黑老虎木脂素化学成分及药理作用研究进展CSCD

黑老虎是一种具有药用、食用、观赏等多种价值的经济植物。黑老虎的化学成分及药理作用研究进展较快,目前已分离出200余种化合物,其中木脂素类化合物121种,具有抗炎、抗肿瘤、抗HIV、抗凝血、抗氧化、保肝等多种药理作用。现对黑老虎中木脂素类化学成分和药理作用进行综述,为黑老虎的深入开发利用提供参考。     

橐吾属植物药用研究概况

对近20年来国产橐吾属植物的药用研究文献进行综述,主要内容有该属植物的化学成分、药理作用及民间应用的情况。     

黑曲霉菌剂不同处理对西瓜根际细菌群落及土壤理化性质的影响

【背景】针对我国设施栽培西瓜土传病害发生严重、土壤理化性质劣变等问题,探究微生物菌剂对西瓜根际土壤微生物群落调控及土壤营养改良的作用。【目的】研究黑曲霉菌剂不同处理方式对设施栽培西瓜根际细菌多样性、群落结构及土壤理化性质的影响。【方法】通过高通量测序分析黑曲霉菌剂不同处理对西瓜根际土壤细菌多样性和群落结构的影响;采用分析化学方法测定西瓜根际土壤理化性质并解析驱动西瓜根际细菌群落动态变化的主要理化因素。【结果】黑曲霉菌剂(Y)、氨基寡糖素水剂(A)及黑曲霉菌剂与氨基寡糖素水剂配施(YA)处理,细菌α多样性指数如Chao1、Ace和Shannon等较对照均有所增加;不同处理西瓜根际优势细菌在门水平包括变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteriota)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteriota)等,其中Proteobacteria相对丰度最高,依次为A (28.26%)>Y (26.74%)>YA (22.61%);黑曲霉菌剂处理西瓜根际土壤芽单胞菌科(Gemmatimonadaceae)和类诺卡氏菌科(Nocardioidaceae)相对丰度较对照明显提高到4.06%和2.43%,氨基寡糖素水剂处理中根际土壤假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)丰度显著提高(P<0.05),不同处理组微枝形杆菌属(Microvirga)相对丰度较对照均有所提高;黑曲霉菌剂单独或与氨基寡糖素水剂配施处理,西瓜根际土壤全氮、全磷及速效磷含量明显提高;冗余分析(redundancy analysis, RDA)表明,土壤pH、全氮、速效磷、速效钾与西瓜根际细菌群落结构具有显著相关性(P<0.05);Spearman相关性分析表明,根际假单胞菌科相对丰度与土壤全氮、全磷、速效磷、速效钾呈显著或极显著正相关。【结论】黑曲霉菌剂在设施栽培西瓜种植中单独或与氨基寡糖素水剂配施处理,具有提高西瓜根际土壤细菌多样性、增加有益菌群相对丰度、改良土壤理化性质从而提高土壤肥力的作用,该结果为黑曲霉菌剂产品开发及在设施栽培西瓜种植中合理应用提供了科学依据。     

云南民间药用琵琶甲无机元素及氨基酸分析

对云南民间药用瑟琶甲虫含有的无机元素及氨基酸进行了分析测定,结果表明:该甲虫含有9种人体必须微量元素,总含量为641.00μg/g;含有16种游离氨基酸和16种蛋白氨基酸,氨基酸种类齐全,含量高。研究为开发药用昆虫资源提供基本资料,为进一步探讨其药理作用提供参考     

蓼属植物的化学成分与生物活性研究进展

蓼属(Polygonum)是蓼科中的一个药用大属,我国约有120种,其中81种供药用,包括许多著名的中药和民间药。从上世纪80年代开始,对本属植物的化学成分及药理作用研究,逐渐受到了关注。本文对90年代以来,国内外对该属药用植物化学及药理活性的研究进行综述。     

悬钩子属植物的开发利用概述

综合了国内外学者对悬钩子属植物的调查、研究 ,阐述了该属植物的生物学特征 ,地理分布 ,栽培状况 ,生理生化特征 ,药用有效成分分析 ,药理作用和开发利用方面的研究进展 ,并针对当前国内对悬钩子属植物的利用 ,提出了保护野生资源 ,发展人工种植 ,合理利用资源 ,制定中草药生产技术标准操作规程 (SOP)和中草药生产质量管理规范 (GAP) ,鉴定药用有效成分 ,开发相关有机食品和保健产品等一系列合理化建议     

