产氨短杆菌与枯草杆菌发酵产肌苷比较试验

采用诱变得来的枯草杆菌GMI-741和产氨短杆菌GMA-2892在1.2L自控发酵罐上进行肌苷发酵试验,产氨短杆菌GMA-2802在种子培养基中培养15h后,菌浓度达1.0×1011个/ml,而同样条件下,枯草杆菌GMI-741菌浓度只有9.5×109个/ml.在1.2L自控发酵罐上发酵时,GMA-2802发酵周期54h,产肌苷达20.40g/L,发酵液主要原材料成本为441.1元/吨;GMI-741发酵周期60h,产肌苷达19.52g/L,发酵液主要原材料成本为559.1元/吨.     

肌苷产生菌B.Subtilis H841在2升罐中的发酵

枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus Subtilis)H841肌苷产生菌是腺嘌呤、组氨酸、硫胺素三重缺陷型菌株,并对8—氮杂乌嘌呤、6—巯基嘌呤有抗性。在摇瓶中产肌胺18.1克/升,在2L自控发酵罐中最高可产肌苷19.6克/升,在流加葡萄糖情况下可产肌苷26.2克/升。控制pH较不控制pH发酵肌苷产量有较大的增加,控制pH发酵并补加营养时,肌苷产量可稳定地增长,但对葡萄糖的转化率是相同的。     

产氨短杆菌GMA-1112利用味精母液发酵生产肌苷

通过亚硝基胍或60 Coγ辐照等选育一株产氨短杆菌GMA 1 1 1 2 (Ade +Gua +VB1 +8 AGr+SGr+6 MPr) ,能以味精母液代替传统肌苷发酵添加酵母粉作为有机营养物 ,进行肌苷发酵 ,平均产肌苷率 2 5.4 0 g/L。具有降低发酵成本、提高产肌苷率等优点。     

枯草杆菌JSIM-1019突变株肌苷发酵研究

以肌苷产生菌枯草杆菌7171-9-1为出发菌株,经物理、化学诱变剂连续处理,获得一株腺嘌呤、组氨酸、硫胺素三重营养缺陷型并对8-氮杂鸟嘌呤、6-巯基嘌呤有双重抗性的突变株JSIM-1019。在摇瓶和发酵罐试验中,该变异株的肌苷产量显著高于亲株。摇瓶试验产肌苷达20g/L,最高可达24.83g/L。工业生产试验最高达14.5g/L,稳定在12g/L。发酵周期平均为43.8小时。菌株遗传性状稳定。     

新型肌苷新生菌——产氨短杆菌GMBA—800选育和特性的初步研究

采用多种方法诱变获得一株新型肌苷产生菌－－产氨短杆菌ＧＭＢＡ－８００,对其生长和发酵条件进行初步研究。肌苷产量从５ｇ／Ｌ提高到１８．４１ｇ／Ｌ,发酵周期从８４ｈ缩短为６３ｈ。菌株遗传性状稳定。     

5-氨基-4-氨甲酰咪唑核苷产生菌AIC-90菌种选育研究

已肌苷产生菌枯草杆菌GMI- 741(Ade - )为出发菌株 ,通过多因子诱变选育出具有非精确嘌呤缺陷型、丧失腺嘌呤脱氨酶的AICAR(5 -氨基 - 4-氨甲酰咪唑核苷 )产生菌AIC - 90 ,该菌株摇瓶发酵 72h产AICAR可达 2 0 .3g/L以上。     

抗药性突变肌苷高产菌的选育

以枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillur subtilis)22为出发菌株,经紫外线诱变,分别获得对链霉素(Sm)、盐酸羟胺(Hc)、叠氮化钠(Sa)有抗性的突变株,产肌苷均明显高于出发株。其中链霉素抗性突变株Sm-37-18产肌苷最高,在最佳发酵条件下,产肌苷达19.49g/L,较出发株提高38.4%,发酵周期由60小时缩短至48小时。     

腺嘌呤对枯草杆菌GMI—971发酵生产肌苷的影响

培养基中腺嘌呤含量对腺嘌呤缺陷型的枯草杆菌GMI－971发酵产肌苷有显著影响。在拟定条件下,腺嘌呤浓度在150mg／L时摇瓶肌苷产量最高。对不同来源的四种酵母粉分别添加腺嘌呤,当其含量增加至l50ml／L时,肌苷产量也最高。     

