‘川早枇杷’头花柱头可授性及花粉活力与花粉管生长的研究

为揭示特早熟枇杷新品系‘川早枇杷’头花坐果率低的原因,该试验采用田间调查方法观察了‘川早枇杷’头花的开花期,并用联苯胺-过氧化氢法检验了柱头可授性、TTC法测定了花粉活力、苯胺蓝染色法观察了花粉管生长情况。结果显示:(1)‘川早枇杷’头花7月中旬进入初花期,7月下旬至8月上旬为盛花期,8月中旬至下旬为终花期,头花花期的果园气温最高、最低和平均分别为34.9℃、18.9℃和26.03℃。(2)开花当天及花后1~4d柱头具有可授性,且花后1d柱头可授性最强、花粉活力最高,以后花粉活力逐渐迅速降低。(3)自花授粉的花粉管在授粉后48h抵达花柱基部、96h到达胚珠,但数量极少。研究表明,‘川早枇杷’头花具有最佳可授性的时间较短,花粉活力降低迅速,花粉管能够抵达花柱基部和进入胚珠的数量极少,花期高温等诸多因素的综合作用可能是造成其头花坐果不良的重要原因。     

全红型软枣猕猴桃花器结构和开花授粉生物学特性

对全红型软枣猕猴桃天源红花器结构、雌花开放动态及寿命、花期温度、柱头可授性、有效授粉期、有效受精期、花粉管行为等进行了系统研究,以探讨影响天源红结实率低下的原因.结果表明:(1)雌花枝可分为以下5种类型:短缩花枝(0~5 cm)、短花枝(5~10 cm)、中花枝(10~30 cm)、长花枝(30~50 cm)和徒长性花枝(>50cm);(2)柱头属于干性柱头,具有一道裂沟,乳突呈长圆柱形;(3)开花过程可分为以下5个阶段:花萼开裂期、花萼大裂期、花瓣变色期、大蕾期和开花期;(4)整个开花过程温度平稳,开花整齐,雌花单花期为1~2 d;(5)柱头可授性在花后1~2 d最强,花开后3~5 d可授性逐渐降低,花后第6天丧失可授性;有效授粉期为开花第1天和第2天;有效受精时期为授粉后5~10 h;(6)授粉后0.5 h花粉就能在柱头乳突细胞表面萌发并进入花柱道生长;授粉后10 h花粉管生长到达花柱底部.初步推断,花期、有效授粉期以及柱头可授性时间短,是天源红坐果率相对较低的主要原因.     

温度对枇杷头花花粉管生长及保护酶活性的影响

为探讨温度对早熟枇杷头花花粉管生长及花朵保护酶活性的影响,该研究以特早熟枇杷新品系‘川早枇杷’头花为试材,分别以T_1(25℃/20℃,昼/夜)、T_2(30℃/25℃,昼/夜)和T_3(35℃/30℃,昼/夜)温度作处理,研究了柱头可授性、花粉活力、花粉管生长状况及花朵保护酶活性。结果显示:(1)‘川早枇杷’头花柱头具可授性的持续时长、同一花龄下的花粉活力大小以及到达花柱基部的花粉管数量均表现为T_1T_2T_3,花粉管到达花柱基部的时间长短表现为T_1T_3T_2,且T_3处理的花粉管在花柱中多表现出顶端膨大弯曲、停长等异常现象。(2)3种温度处理的花朵SOD和CAT活性均随花龄的增加而先增后降,POD活性则先降后增;3种保护酶的活性在T_1处理下变幅较小,而在T_2和T_3处理下变幅较大。研究表明,‘川早枇杷’头花授粉坐果较适宜的昼夜温度是25℃/20℃;高温条件下早熟枇杷花朵主要保护酶活性变幅增大,柱头具可授性持续时间短、花粉活力低、花粉管在花柱中生长异常,从而导致早熟枇杷头花坐果率低。     

