大豆异黄酮对雌鼠初情期等生殖性状的影响

目的通过研究大豆异黄酮对雌鼠初情期等生殖性状的影响,为母鼠的安全饲喂提供实验依据。方法本实验选用210只21日龄ICR雌鼠随机分成3组,饲喂含不同浓度大豆异黄酮（0 mg/kg、50 mg/kg、400 mg/kg）的饲料。每日检查母鼠阴道开张和阴道栓情况。采集母鼠45和65日龄时血清,利用ELISA方法检测血清中雌激素含量,并统计45、65日龄体重和子宫重。利用免疫组织化学方法检测子宫上皮雌激素受体的表达分布情况。结果雌鼠阴道开张的平均日龄分别为27.2 d、26.1 d和25.8 d,400 mg/kg组显著早于剂量为0mg/kg的对照组（P〈0.05）;雌鼠平均初次配种时间各组间差异不显著（P〉0.05）;饲养到45日龄和65日龄时400 mg/kg组雌鼠体重显著高于对照组（P〈0.05）。喂养8周后两个试验组在子宫间质细胞上雌激素受体的阳性细胞表达率显著高于对照组;在腺上皮中400 mg/kg组显著高于50 mg/kg组和对照组（0 mg/kg）;但是在腔上皮中,各组间受体的阳性细胞表达率差异不显著（P〉0.05）。结论饲喂每公斤含400 mg大豆异黄酮的饲料可以刺激初情期前母鼠阴道的开张,提高雌鼠的体重,降低65日龄时血清雌激素含量,并在饲喂8周后影响子宫间质和腺上皮上雌激素受体的表达分布;而饲喂每公斤含50 mg大豆异黄酮的饲料仅对小鼠45日龄体重及饲喂8周后子宫间质上雌激素受体的表达分布有所影响。     

东方田鼠室内繁殖与生长发育观察

目的　探寻室内东方田鼠的繁殖与生长发育规律。方法　以F4代鼠及其仔代(F5)为对象,分别观察其繁殖与生长发育情况。结果　室内东方田鼠一年四季均具有繁殖能力,春(3～4月)秋(10～11月)两季为繁殖高峰期;雌雄单一配对比多性比配对的母鼠繁殖率明显提高;母鼠怀孕期20～21d,窝产仔数3～11只,平均(4.8±1.5)只,初生重2.5～4.4g;幼鼠3　d龄耳壳全部竖立,6～8d龄被毛长全,7～11d龄开眼,10～11d牙齿长齐;15d龄左右具有采食能力,20d龄可完全断奶;60～70d龄可见个别雌鼠阴门开孔,75～90d龄可见多数雌鼠阴门开孔和雄鼠睾丸明显下位;3月龄后体重、身长增长不显著。结论　开放式(普通级)饲养环境下,室内东方田鼠的繁殖季节、窝产仔数及初生重与野生东方田鼠基本相似;种群密度、性比对雌鼠的繁殖率有明显影响;2～3月龄为性成熟期,3～4月龄为体成熟和初配时期。但成熟时间存在个体差异,同时受饲料营养和环境因素的影响。     

大豆异黄酮对老龄大鼠雌激素水平和子宫雌激素受体表达的影响

目的探讨大豆异黄酮（soy isoflavones,SIF）对老龄大鼠雌激素水平和雌激素受体表达的影响。方法将40只16月龄雌性SD大鼠随机分为高、中和低剂量大豆异黄酮3个实验组（H-SIF,M-SIF和L-SIF）和1个对照组,每天分别按1005、0和25 mg/（kg.bw）剂量的大豆异黄酮进行灌胃,对照组灌服生理盐水。42 d后称重,股动脉放血处死动物收集血清、摘取子宫称重并冷冻保存。采用放射免疫法测定血清中雌二醇（E2）、睾酮（T）、泌乳素（PRL）、促黄体生成素（LH）和促卵泡激素（FSH）的含量;RT-PCR检测子宫雌激素受体α（ERα）基因的表达。结果与对照组相比,3个实验组血清中E2和PRL都升高,LH和FSH都降低,其中高剂量组差异有显著性（P〈0.05）;子宫重量无明显差异;子宫ERα表达呈下降趋势,但无统计学意义。结论大豆异黄酮能调节老龄大鼠血清中的雌激素水平,且有剂量依赖性;大豆异黄酮对老年大鼠子宫重量和子宫ERα的表达无影响。     