新型肌苷产生菌──产氨短杆菌GMBA—800选育和特性的初步研究

采用多种方法诱变获得一株新型肌苷产生菌──产氨短杆菌（Ｂｒｅｖｉｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍａｍｍｏｎｉａｇｅｎｅｓ）ＧＭＢＡ－８００（具有腺嘌呤、生物素双重营养缺陷型和对８－氮杂鸟嘌呤、磺胺胍、６－流基嘌呤有抗性）,对其生长和发酵条件进行初步研究。肌苷产量从５ｇ／Ｌ提高到１８．４１ｇ／Ｌ,发酵周期从８４ｈ缩短为６３ｈ。菌株遗传性状稳定。     

腺苷产生菌Xn151菌株的选育及发酵条件研究

以肌苷产生菌枯草杆菌GMI-741(Ade~(--))为出发菌株,通过多因子诱变选育出具有黄嘌呤、鸟嘌呤双重营养缺陷型、丧失腺嘌呤脱氨酶的腺苷产生菌Xn151。以Xn151为发酵菌株,采用正交实验设计法对其发酵基础培养基进行优化,确定最佳发酵配方。利用此培养及配方摇瓶发酵72h,腺苷产量可达12.3g/L。     

原生质体融合选育肌苷产生菌产氨短杆菌GMA—2802

以肌苷产生菌产氨短杆菌ＧＭＡ－２７２２（Ａｄｅ－、 Ｇｕａ－、ＶＢ１－、Ｒｉｆｒ）和 ＧＭＡ－２７７６（Ａｄｅ－、 Ｂｉｏｔｉｎ－、ＶＢ１－、Ｓｍｒ）为出发菌株,经原生质体融合,将目的标志加以组合,获得遗传性状稳定、摇瓶发酵６１ｈ,产肌苷２５．４ｇ／Ｌ的融合子 ＧＭＡ－２８０２（Ａｄｅ－、Ｇｕａ－、Ｂｉｏｔｉｎ－、ＶＢ１－、 Ｒｉｆｒ、Ｓｍｒ）。     

Ultrastructural cytochemistry of the human adrenal medulla

Summary A cytochemical study of the human adrenal medulla showed that it is made up of two cell types, the adrenaline (A-) and noradrenaline (N-) storing cells. A- and N-storing granules were argentaphobic when ultrathin sections of Araldite-embedded medullae were stained according to the periodic acid-thiocarbohydrazide silver proteinate technique of Thiery. A small amount of glycogen (which disappeared after digestion with alpha amylase) in the form of B-particles, as well as lysosomes were, however, visualized by this technique. The entire core of A granules was markedly positive after ultrathin sections of glutaraldehyde-fixed, glycol methacrylate-(GMA-) embedded medullae were stained with phosphotungstic acid (PTA) at a low pH (0.3). The N granules, in contrast, were mostly unreactive. PTA stained a large part of the Golgi complex of A cells, whereas it generally had no such effect on that of the N cells. In both cell types, the cell coat, lysosomes and multivesicular bodies reacted to PTA. The periodic acid —schiff (PAS) technique showed A but not N granules in semithin sections of GMA- or Araldite-embedded medullae. The PTA and PAS stains were abolished by acetylation, restored by saponification, unchanged by methylation and greatly diminished by sulfation or by digestion with beta glucuronidase after oxidation by perchloric acid. These results indicate that in man the A granules and the Golgi complex of A cells, unlike the same structures in N cells, are rich in glycoproteins.     

Localization and characterization of carbohydrates in adrenal medullary cells

The localization and characterization of carbohydrates in adrenal medullary cells were studied by histochemical and cytochemical methods. Adrenaline (A)-and noradrenaline (N)-storing granules were argentaphobic when ultrathin sections of Araldite-embedded medullae were stained according to the periodic acid-thiocarbohydrazide-silver proteinate technique of Thiery. A small amount of glycogen in the form of single beta-particles as well as lysosomes were, however, visualized by this technique. The entire core of the A granules was markedly positive after ultrathin sections of glutaraldehyde-fixed, glycol methacrylate (GMA)-embedded medullae were stained with phosphotungstic acid (PTA) at low pH (0.3). The N granules, in contrast, were mostly unreactive. In the A cells, PTA stained a large part of the Golgi complex, whereas in the N cells the Golgi complex was mostly unstained. In both cell types, the cell coat, lysosomes, and multivesticular bodies reacted to PTA. The periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) technique showed A but not N granules in semithin sections of GMA- or Araldite-embedded medullae. The PTA and PAS stains were abolished by acetylation, restored by saponification, unchanged by methylation, and greatly diminished by sulfation. In ultrathin sections of GMA- or Araldite-embedded medullae incubated with colloidal iron according to various techniques, the cell coat and lysosomes of both cell types were stained, unlike all the other cytoplasmic organelles. These results indicate that A granules and the Golgi complex of A cells, unlike the same structures in N cells, are rich in glycoproteins which are probably not acidic.     