薄壳山核桃在南京的开花物候期观察和比较

对种植于南京的薄壳山核桃[Carya illinoensis (Wangench.)K.Koch] 18个品种(系)的开花物候期(包括雌花和雄花的单花开花过程和花期以及雄花散粉期和雌花可授期)进行了观察和比较.结果表明:供试的18个品种(系)雄花单花的开放过程包括花被裂开、雄花变黄、花药散粉、花药变黑和小花脱落5个时期,其开放过程持续天数为13～22 d;各品种(系)雄花集中在4月下旬进入初花期,5月中下旬进入落花末期,雄花的整个花期持续天数为16～24 d.雌花单花的开放过程包括子房显露、柱头裂开、柱头倒“八”字形、柱头枯萎和子房膨大5个时期,其开放过程持续14 ～ 22 d;雌花集中在4月下旬进入初花期,末花期集中在5月中旬,雌花的整个花期持续天数为12 ～23 d.18个品种(系)的雌花可授期天数为3～10d、雄花散粉期天数为4～9d,多数品种(系)的雄花散粉期与雌花可授期天数为7d.依据雌花和雄花开放的先后顺序可以确定其中的12个品种(系)为雌先型,5个品种为雄先型,仅1个品种为同时型;并根据观察结果确定了22个可行的授粉组合.适宜的品种配置方案为‘马罕’(‘Mahan’)、‘西奥克斯’(‘Sioux’)、‘金华’(‘Jinhua’)、‘卡多’(‘Caddo’)和‘波尼’(‘Pawnee’).     

不同砧木黄瓜嫁接苗对温度胁迫的生理响应及其抗性评价

以4种砧木和‘春秋王2号’( Cucumis sativus ‘Chunqiuwang No.2’)黄瓜为嫁接试材,在人工气候箱内对嫁接苗和自根苗进行了连续3 d的低温(昼12 ℃/夜5 ℃)、高温(昼42 ℃/夜35 ℃)和常温(昼25 ℃/夜18 ℃)3组处理,分析温度胁迫对嫁接苗和自根苗的伤害指数、光合特性和抗氧化系统的影响,明确不同砧木嫁接苗对低温和高温抗性机制的异同,为黄瓜设施栽培生产中不同季节选择嫁接砧木提供依据。结果表明:(1)低温胁迫下,黑籽南瓜( Cucurbita ficifolia Bouché)砧嫁接苗冷害指数最低,其次为日本南瓜( Cucurbita moschata )砧嫁接苗,两者的相对叶绿素含量、净光合速率( P n)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和可溶性蛋白含量比常温对照增加较多,且两者丙二醛(MDA)含量较低。(2)高温胁迫下,‘五叶香’丝瓜( Luffa cylindrica ‘Wuyexiang’)砧嫁接苗热害指数最低,同时叶绿素含量、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性和可溶性蛋白含量均相对较高,MDA含量最低;‘甬砧8号’( Cucurbita maxima×Cucurbita moschata ‘Yongzhen No.8’)白籽南瓜砧和日本南瓜砧嫁接苗热害指数也较低,且SOD、CAT和APX活性较高。(3)不同嫁接组合的抗性综合评价结果显示,黑籽南瓜砧嫁接苗的耐寒性最强,丝瓜砧嫁接苗的耐热性最强,日本南瓜砧嫁接苗和‘甬砧8号’砧嫁接苗对高温和低温均具有一定的耐受性。研究发现,黑籽南瓜砧等嫁接组合可以通过维持光合性能,提高抗氧化酶活性,增加渗透调节物质含量来缓解高低温度胁迫造成的过氧化伤害,从而表现出对高低温胁迫的较强抵抗力。     

华北驼绒藜繁育系统研究

通过定株观察、人工套袋授粉试验等对华北驼绒藜繁育系统进行了研究。结果显示:(1)华北驼绒藜的花粉寿命为6d,花粉胚珠比(P/O)为1 351 189±391 779;自然条件下存在着同株授粉和异株授粉两种方式,但以异株授粉为主,其繁育系统属于兼性异交。(2)华北驼绒藜在有花粉时柱头可授性为6d(柱头露出后5～10d),但在缺乏花粉不能完成授精时,柱头会出现徒长现象,其可授性可以维持12d(柱头露出后9～20d)。(3)人工套袋授粉结果显示,华北驼绒藜最佳授粉时间是柱头露出后6～7d,此时年均授粉结实率最高(94.83%);在柱头失去过氧化物酶活性时(柱头露出后21d)授粉结实率年均为4.93%;相对于柱头最佳可授期,华北驼绒藜具有较高结实率的授粉时间范围较宽。研究表明,在长期的进化过程中,华北驼绒藜形成了P/O较高、柱头可授性时间长以及在异株授粉优势的情况下,还保留同株授粉方式的生殖补偿机制,对其野生退化群落的种群恢复具有积极的意义。     