葛根异黄酮对去卵巢大鼠骨质疏松症的影响

通过对3月龄Wister大鼠,手术切除双侧卵巢后7天,每天灌胃TIP40mg/kg和10mg/kg,并设去卵巢组(OVX)、假手术组(Sham)和尼尔雌醇阳性对照组(OVX-E2),在给药3个月时,测定大鼠股骨骨矿密度(BMD)、骨钙及血清钙水平等,研究葛根异黄酮(TIP)对由雌激素缺乏引起的骨质疏松症的防治作用。结果TIP40mg/kg的BMD比去卵巢组显著提高了18.1%;使胫骨和血清钙含量显著增加;使去卵巢大鼠的脾脏重量系数和胸腺重量系数明显恢复;并可明显控制大鼠的体重。葛根异黄酮可能具有雌激素样活性,并有改善骨质疏松症的生物学活性。     

VE对草鱼成鱼肌肉品质和抗氧化性能的影响

在VE含量为24.1 mg/kg的实用基础饲料中分别添加VE 0(对照组)、25、50、100、200 mg/kg,饲喂平均体重为(614.9±60.5)g的草鱼60d.考察VE对草鱼成鱼生长性能、肌肉品质和抗氧化性能的影响.结果表明,各组草鱼增重率分别为51.6%、53.5%、53.4%、53.5%、54.8%,饲料系数分别为2.28、2.17、2.20、2.19、2.15,饲料中添加25-200 mg/kg VE对草鱼成伍增重率、饲料系数无显著影响(P>0.05);在肌肉品质方面,饲料中添加VE对肌肉水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量无显著影响(P>0.05).肌肉保鲜肉滴水损失和冷冻肉渗出损失随VE添加量的增加而降低;随饲料中VE添加量的增加,肌肉、肝脏中VE含量增加,丙二醛含量则显著降低(P<0.05),其中VE添加量为200 mr,/kg组的肌肉、肝脏VE含量较对照组增加431.0%、353.7%,丙二醛含量则下降67.2%、61.3%(P<0.01);在血清抗氧化能力方面,当VE添加量≥50 mg/kg后,草鱼血清SOD活性显著提高(P<0.05),而血清总抗氧化能力在VE添加量0-100 mg/kg各组间尤显著差异,200 mg/kgVE组的血清总抗氧化能力较对照组显著增高(P<0.05).上述研究表明,饲料中添加VE能促进草鱼生长,改善肌肉品质,增强机体抗氧化能力.以生长性能为标准,草鱼成鱼饲料(基础饲料含VE 24.1 mg/kg)中的VE添加量25 mg/kg;以肌肉品质、抗氧化能力指标为标准,草鱼成鱼饲料中的VE添加量为200 mg/kg.     

不同剂量炔雌醚对小鼠器官鲜重、繁殖生理和肝肠CYP3A4酶含量的影响

为探究不同剂量炔雌醚对小鼠器官、激素和肝肠药解酶的影响,分别以0.008 mg/kg、0.04 mg/kg、0.2 mg/kg、1.0 mg/kg和5.0 mg/kg的炔雌醚油溶液连续3 d灌胃小鼠,首次给药7 d后解剖取材,检测其器官鲜重、雄鼠精子数量、血清中激素浓度、小肠和肝脏中CYP3A4酶含量的变化。结果发现：雌鼠肝脏鲜重随剂量增加而增大,5.0 mg/kg组比对照组增大89.7%;雌鼠小肠、肾脏和脾脏出现不同程度变化,但无明显剂量效应;0.2 mg/kg以上剂量炔雌醚导致雌鼠子宫不同程度的水肿;炔雌醚对雌鼠血清中雌二醇和促黄体素浓度无显著影响,仅1.0 mg/kg组雌鼠血清中卵泡生成素浓度较对照组显著升高;1.0 mg/kg和5.0 mg/kg组雌鼠肝脏中CYP3A4酶总含量较对照组分别显著增加59.1%和102.9%。不同剂量炔雌醚对雄鼠肝脏和脾脏鲜重影响显著,5.0 mg/kg剂量组肝脏和脾脏鲜重较对照组分别增大23.3%和130%,但小肠和肾脏无明显剂量效应;不同剂量炔雌醚对雄鼠睾丸鲜重无显著影响,附睾仅有5.0 mg/kg组较对照组显著减小;1.0 mg/kg和5.0 mg/kg组的精子密度和精子总数分别较对照组降低43.9%和70.5%;高剂量炔雌醚使血清中促黄体素和睾酮浓度均显著降低;5.0 mg/kg组雄鼠肝脏CYP3A4酶单位组织含量和总含量较对照组分别升高7.1%和30%。总之,炔雌醚对雌雄小鼠的繁殖均有抑制作用,但最低有效剂量不同,雌性有效剂量更低,而雌性肝脏及CYP3A4酶对炔雌醚的反应显著强于雄性,提示雌鼠肝脏对炔雌醚的代谢更快。     