Temperature and other factors affecting chloramphenicol stimulation of the germination of light-sensitive lettuce seeds

Summary D-threo-chloramphenicol at concentrations ranging from 1000 to 3000 g/ml stimulated the germination of the light-sensitive seeds of the lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) varieties Attractie and Grand Rapids. This stimulatory effect of chloramphenicol was markedly temperature dependent, increasing with decrereasing temperature. Seeds showed little response to chloramphenicol at temperatures of 28°C and above except in the case of light treated Attractie seed. The failure of one batch of Grand Rapids seed to respond to chloramphenicol was associated with the low degree of dormancy in this batch.When the germination of half-seeds or intact excised embryos of Attractie seed was inhibited osmotically with 0.15 M NaCl a stimulatory response to chloramphenicol was obtained suggesting that the site of action was in the embryo itself.Other inhibitors of protein synthesis, cycloheximide, puromycin and p-fluorophenylalanine, did not stimulate germination. Cycloheximide at concentrations of 10 g/ml and above inhibited germination whereas puromycin and p-fluorophenylalanine were relatively ineffective as germination inhibitors.     

The evolutionary significance of phase-separated microsystems

The source, preparation, and properties of phase-separated systems such as lipid layers, coacervate droplets, sulphobes, and proteinoid microspheres are reviewed. These microsystems are of interest as partial models for the cell and as partial or total models for the protocell. Conceptual benefits from study of such models are: clues to experiments on origins, insights into principles of action and, in some instances, presumable models of the origin of the protocell. The benefits to evolution of organized chemical units are many, and can in part be analyzed. Ease of formation suggests that such units would have arisen early in primordial organic evolution. Integration of these various concepts and the results of consequent experiments have contributed to the developing theory of the origins of primordial and of contemporary life.Invited paper. Presented at the International Seminar Origin of Life, 2–7 August 1974, Moscow, U.S.S.R.     

Cross-inoculation specificity ofPsophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC

Summary Only legumes of the cowpea cross-inoculation group, including the winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) were found to form nodules in a temperate zone soil with no previous history of legume cropping. Isolates from root nodules from uninoculated winged beans grown in the field only nodulated legumes in the cowpea cross-inoculation group.Rhizobium japonicum formed ineffective nodules with the winged bean. Contribution No.5852, Scientific Article No.A2802 of the Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station, Department of Botany.     

Geography-linked phylogeny of theDamaster ground beetles inferred from mitochondrial ND5 gene sequences

We have constructed phylogenetic trees based on sequence comparisons of mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 gene for 11Damaster blaptoides specimens from various localities of Japan. The specimens consist of eight subspecies.Coptolabrus fruhstorferi, Acoptolabrus gehinii, andProcrustes kolbei, which are taxonomically related toDamaster, have also been analyzed for comparison.Damaster is more related toAcoptolabrus than toCoptolabrus in the ND5 trees, in contrast to the generally accepted view thatDamaster is derived fromCoptolabrus, whereasAcoptolabrus is the sister group ofDamaster/Coptolabrus. The emergence ofProcrustes is much earlier than the rest of the genera. TheDamaster subspecies are monophyletic. Four major lineages are recognized, which are geography linked within the Japanese archipelago. The origin and diversification process have been discussed based on these findings.The nucleotide sequence data reported in this paper will appear in the GSDB, DDBJ, EMBL, and NCBI nucleotide sequence databases with the accession numbers D50422-D50429     

念珠藻属植物hetR基因的适应性进化分析

以念珠藻属(Nostoc)及其近缘类群hetR基因的51条序列为研究对象,对hetR基因的编码蛋白进行生物信息学分析和系统发育分析,并使用分支模型、位点模型和分支-位点模型进行该基因位点的适应性进化研究。系统发育分析结果显示,51条hetR基因蛋白序列可分为4个大分支。适应性进化分析结果表明,在3种进化模型中,大多数分支及藻株都没有检测到统计学上具有显著性的正选择位点,说明检测的位点大多处于负选择压力下。但在普通念珠藻(Nostoc commune,CHAB2802)中检测到正选择位点(126T),提示念珠藻属植物hetR基因发生了适应性改变。