体维持自身稳态并完成一定功能的重要生理性环节。     

蓝斑和中枢去甲肾上腺素能系统对下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺皮质轴的调节

脑内儿茶酚胺、5-羟色胺和乙酰胆硷等神经递质可控制下丘脑促肾上腺皮质激素释放因子的释放,调节垂体前叶促肾上腺皮质激素的分泌,影响肾上腺皮质的内分泌机能。本文重点介绍蓝斑和中枢去甲肾上腺素能系统对下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺皮质轴的调节作用和作用途径,并介绍其它脑神经递质对CRF分泌的影响。     

外源激素对雌性黄鳝血清类固醇激素的影响

本文研究了几种外源激素对不同季节的雌性黄鳝血清性类固醇激素的影响。结果表明:鲤鱼垂体匀浆和人绒毛膜促性腺激素均显著蹭加血清类固醇水平,多巴胺拮抗剂domperidone降低血清类固醇水平,鲑鱼促性腺激素释放激素类似物增加血清类固醇水平。这些结果提示:雌鳝促性腺激素分泌亦受促性腺激素释放激素刺激,但多巴胺是否也起促性腺激素释放抑制因子的作用尚不清楚。垂体-性腺轴对外源激素的反应有明显的季节性差异,繁殖季节性腺成熟系数高的鱼反应性最强,繁殖前性腺未成熟期较繁殖后恢复发育期反应快.     

抗孕53影响大鼠垂体前叶对GnRH的敏感性反应

本实验应用动情前期大鼠垂体前叶组织块离体培养方法,观察了 A 环失碳类甾体化合物—抗孕53对 LH 基础分泌和动员性分泌的影响。实验分为对照组、GnRH 组、抗孕53组、GnRH-抗孕53组。结果表明,GnRH 可显著促进 LH 分泌并产生自激作用。GnRH 的第一次作用后,LH 分泌增加量由对照组的0.7ng/ml 增加到4.3ng/ml,而当 GnRH 第二次作用后,这一效应显著增强,由对照组的0.5ng/ml 增加到6.8ng/ml,GnRH 的两次作用效应相比,差异极显著。抗孕53可部分抑制垂体对 GnRH 的敏感性反应。抗孕53作用后,LH 分泌增加量由 GnRH 第一次作用后的4.3减至2.5ng/ml,由 GnRH 第二次作用后的6.8降至4.1ng/ml。抗孕53不影响 LH 的基础分泌,与对照组相比,两组的 LH 分泌增加量无显著差异。抗孕53对垂体的这一作用可能是通过直接影响促性腺激素细胞的代谢及调节而实现。     

Effect of neuropeptide Y on GnRH-induced LH release from bovine anterior pituitary cell cultures derived from heifers in a follicular,luteal or ovariectomized state

Objectives were to determine if neuropeptide Y (NPY) had direct effects GnRH induced secretion of LH from the anterior pituitary gland, and if endogenous steroids modulated the effect of NPY. To accomplish these objectives, 15 Hereford heifers were assigned to one of three ovarian status groups: follicular, luteal, or ovariectomized. One animal from each of the three ovarian status groups was slaughtered on each of 5 days and anterior pituitary gland harvested. Anterior pituitary gland cells within ovarian status were equally distributed and randomly assigned to one of three cell culture treatments: no NPY or GnRH (control), 10 nM GnRH, or 100 nM NPY+10 nM GnRH. Anterior pituitary cell cultures were incubated with or without NPY for 4 h and further incubated for an additional 2 h with or without GnRH and supernatant collected for quantification of LH. Treatment of anterior pituitary cell cultures with GnRH or GnRH+NPY did not affect LH release in cultures obtained from follicular (S.E.=5%; P=0.58) or ovariectomized (S.E.=7%; P=0.22) heifers. Both GnRH and GnRH+NPY increased LH release from anterior pituitary cell cultures from heifers in the luteal phase (S.E.=14%; P < or = 0.05) compared to control cultures. Cultures from luteal phase heifers treated with GnRH did not differ from those treated with GnRH+NPY (P=0.34). These data provide evidence to suggest that effects of NPY on LH release may occur primarily at the level of the hypothalamus.     