饲料中添加不同含量的微量元素锌对河蟹雄性生殖腺的影响

通过投喂不同锌含量的人工配合饲料,研究饵料微量元素锌对雄性中华绒螯蟹性腺发育的影响。以ZnSO4为锌源,对照组投喂未添加锌的基础饲料,实验1组至实验4组分别投喂:添加50mg/kg饲料、100mg/kg饲料、200mg/kg饲料、400mg/kg饲料的配合饲料。实验为期70d,结果如下:精巢和副性腺锌含量均以实验2组最高,分别为300mg/kg和150mg/kg,对照组分别为85mg/kg和67mg/kg。睾酮含量和性腺指数亦以实验2组最高,分别为0.835ng/mL和25.94×10-3。精巢碱性磷酸酶和乳酸脱氢酶活性在整个实验过程中呈现先上升后下降的趋势,以30d时达到最高,而同一时间各组间的活性均以实验2组最高。副性腺碱性磷酸酶和乳酸脱氢酶活性分别在50d和70d时出现两个峰值,而同一时间各组间酶活性均以实验2组最高,其中碱性磷酸酶在达到峰值后急剧下降,实验结束时活性极低。结果表明:随着饵料锌含量的增加,河蟹生殖器官内锌的积累量也逐渐上升,但若超出最适添加量,则积累量反而下降。饵料中适量添加锌可促进河蟹生殖器官的发育和睾酮的分泌,河蟹精巢和副性腺中乳酸脱氢酶和碱性磷酸酶的活性明显与其锌含量相关。     

红三叶草总异黄酮对小公鸡生长及血清睾酮水平的影响

日粮中添加红三叶草总异黄酮（４．３８ｍｇ／ｋｇ饲料）,饲喂４５－５６日龄红布罗肉用公仔鸡,与对照组比较,总异黄酮实验组公仔鸡日增重提高５．１％,料重比下降９．２％,提高了饲料的利用率。屠宰结果表明,腹脂重、腹脂／胴体显著降低,鸡冠重、睾丸重增加,鸡冠、睾丸和体重间的相关分析,睾丸石蜡切片和血清睾酮含量的放射免疫测定,均表明总异黄酮能提高血清睾酮水平,促进雄性动物生殖系统发育。     

西藏小型猪F1代与F0代生长繁殖性能的比较

目的比较研究广州地区西藏小型猪F1代与F0代引入群母猪繁殖和仔猪生长性能的差异。方法观察记录西藏小型猪F1代和F0代的产仔数、产活仔数、离乳仔数、初生重、30日龄和60日龄体重。结果西藏小型猪F1代和F0代母猪其初产平均产仔数、产活仔数、离乳仔数、平均初生重、30日龄和60日龄体重分别为3.83头、2.30头;3.29头、2.20头;3.14头、3.11头;0.66 kg、0.53 kg;2.70 kg2、.30 kg;4.50 kg、4.01 kg;F1代初产仔数和离乳率均显著高于F0代。结论西藏小型猪已经适应了广州高温高湿环境,能够稳定地生长繁殖。     

长期饮用牛奶对2代繁殖雌性大鼠生殖发育的影响

目的：通过2代繁殖实验观察长期不间断饮用牛奶对雌性大鼠生殖功能的影响。方法：4w龄SD（Sprague Dawley）大鼠雌雄各20只,随机分为牛奶组及对照组（饲料能量、蛋白质含量大致相同）,每组雌雄各半,10w后合笼,产下F1代后处死雄性大鼠,分别记录两代雌性大鼠的体重、器官脏器重量、动情周期、血清激素水平、各子代活产数、阴道开口时间、雌性35d肛门生殖器间距,探讨长期饮用牛奶对雌性大鼠生殖功能的影响。结果：亲代牛奶组雌鼠血液中E2（雌二醇）显著高于对照组（P<0.05）,F1代牛奶组雌鼠血液中PRL（催乳素）较对照组显著升高（P<0.05）;F1代第二批子鼠F2b活产数牛奶组显著低于对照组（P<0.05）;其他各项指标在两代的组间差异均无统计学意义。结论：就所观察指标而言,未发现长期饮用牛奶对雌性大鼠生长发育及生殖功能有明显影响,体内激素水平和子代活产数的作用有待进一步确认。     

Dietary soy isoflavone-aglycone lowers food intake in female rats with and without ovariectomy