中国野生稻遗传资源的保护及其在育种中的利用

我国有三种野生稻,即普通野生稻(Oryza rufipogon)、药用野生稻(O.officinalis)和瘤粒野生稻(O.meyeriana)。这三种野生稻均被列为国家二级保护植物(渐危种)。调查结果表明,野生稻由于其自然群落大量丧失而濒危,濒危程度为普通野生稻>药用野生稻>瘤粒野生稻。造成濒危的主要原因是人为的破坏活动。人类的经济活动导致了野生稻生境丧失、生境质量不断恶化、栖息地越来越少;人类的活动也导致了外来种的入侵。目前,对野生稻的保护措施主要有就地保护(原地保护或原位保护)和迁地保护(易地保护或异位保护)。易地保护包括以种子保存的种质厍、以种茎保存的种质圃和以器官培养物作为材料的超低温保存。野生稻具有许多优良特性,如特强的耐寒性、高的抗病虫性、优质蛋白质含量高、功能叶片耐衰老的特异性、特强的再生性、良好的繁茂性及生长优势等等,这些优良特性已被广泛用于水稻常规育种和杂交育种中,并取得了巨大的社会效益和经济效益。有关野生稻生物技术方面的研究,如花药培养、原生质培养、体细胞杂交和基因工程等方面已取得了较大的进展。野生稻将在水稻育种中发挥越来越重要的作用。     

阳荷化学成分及药理作用最新研究进展

对姜科姜属植物阳荷Zingiber striolatum的栽培、化学成分及药理作用进行综述，并对其应用及生产上存在的问题进行探讨。     

适度紫外辐射增强对白鲜光合特性和药用活性成分的影响

次生代谢成分环境调控是药用植物优质栽培的理论和实践基础。然而,迄今为止,短期紫外光诱导对药用活性成分积累效应方面的研究仍然比较薄弱。该文以光环境敏感植物白鲜(Dictamnus dasycarpus)为研究对象,探索短期不同强度(低剂量和中剂量)紫外(UV)辐射增强对其根、茎和叶中黄柏酮、梣酮、白鲜碱和柠檬苦素4种有效成分的诱导效应。结果表明:(1)无论是低剂量还是中剂量UV-A和UV-B辐射条件下,白鲜叶片光系统Ⅱ(PS Ⅱ)最大光化学量子产量(F_v/F_m)均大于0.76; PS Ⅱ实际光合量子产量Y(Ⅱ)、调节性能量耗散的量子产量Y(NPQ)、基于“湖泊模型”光化学淬灭系数(qL)和非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)与对照(未经紫外辐射处理)相比均没有显著差异; 低剂量与中剂量UV-B辐射均显著增加白鲜PS Ⅱ的非调节性能量耗散的量子产量Y(NO)。(2)适度短期紫外辐射增强能够诱导白鲜药用活性成分快速积累,根中4种有效成分最高可提升51%,主要在白鲜根中积累。其中,中剂量UV-A辐射和低剂量UV-B辐射效果最明显,不仅根中黄柏酮、梣酮、白鲜碱和柠檬苦素4种活性成分明显提升,还促进茎中白鲜碱和叶中梣酮的积累。综上所述,该研究结果表明短期紫外辐射增强能有效诱导白鲜药用活性成分的积累,并通过提升白鲜PS Ⅱ非光化学效率来提升白鲜光强耐受性。     

虫草属真菌化学成分及药理作用研究进展

虫草属真菌是一类十分重要的药用真菌,具有多种活性物质及广泛的药理作用、对该属真菌的化学成分及药理作用的研究进展进行了综述,为虫草属药用真菌的研究和开发提供依据。     

Mango ginger (Curcuma amada Roxb.)--a promising spice for phytochemicals and biological activities

Mango ginger (Curcuma amada Roxb.) is a unique spice having morphological resemblance with ginger but imparts a raw mango flavour. The main use of mango ginger rhizome is in the manufacture of pickles and culinary preparations. Ayurveda and Unani medicinal systems have given much importance to mango ginger as an appetizer, alexteric, antipyretic, aphrodisiac, diuretic, emollient, expectorant and laxative and to cure biliousness, itching, skin diseases, bronchitis, asthma, hiccough and inflammation due to injuries. The biological activities of mango ginger include antioxidant activity, antibacterial activity, antifungal activity, anti-inflammatory activity, platelet aggregation inhibitory activity, cytotoxicity, antiallergic activity, hypotriglyceridemic activity, brine-shrimp lethal activity, enterokinase inhibitory activity, CNS depressant and analgesic activity. The major chemical components include starch, phenolic acids, volatile oils, curcuminoids and terpenoids like difurocumenonol, amadannulen and amadaldehyde. This article brings to light the major active components present in C. amada along with their biological activities that may be important from the pharmacological point of view.     