Inhibitory effects of the antiprogestin, RU 486, on progesterone actions and luteinizing hormone secretion in pituitary gonadotrophs

The effects of RU 486 on the modulation of LH release by progesterone were investigated in cultured anterior pituitary cells from ovariectomized adult female rats. The inhibitory effect of progesterone on LH secretion was demonstrable in estrogen-treated pituitary cells, in which addition of 10(-6) M progesterone to cells cultured in the presence of 10(-9) M estradiol for 52 h reduced the LH response to GnRH (10(-11) to 10(-7) M). When RU 486 was superimposed upon such combined treatment with estradiol and progesterone, the suppressive effect of progesterone on GnRH-induced LH release was completely abolished. The converse (facilitatory) effect of progesterone on LH secretion was observed in pituitary cells pretreated with 10(-9) M estradiol for 48 h and then with 10(-6) M progesterone for 4 h. When RU 486 was added together with progesterone during the 4 h treatment period, the facilitatory effect of progesterone was blocked and LH release fell to below the corresponding control value. The direct effect of RU 486 on LH secretion in the absence of exogenous progesterone was evaluated in cells cultured in the absence or presence of 10(-9) M estradiol and then treated for 4 to 24 h with increasing concentrations of RU 486 (10(-12) to 10(-5) M) and stimulated with GnRH (10(-9) M) during the last 3 h of incubation. In estrogen-deficient cultures, 4 h exposure to RU 486 concentrations of 10(-6) M and above decreased the LH response to GnRH by up to 50%. In cultures pretreated with 10(-9) M estradiol, GnRH-stimulated LH responses was inhibited by much lower RU 486 concentrations, of 10(-9) M and above. After 24 h of incubation the effects of RU 486 were similar in control and estradiol-pretreated pituitary cell cultures. Thus, RU 486 alone has a significant inhibitory effect on LH secretion that is enhanced in the presence of estrogen. The antiprogestin is also a potent antagonist of both the inhibitory and the facilitatory actions of progesterone upon pituitary gonadotropin release in vitro.     

An in vitro study of LH release, synthesis and heterogeneity in pituitaries from proestrous and short-term ovariectomized rats

It is known that acute ovariectomy (OVX) greatly attenuates the pituitary luteinizing hormone (LH) response to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in vitro. The present study evaluated possible quantitative and/or qualitative differences in the biosynthesis and secretion of LH in pituitaries from proestrous and acutely (72 h) OVX rats. Paired anterior pituitary glands were incubated for 4 h in a medium containing +/- 10 nM GnRH. Pituitary and secreted LH were measured by radioimmunoassay with differences in total LH (tissue plus medium) +/- GnRH being indicative of GnRH-stimulated LH synthesis. Qualitative changes in LH were evaluated by isoelectrofocusing (IEF). The results show that the major form of LH stored in and released from the pituitaries consisted of LH molecules with an isoelectric point (pI) in the alkaline pH range (alkaline LH), and a lesser amount (approximately 30%) of LH molecules in the acidic pH range (acidic LH). The ratio of alkaline/acidic LH observed in the pituitary and medium was similar in the proestrous and OVX groups, although the amount of alkaline and acidic LH release in response to GnRH was 2-3 times greater in the proestrous group. In both groups, the alkaline/acidic LH ratio of secreted LH was higher in the presence of GnRH than in its absence. Alkaline LH synthesis was increased by GnRH in both groups, with the response being greater in the proestrous than in the OVX group; GnRH-stimulated acidic LH synthesis was observed only in the proestrous group. In both groups, the amount of LH synthesized was about 60% of the amount released, which suggests that LH synthesis does not fully account for differences in GnRH-stimulated LH release. Treatment of pituitary extracts with neuraminidase decreased acidic LH, and proportionately increased alkaline LH. These results suggest that the quality of LH stored in and secreted from pituitaries of proestrous and OVX rats is similar, and that there is a preferential release of the major alkaline LH isoform in response to GnRH. The ovarian steroid environment, presumably estradiol, proportionately increases the amount of alkaline and acidic LH released, and differentially affects the amounts of the various isoforms synthesized in response to GnRH. The charge heterogeneity of alkaline and acidic LH may be related to the sialic acid content of the LH molecule.     

Pituitary receptors for gonadotropin-releasing hormone in relation to changes in pituitary and plasma luteinizing hormone in ovariectomized-hypothalamo pituitary disconnected ewes. I. Effect of changing frequency of gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulses

