带有IS1的mini—F质粒所发动的染色体复制对于recA基因的依赖性

我们曾报道整合的F′质粒所发动的大肠杆菌染色体复制依赖于recA基因,而整合的F质粒则不。构建带有IS1的mini-F质粒,它们的复制起点分别来自F或F′质粒。这些质粒的整合抑制菌株中都有约20％是recA依赖的,不管这一mini-F质粒的复制起点来自F或F′质粒,也不管这一质粒在游离状态中的复制方向是单向或双向。实验结果说明,质粒的整合位置是决定由整合质粒所发动的染色体复制对recA基因的依赖性的主要因素。     

大肠杆菌中整合的F′质粒带动细菌染色体复制需要recA基因

大肠杆菌的dnaA46突变能被F′质粒整合抑制。整合抑制的菌林(Sin菌株)在通过转导引入了recA56突变后又变得不能在40℃中生长。标记转移、吖啶橙敏感性,F′质粒消除和mini-染色体质粒转化等实验说明,Sin菌株中F′质粒始终处于整合状态,并且在40℃中细菌染色体的复制由整合状态的F′质粒所带动。比较了Sin recA~ 和Sin recA~-菌株在不同温度中的DNA、蛋白质的生物合成情况。实验结果说明recA基因在DNA复制过程中起作用。前人的工作证明了recA基因在DNA重组和DHA损伤应急修复(SOS)过程中是一个关键的基因。本文的工作为recA基因的功能提供了新的认识。     

质粒的复制特性和整合后在发动大肠杆菌染色体复制中对recA基因的依赖性的研究

大肠杆菌的温度敏感的DNA复制发动突变型dnaA46在42℃中不能生长而形成菌落,质粒或噬菌体的整合使它能生长。前文[2]报道了F质粒整合后所发动的染色体复制依赖于recA基因。本文报道5种质粒和2种噬菌体整合后所发动的染色体复制对recA基因的依赖性的研究结果。实验结果说明,依赖与否和它们在游离状态中复制方向无关,从而否定了recA基因的作用是把质粒或噬菌体的游离状态的单向复制发动机构改变为整合状态的双向复制发动饥构这一假设。     

带有特定染色体片段的mini-F质粒所发动的染色体复制对于recA基因的依赖性

构建了一些带有大肠杆菌的特定染色体片段的mini-F质粒,使它们通过同源重组整合在dnaA46细菌的染色体的预定位置上,然后测定整合抑制菌株(sin)在40℃中染色体复制对recA基因的依赖性。实验结果说明,Sin菌株对recA基因的依赖性决定在质粒的整合位置。整合在oriC近旁的Sin菌株不依赖于recA基因;整合在oriC和terC中间的只在丰富培养基上是依赖的;整合在rerC附近的在不丰富的培养基上也依赖于recA基因。     

recA基因通过同源重组途径参与由整合质粒发动的大肠杆菌染色体复制

我们在前文中报道由整合的F'质粒所发动的大肠杆菌染色体的复制依赖于recA基因。本文报道有关recA、recB、recC以及lexA等在染色体复制中的作用,实验结果说明,recA基因通过同源重组途径而不是通过SOS途径参与复制,而且recA基因和Chi热点无关。实验结果还说明,RecBC酶的依赖于ATP的双链DNA外切核酸酶活性和recA基因的作用无关。     

大肠杆菌中整合状态的F′质粒复制起点的克隆和分析

用标记获救法克隆了整合状态的F′质粒的复制起点,证明了由这一复制起点构成的mini-F质粒在不亲和性和对吖啶橙的敏感性方面和自主状态的F′质粒都没有不同。对这一复制起点和来自自主状态的F质粒的复制起点进行了亚克隆,并作限制性内切酶酶切分析比较,没有发现两者在结构上有差异。本文的结果提示,F质粒和F′质粒在发动染色体复制中对recA基因的依赖性的不同,可能与质粒整合在染色体上的位置不同有关。     

大肠杆菌TorS/TorR二组分体应答蛋白TorR对DNA复制起始的影响

二组分体作为一种信号转导系统在细菌中普遍存在,能够感知外界环境变化并做出应答。细菌中CckA/CtrA、ArcA/ArcB和PhoP/PhoQ二组分体与DNA复制起始和细胞分裂相关,但目前还未见TorS/TorR二组分体对细胞周期及DNA复制影响的相关报道。大肠杆菌TorS/TorR二组分体能够监测细胞周围氧化三甲胺(Trimethylamine oxide, TMAO)的浓度变化,但其是否影响DNA复制起始呢?文章利用流式细胞仪检测了ΔtorS和ΔtorR突变体菌株的复制式样。结果发现,ΔtorS突变菌株每个细胞复制起始原点数目和倍增时间与野生型细胞一致,而ΔtorR突变菌株每个细胞复制起始原点数目多于野生型细胞,说明复制起始发生时间比野生型细胞早。但是过表达TorR蛋白或者共同表达TorS和TorR蛋白都不能使ΔtorR突变体表型恢复为野生型表型。而在野生型和ΔtorR突变细胞中过表达SufD蛋白能使复制起始提早发生,在ΔtorR和ΔsufD双突变细胞中复制起始延迟。所以,TorR可能通过改变sufD基因的表达来间接影响染色体复制起始。     