Biological and chemical properties of Zingiber zerumbet Smith: a review

Numerous researches have been carried out in Zingiber zerumbet Smith. Since 1944 till date. Z. zerumbet is a monocotyledonous perennial medicinal plant belonging to Zingiberaceae family. It is commonly known as shampoo ginger. It has many different local names depending on their area of collection and vegetation. It is called as ‘Singkha’ in Manipuri. Various compounds have been reported to be isolated from Z. zerumbet and they serve a very potent and reliable drug candidate for the various diseases. They have been investigated for its prospects of effectiveness against number of activities in in vitro as well as in vivo and mechanisms that may be involved in chemo preventive measures and various pharmaceutical studies.     

Nigella sativa L.: Uses in traditional and contemporary medicines – An overview

There are several wild and cultivated plants that offer excellent opportunities for being used as herbal and therapeutic agents. The identification of medicinal properties of plants and their effectiveness in treating diseases are important components in medicinal plant research and this can pave ways for further improvements in traditional drug use. Climatic conditions and phytogeography in Pakistan are ideal for naturally occurring diverse flora and managed cultivation of hundreds of plants of medicinal significance. Nigella sativa commonly known as the black seed is an important medicinal plant that has been widely used as a multipurpose medicinal agent in different countries since old times. The plant is abundantly cultivated in Pakistan for uses as condiment and medicines. It possesses important classes of bioactive compounds among which thymoquinone has attracted significant attention from the scientific community because of its active role in treating a diverse spectrum of diseases. The black seeds are used for reducing adverse effects of arthritis, asthma, inflammation, liver and gastro disorders besides their potential role in diabetes and cancers. The focus of this review is to highlight the medicinal significance of N. sativa in traditional medicine and opportunities for exploitation in contemporary medicine.     

Phenazine carboxylic acid production and rhizome protective effect of endophytic Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from Zingiber officinale

Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is cultivated commercially in most parts of the world especially in India for its culinary and medicinal applications. One of the major challenges that limit the yield of ginger is rhizome rot disease caused by organisms including Pythium myriotylum. A feasible ecofriendly method is yet to be devised to prevent the plant from this threatening disease. Recent studies on plant microbiome show the possibility of having endophytic organisms with plant protective characteristics associated with the plants. Because of the uniquely evolved underground nature of the ginger rhizome and its peculiar survival in soil for a long time, many interesting endophytic microbes with plant protective characters can be well expected from it. In the current study, previously isolated endophytic Pseudomonas aeruginosa from ginger was investigated in detail for its effect on Pythium myriotylum. The rhizome protective effect of the organism was also studied by co-inoculation studies, which confirmed that Pseudomonas aeruginosa has very potent inhibitory effect on Pythium myriotylum. On further studies, the active antifungal compound was identified as phenazine 1-carboxylic acid.     

DNA CONTENT OF SEVEN SPECIES OF ASTEREAE AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE TO THEORIES OF CHROMOSOME EVOLUTION IN THE TRIBE

Relative amounts of nuclear DNA were determined in root tip cells of seven species of Astereae: Aster hydrophilus Greene, A. oblongifolius Nutt., A. riparius H.B.K., Machaeranthera boltoniae (Greene) Turner and Home, M. brevilingulata (Sch-Bip.) Turner and Home, M. parviflora Gray, and M. tenuis (S. Wats.) Turner and Home. The results show that A. hydrophilus and M. brevilingulata, with a chromosome number of n = 9, have less nuclear DNA than other closely related species which are either n = 4 or n = 5. Cytological analyses of meiosis in the intergeneric hybrid M. parviflora X A. hydrophilus showed cells with two or more small chromosomes of the latter species pairing with single large chromosomes of the former. Pachytene cells of the hybrids M. parviflora X A. hydrophilus, M. parviflora X A. riparius, and M. boltoniae X M. tenuis showed some unpaired chromosome segments. The significance of these results to chromosome evolution in the tribe Astereae is discussed.     