Studies were undertaken to determine if changes in the amplitude of luteinizing hormone (LH) pulses that occur in response to changes in the frequency of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) pulses are due to an alteration in the number of GnRH receptors. Ewes were ovariectomized (OVX) and the hypothalamus was disconnected from the pituitary (HPD). Ewes were then given pulses of GnRH at a frequency of 1/h or 1/3 h. Two control groups were included: OVX ewes not subjected to HPD, and HPD ewes that were not OVX. At the end of one week of treatment, blood samples were collected to determine the amplitude of LH pulses. The treated ewes were killed just before the next scheduled pulse of GnRH, and the content of LH and number of GnRH receptors were measured in each pituitary. The amplitude of LH pulses was highly correlated with the amount of LH in the pituitary gland (r = 0.71, p less than 0.01), and both LH content and pulse amplitude (mean + SEM) were higher in ewes receiving GnRH once per 3 h (189.7 +/- 39.3 microgram/pituitary, 10.3 +/- 1.1 ng/ml, respectively) than in ewes receiving GnRH once per h (77.8 +/- 11.4 microgram/pituitary, 5.2 +/- 1.3 ng/ml). The pituitary content of LH was highest in the OVX ewes (260.2 +/- 57.4 micrograms/pituitary) and lowest in the nonpulsed HPD ewes (61.7 +/- 51.2 micrograms/pituitary). The number of GnRH receptors was similar in all groups, and was not correlated with any other variable.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Effect of number of receptors for gonadotropin-releasing hormone on the release of luteinizing hormone

The relationship between number of receptors for gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and the ability of the anterior pituitary gland to release luteinizing hormone (LH) was examined in ovariectomized ewes. A GnRH antagonist was used to regulate the number of available receptors. The dose of GnRH antagonist required to saturate approximately 50 and 90% of GnRH receptors in ovariectomized ewes was determined. Thirty min after intracarotid infusion of GnRH antagonist, ewes were killed and the number of unsaturated (i.e., those available for binding) pituitary GnRH receptors was quantified. Infusion of 10 and 150 micrograms GnRH antagonist over a 5-min period reduced binding of the labeled ligand to approximately 50 and 12% of controls, respectively. The effect of reducing the number of GnRH receptors on release of LH after varying doses of the GnRH agonist, D-Ala6-GnRH-Pro9-ethylamide (D-Ala6-GnRH) was then evaluated. One of four doses of D-Ala6-GnRH (0.125, 2.5, 50 and 400 micrograms) was given i.v. to 48 ovariectomized ewes whose GnRH receptors had not been changed or were reduced to approximately 50 or 12% of control ewes. In ewes with a 50% reduction in GnRH receptors, total release of LH (area under response curve) was lower than that obtained for controls (P less than 0.01) at the 0.125-micrograms dose of D-Ala (6.1 +/- 0.7 cm2 vs. 13.5 +/- 0.7 cm2) but was not different at the 2.5-, 50- or 400-micrograms doses of D-Ala6-GnRH.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Release of hypothalamic neuropeptide Y and effects of exogenous NPY on the release of hypothalamic GnRH and pituitary gonadotropins in intact and ovariectomized does in vitro

The effect of NPY on the hypothalamic release of GnRH and pituitary release of gonadotropins was examined in intact and ovariectomized (OVEX) rabbits in a superfusion system. Exposure of mediobasal hypothalami (MBH) from intact rabbits to NPY (8 X 10(-8) M) resulted in a sustained stimulation of GnRH secretion into the medium. The same dose of NPY had no effect on MBH-GnRH release from OVEX rabbits. NPY also produced a sustained stimulation of LH and FSH release by pituitary fragments from intact rabbits, but NPY caused only a transient release of these hormones by pituitaries from OVEX does. Media samples from MBH superfusions were also measured for NPY concentrations. NPY was released episodically into the medium. The amplitude and frequency of NPY pulses in intact and OVEX rabbits did not differ; nor were mean levels of NPY significantly affected by castration. These results suggest that NPY has direct effects on both the hypothalamus and pituitary to modulate the the activities of GnRH neurons and gonadotropes. The pattern of GnRH and gonadotropin response to NPY exposure is determined by ovarian factors.     

Superovulatory treatments do not alter pulsatile LH secretion in ovariectomized cattle

Previous work has shown a suppressive effect of superovulatory treatments on pulsatile LH release in cattle. This study tested the hypothesis that this suppression may be caused, at least in part, by a direct effect of commercial gonadotropin preparations on the hypothalamus/pituitary gland. Crossbred Holstein heifers, ovariectomized 20 d before the start of the experiment, received 6 injections of FSH (50 mg Folltropin) at 12-h intervals (n = 6); a single injection of 2500 IU eCG followed by 5 injections of sterile saline at 12-h intervals (n = 6); or 6 injections of saline at 12-h intervals (controls; n = 5). Blood samples were taken every 10 min for 8 h the day before and 3 d after the beginning of treatment to assess LH pulsatility. At the end of these sampling periods, a bolus injection of GnRH (7 ng/kg) was given to assess pituitary responsiveness. There were no effects of the superovulatory drugs on mean LH concentrations, nor on LH pulse frequency or amplitude (P > 0.05). The pituitary response to GnRH was significantly elevated in eCG- but not FSH-treated animals (paired t test; P < 0.05). These data demonstrate that superovulatory preparations do not suppress pulsatile LH secretion independently of the ovaries in cattle.     