质粒pBR322的温度敏感突变株

携带质拉pBR322的大肠杆菌8021经亚硝基胍诱变后,获得一批温度敏感突变株。携带这些质粒的宿主细胞在含药(氨基苄青霉素、四环素)培养基中,于30℃能正常生长,而于42℃则不能正常繁殖;接种于无药培养基中,即使42℃亦能正常生长。这些突变株中,有四株在37℃亦能表现温度敏感性。对其中一株进行了高温(42℃)敏感细胞分离的观察,在42℃时,耐药细胞数目基本稳定,而敏感细胞数目明显增加。 通过这些突变株对药物抗性的温度敏感性观察、突变质粒DNA的转化及高温分离现象,证明宿主对药物抗性的温度敏感性是由于质粒复制部分发生突变所致。 从它们的电泳及Eco RI酶解图谱来看,在突变质粒的分子量及切点数目上未看到与出发株的差异。     

头状链轮丝菌（Streptoverticillum caespitosus）ATCC27422染色体复制起始区（oriC）的序列分析与功能研究

头状链轮丝菌(Streptoverticillum caespitosus)ATCC27422染色体复制起始区(oriC)内共有22个DnaA盒结构;其中第21、22个DnaA盒彼此方向相反、相互重叠8个碱基。放线菌oriC数据库搜索发现,这种重叠DnaA盒在抗生素链霉菌、结核分枝杆菌等几种放线菌中也同样存在。在分枝杆菌中一般由第1、2个DnaA盒组成,而在链霉菌中由最后的两个DnaA盒(第21、22)组成。重叠DnaA盒保守序列为CTGTGCACAA,长度为10个碱基,即由于重叠的缘故比正常DnaA盒长1个碱基。通过测量载体对变铅青链霉菌的转化效率研究了oriC不同部位在染色体复制起始中的功能和地位。头状链轮丝菌oriC序列的5′端1～188位的片段虽然不包含有DnaA盒结构,但该片段的缺失,造成oriC复制起始功能的完全丧失。3′端793～939位片段同样没有DnaA盒结构,该片段的缺失,仅发生转化效率的降低约40％,说明oriC的793～939位序列对DNA复制起始效率以及复制子稳定性起重要作用。当oniC被克隆人载体时两端各带有一段dnaA、dnaN基因的部分序列,所构建的载体虽然转化效率较低,但转化子的菌落、菌丝形态与宿主菌原有的表型相接近,由此推断oriC两端的序列除了编码各自产物外,可能通过影响染色体DNA复制的起始效率、复制子稳定性等对染色体的复制起始发挥顺式调控作用。     

组蛋白修饰对酿酒酵母复制起始相关蛋白基因表达的调控

真核生物的DNA复制是一个复杂且有序的过程,其中DNA复制起始参与调控众多生物学活动,对生物正常的生长发育具有重要作用。组蛋白修饰在调节DNA复制过程中具有重要作用。为了检测组蛋白特定位点的修饰对DNA复制起始的影响,本研究以酿酒酵母组蛋白H3/H4定点突变菌株为研究对象,采用倍比稀释表型分析法检测了组蛋白11种H3/H4甲基化、乙酰化突变菌株的生长情况,显示,以野生型菌株BY4741为对照,组蛋白H3/H4乙酰化突变菌株H3K64A、H3K56A、H3K14Q、H4K5R、H4K16Q以及组蛋白H4甲基化突变菌株H4K20Q表现为生长缺陷,其他菌株与BY4741生长情况基本一致;通过GeNorm和NormFinder软件分析得出本实验最适内参基因为β-actin;采用Real-time PCR检测了菌株细胞内复制起始相关蛋白基因mcm2、mcm10、cdc45的表达情况,表明,组蛋白H3/H4甲基化突变菌株H3K9A、H3R72K、H4K59A、H4K20Q胞内mcm2、mcm10、cdc45基因表达均显著下调(p0.01),而H4R3A胞内mcm2、mcm10表达显著上调(p0.05)、cdc45显著下调(p0.01),组蛋白H3/H4乙酰化突变菌株H3K14Q、H4K5R、H4K8A、H4K16Q胞内mcm2表达显著下调(p0.01),而在H3K64A、H3K56A胞内无显著变化,mcm10在6种组蛋白H3/H4乙酰化突变菌株内表达均下调(p0.01),cdc45基因在H4K5R胞内表达无显著变化,在其余5种乙酰化突变菌株中表达均显著下调(p0.01),为进一步阐明组蛋白特定位点修饰调控DNA复制起始的深入研究提供理论帮助。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

医疗机构合理用药评价模型的构建研究

目的 针对医疗机构的合理用药水平进行评价研究。方法 根据医疗机构合理用药的具体要求,构建医疗机构合理用药评价指标体系,采用基于模糊群决策的方法和多指标评价分析法构建医疗机构合理用药评价模型。结果 构建了基于模糊群决策的医疗机构合理用药评价模型,并通过实例分析证明了评价模型的可行性。结论 建立的基于模糊群决策的医疗机构合理用药评价模型能够对医疗机构的合理用药水平进行科学评价,为提高医疗机构合理用药水平奠定基础。