烟台甜樱桃柱头的可授性、形态特征与坐果率

采用数码照相、电镜扫描、联苯胺-过氧化氢测试及去雄套袋等技术手段, 对烟台甜樱桃(Cerasus avium)花期不同发育阶段柱头的可授性、形态特征和坐果状况进行了观察。结果表明, 烟台甜樱桃在套袋状态下, 柱头可授期从开花前1天开始可持续5–7天。从杯状花期到花瓣平展期, 柱头逐渐有乳突细胞破裂并呈现分泌液, 出现渐强的可授性; 从花瓣平展期到花瓣脱落期, 柱头由暗黄渐变至暗黑, 逐渐萎缩并丧失可授性。去雄套袋及人工授粉实验结果显示, 在大蕾期、杯状花期、花瓣展放期、花瓣平展期和花瓣脱落期进行人工授粉, 烟台甜樱桃的坐果率分别为60.50%、58.33%、62.08%、57.14%和39.13%。在自然条件下烟台甜樱桃的坐果率一般为30%–42%, 传粉成功的最佳期主要发生在杯状花期至花瓣平展期。     

观赏海棠品种间的杂交亲和性研究和亲本选择

为筛选出优质亲本及杂交组合,确定最佳授粉时期,探究观赏海棠品种间的杂交亲和性,为观赏海棠的新品种培育提供参考,该研究以15个性状互补的海棠品种为供试材料,用离体培养法测定花粉活力、悬液法测定花粉含量并对其雄性育性进行评价;联苯胺-过氧化氢法测定其不同开花时期的柱头可授性;荧光显微观察法观察授粉后花粉管的生长及受精情况;人工控制授粉法研究5个杂交组合的坐果动态变化情况。结果显示,(1)根据花粉活力可将15个海棠品种的雄性育性分为不育型、较低型、中等型、优质型4类,其中‘印第安之夏’、‘冬红’等6个品种为优质父本。(2)海棠从开花前1 d至第6天的柱头可授性呈现“弱—强—弱”的变化规律,开花第3天时的柱头可授性最强。(3)授粉后4～8 h花粉开始萌发,48～96 h完成受精。(4)花粉育性和柱头可授性与杂交坐果率、种子饱满率间均存在显著的正相关性。授粉后2个月内是落果集中期,此后至果实成熟坐果率基本趋于稳定。‘冬红’ב印第安之夏’、‘草莓果冻’ב印第安之夏’为高坐果率杂交组合。研究表明,海棠雌雄蕊存在发育不同步现象,选择育性优质的亲本是杂交取得成功的关键,而受精后障碍是本研究中海棠杂交...     

七叶树花粉活力和柱头可授性变化的研究

采用花粉离体萌发法研究不同蔗糖浓度、硼酸浓度和不同温度对七叶树花粉萌发的影响及花粉活力测定,用联苯胺-过氧化氢法测定柱头可授性.结果表明:七叶树花粉萌发的最佳培养基是12％蔗糖+30 mg/L硼酸,花粉萌发的最适温度为25℃.雄花在开花当天花粉活力最高达75.69％,并在开花当天的上午10:00时,花粉活力最强,10:00～16:00花粉活力保持较高活力,是最佳授粉时段.两性花的柱头可授期持续时间较长,为8～9 d,开花3d达到最强,开花1～4 d柱头可授性保持较高水平,为授粉的最佳时间段.因此,从七叶树的花部特征、花粉活力与柱头可授性及花粉萌发的条件看,在长期的自然选择下七叶树在花部结构和开花生理上都是相配合的,以保障生殖成功.     

中国樱桃与甜樱桃花粉原位萌发及花粉管生长的差异

以‘垂丝’、‘东塘’(中国樱桃)和‘莫利’、‘拉宾斯’(甜樱桃)为试材,分别于自花、异花授粉后不同时间切取花柱,用FAA固定,荧光染色后压片观察。结果显示,中国樱桃和甜樱桃的自花、异花花粉均能在柱头萌发,且其花粉管在花柱中表现为“极快—慢—快—稳定”的动态变化过程。但甜樱桃花粉萌发率高于中国樱桃,异花高于自花。中国樱桃自花、异花都有花粉管到达花柱基部;甜樱桃‘莫利’ב拉宾斯’和‘拉宾斯’自交有花粉管到达花柱基部,而‘莫利’自交的花粉管在花柱中上部已停止生长。结果表明,中国樱桃表现自交亲和性,而甜樱桃除人工诱变导致自交亲和的‘拉宾斯’等品种外,表现典型的植物配子体自交不亲和性。     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒研究进展

传染性法氏囊病(Infection bursal disease, IBD)是由鸡传染性法氏囊病毒(Infectious bursal disease virus, IBDV)引起的鸡和火鸡的一种高度接触性传染病,给世界各国的禽养殖业带来了巨大损失.自IBDV发现至今新的变异株不断出现,分子结构的改变导致病毒致病力的改变及宿主对疫苗应答的改变,使得传统的疫苗已不能控制其流行,因此各国学者对其基因组结构和功能进行了广泛深入的研究,并积极研制新型有效的疫苗以达到防治的目的.     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.