Rhythmic and Nonrhythmic Modes of Anterior Pituitary Gland Secretion

Because of confounding effects of subject-specific and hormone-specific metabolic clearance, the nature of anterior pituitary secretory events in vivo is difficult to ascertain. We review an approach to this problem, in which deconvolu-tion analysis is used to dissect the underlying secretory behavior of an endocrine gland quantitatively from available serial plasma hormone concentration measurements assuming one- or two-compartment elimination kinetics. This analytical tool allows one to ask the following physiological questions: (a) does the anterior pituitary gland secrete exclusively in randomly dispersed bursts, and/or does a tonic (constitutive) mode of interburst hormone secretion exist? and (b) what secretory mechanisms generate the circadian or nyctohemeral rhythms in blood concentrations of pituitary hormones? Waveform-independent deconvolution analysis of 24-h serum hormone concentration profiles of immunoreactive growth hormone (GH), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and β-endorphin in normal men sampled every 10 min showed that (a) anterior pituitary gland secretion in vivo occurs in an exclusively burstlike mode for all hormones except TSH and prolactin (for the latter two, a mixed burst and basal mode pertains); (b) significant nyctohemeral regulation of secretory burst frequency alone is not demonstrable for any hormone; (c) prominent 24-h variations in secretory-burst amplitude alone are delineated for ACTH and LH; (d) TSH, GH, and β-endorphin are both frequency and amplitude controlled; (e) prolactin manifests 24-h rhythms in both secretory-burst amplitude and nadir secretory rates; (f) no significant diurnal variations occur in FSH secretory parameters; and (g) a fixed hormone half-life yields good fits of the 24-h serum hormone concentration series, which indicates that there is no need to introduce diurnal variations in hormone half-lives. In summary, the normal human anterior pituitary gland appears to release its various (glyco)protein hormones via intermittent secretory episodes that are apparently unassociated with significant basal hormone secretion, except in the case of TSH and prolactin. Hormone-specific amplitude and/or frequency control of secretory burst activity over 24 h provides the mechanistic basis for the classically recognized nyctohemeral rhythms in plasma concentrations of adenohypophyseal hormones in the human.     

Rhythmic and Nonrhythmic Modes of Anterior Pituitary Gland Secretion

Because of confounding effects of subject-specific and hormone-specific metabolic clearance, the nature of anterior pituitary secretory events in vivo is difficult to ascertain. We review an approach to this problem, in which deconvolu-tion analysis is used to dissect the underlying secretory behavior of an endocrine gland quantitatively from available serial plasma hormone concentration measurements assuming one- or two-compartment elimination kinetics. This analytical tool allows one to ask the following physiological questions: (a) does the anterior pituitary gland secrete exclusively in randomly dispersed bursts, and/or does a tonic (constitutive) mode of interburst hormone secretion exist? and (b) what secretory mechanisms generate the circadian or nyctohemeral rhythms in blood concentrations of pituitary hormones? Waveform-independent deconvolution analysis of 24-h serum hormone concentration profiles of immunoreactive growth hormone (GH), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and β-endorphin in normal men sampled every 10 min showed that (a) anterior pituitary gland secretion in vivo occurs in an exclusively burstlike mode for all hormones except TSH and prolactin (for the latter two, a mixed burst and basal mode pertains); (b) significant nyctohemeral regulation of secretory burst frequency alone is not demonstrable for any hormone; (c) prominent 24-h variations in secretory-burst amplitude alone are delineated for ACTH and LH; (d) TSH, GH, and β-endorphin are both frequency and amplitude controlled; (e) prolactin manifests 24-h rhythms in both secretory-burst amplitude and nadir secretory rates; (f) no significant diurnal variations occur in FSH secretory parameters; and (g) a fixed hormone half-life yields good fits of the 24-h serum hormone concentration series, which indicates that there is no need to introduce diurnal variations in hormone half-lives. In summary, the normal human anterior pituitary gland appears to release its various (glyco)protein hormones via intermittent secretory episodes that are apparently unassociated with significant basal hormone secretion, except in the case of TSH and prolactin. Hormone-specific amplitude and/or frequency control of secretory burst activity over 24 h provides the mechanistic basis for the classically recognized nyctohemeral rhythms in plasma concentrations of adenohypophyseal hormones in the human.