Habenaria parviflora (Orchidaceae), extension of its austral distributional limit and new synonymy

An extension of the austral distributional limit of Habenaria parviflora Lindl. and a new record for the orchid flora of Buenos Aires province is reported on the basis of specimens collected from the northwestern hills of the Tandilia System. Habenaria uruguayensis Garay is found to be a synonym of H. parviflora based on studies of original material, protologues and previous bibliography. A lectotype is designated for H. parviflora.     

Photoprotective pigment as an adaptive strategy in the antarctic moss Ceratodon purpureus

Summary Variation in leaf pigmentation from green to ginger is observed for Ceratodon purpureus (Hedw.) Brid. in Antarctica. Electron microscopy of ginger and green leaves reveals less thylakoid stacking, a response to greater light exposure, in the ginger leaves. In extremely exposed sites C. purpureus has low chlorophyll a/b ratios which correlate with decreased 77K chlorophyll fluorescence, indicating damage to chlorophyll a. Pigment analysis of ginger moss shows that even when the chlorophyll a/b ratio has not decreased the pigment composition differs from green moss. The increase in anthocyanin and decrease in chlorophyll concentrations largely account for the visual change from green to ginger. The ratio of total carotenoid to chlorophyll varies from 0.35 in green moss to 0.55 in the ginger moss, with violaxanthin increased preferentially. Since these changes in pigmentation are consistent with photoprotection and they are linked to light dependent variations in chloroplast structure, it appears that photoprotective pigments are a useful adaptation for the bright Antarctic environment.     

MORPHOLOGICAL DIFFERENTIATION OF PROBOSCIDEA PARVIFLORA SSP. PARVIFLORA (MARTYNIACEAE) UNDER DOMESTICATION

Aboriginal groups in the southwestern United States have grown Proboscidea parviflora ssp. parviflora for basketry fiber. It has been hypothesized that cultivated plants of this subspecies with white seeds and long-clawed fruit (which provide the fiber) have been domesticated. Cluster, multiple discriminant, and unvariate statistical analyses presented here show that the putative domesticate is indeed morphologically distinct from “wild” plants. It has clearly been domesticated, and has diverged from wild populations to the extent that a new variety, var. Hohokamiana, is proposed for the domesticate. Wild and domesticated varieties differ especially in seed color, rostrum, crest, style, and anther lengths. Most characteristics of the wild variety seem to be genetically dominant to those of the domesticate, which may account for absence of a weedy form intermediate between the wild and domesticated varieties. The wild variety is morphologically more variable than the domesticate, probably because of its broader geographical range and its intergradation with another subspecies. Ethnological data and the variational patterns reported here suggest that the domesticate originated in southern Arizonanorthern Sonora, but probably not north of that region.     

Climate change might increase the invasion potential of the alien C4 grass Setaria parviflora (Poaceae) in the Mediterranean Basin

Aim Current climate change is supposed to be beneficial to many biological invaders, especially to C4 alien plants. While several experiments have been dedicated to measuring alien plants’ response to increased atmospheric CO₂ concentration, very few studies have been undertaken to measure the response of alien plants to warming. This study was aimed to test experimentally whether the predicted climate change in the Mediterranean Basin could be beneficial to the alien C4 grass Setaria parviflora (Poir.) Kerguélen. Location Three populations of S. parviflora from Corsica, southern France, were grown in Montpellier, southern France. Methods  The C4 alien grass S. parviflora was exposed to artificial climate change conditions for 3 years in open field and in competition with the local native community. We measured the response to artificial warming of +1.5 and +3 °C and artificial drought (?30% precipitation) versus ambient conditions for phenology, biomass and fecundity of S. parviflora. We compared the response of S. parviflora individuals to the response of the local community. Results Artificial warming strongly enhanced the biomass and the fecundity of S. parviflora, while it decreased or did not affect the biomass and fecundity of the local community. The phenology (onset of growth, first spike pollinating and fruit ripeness) of S. parviflora was advanced significantly and explained the changes observed in biomass and fecundity. Main conclusions Here, we report a positive effect of climate change on the growth and fertility of S. parviflora, a C4 alien plant. Our results suggest that climate change predicted for the next decades in the Mediterranean Basin might substantially enhance the performance of S. parviflora, potentially increasing its invasion success.