Objective: Estrogens downregulate eating behavior, and soy isoflavones are known to be estrogenic agents. We aimed to examine whether the estrogenic property of soy isoflavones can affect food intake and body weight. Methods and Procedures: Seven‐week‐old male, female, and ovariectomized (OVX) Sprague‐Dawley rats were given free access to a diet containing 100–300 mg total isoflavone/kg diet, or to a control diet, either with or without concurrent administration of estradiol by subcutaneous implantation. Results: Dietary soy isoflavone was shown to lower food intake in female rats, whether or not the animals had undergone ovariectomy. Administration of estradiol lowered the food intake in male rats and in OVX female rats. The decrease in weekly food intake in female rats led to a reduction in their weekly gain in body weight. Dietary soy isoflavone significantly increased the concentration of serum isoflavones, especially equol (a metabolite of daidzein), regardless of gender or ovariectomy. Dietary soy isoflavone did not affect either serum estradiol concentration or uterine and didymus weights, but estradiol administration improved the uterine atrophy in OVX rats, and decreased the didymus weight in male rats. Discussion: Soy isoflavone lowers the food intake in female rats, but not in the male animals. Contrary to the hypothesis currently in vogue, the reduction in food intake caused by soy isoflavone may not be a purely estrogenic effect. This follows from the finding that the effects of soy isoflavones on food intake and on the reproductive organs differ from the corresponding effects produced by estrogen.     

Effects of chronic exposure to soy meal containing diet or soy derived isoflavones supplement on semen production and reproductive system of male rabbits

Soy and derivative diets deliver large doses of isoflavones to human and animals throughout their lifespan, including gestation. Epidemiologic and experimental data suggest that the consumption of soybean containing foods may protect against cardiovascular disease and decrease breast, prostate and endometrial cancer risk. Based on animal and in vitro studies, however, concerns have been raised that consumption of isoflavones may cause potential adverse effects on the reproductive tract and behavior. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of chronic consumption of a soy meal containing diet or soy isoflavones supplement on the morphology of reproductive organs, semen quality, age that males reached puberty, and sexual behavior of male rabbits. With this purpose, 16 female rabbits were randomly assigned to receive: (1) a soy- and alfalfa-free diet; (2) a soy- and alfalfa-free diet supplemented with 5mg/kg body wt./day of soy isoflavones; (3) a soy- and alfalfa-free diet supplemented with 20mg/kg body wt./day of soy isoflavones; (4) a diet containing 18% of soy meal, throughout the gestation and lactation. After weaning, male offspring received the same diet, which was given to the respective mother. The age that males reached puberty, semen characteristics and sexual behavior were evaluated in these animals. At 33 weeks of age, the reproductive organs were submitted to histological evaluation. Rabbits, which received large amounts of isoflavones (20mg/kg body wt./day) had a lesser food intake, body weight and semen volume. Spermatogenesis, morphology of male genital organs and sexual behavior did not differ significantly from the control group. We conclude that chronic dietary treatment with soy based diet or soy isoflavones have no adverse effects on the observed reproductive patterns of male rabbits.     

Teratologic evaluation of synthetic delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol in rabbits.

Synthetic delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) was dissolved in undiluted propylene glycol and administered in daily subcutaneous doses of 15.0, 30.0 or 60.0 mg/kg to pregnant New Zealand white rabbits on days 7--19 of gestation. Maternal food consumption and weight gain were markedly reduced at all dose levels. Embryotoxicity and embryocidal effects were observed in the form of reduced litter weight and number of viable fetuses, respectively, in offspring from pregnant mothers treated with THC. However, on the basis of extensive external, visceral and skeletal examination of all fetuses it may be concluded that THC is not teratogenic in the New Zealand white strain rabbit following subcutaneous administration of doses as high as 60.0 mg/kg/day during the critical period of organogenesis (days 7--19 of gestation). On the other hand, an oral dose of thalidomide (200.0 mg/kg/day), the positive control used in this study, was both embryocidal and teratogenic.     

二月桂酸二丁基锡对大鼠妊娠及对子代毒性作用

目的通过染毒观察二月桂酸二丁基锡（Dibulytin Dilaurate,简称DBTD）对子代胎鼠形态、体重、性别及骨骼发育状的影响。方法按随机分组的原则,将大鼠分为对照组和染毒组,对照组用玉米油,染毒组用DBTD玉米油溶液,浓度分别是2.5 mg/kg体重（1/72 LD50）、10 mg/kg体重（1/18 LD50）和20 mg/kg体重（1/9 LD50）,采用灌胃的方式进行染毒,6 d/周,每天同一时间进行染毒,共计染毒48 d。染毒第五周后,各组大鼠与正常雄性大鼠以1：1的比例合笼,合笼期间不染毒,每只雌鼠查到阴栓为妊娠第0天,继续染毒,于妊娠第18天处死取胎鼠。结果1/18 LD50及1/9LD50剂量组中活胎及胎儿的体重明显下降,1/18 LD50剂量组胎儿的性别开始发生明显的变化（P〈0.05）。结论DBTD染毒对大鼠每胎存活数、胎重、胎儿的形态及性别有影响,有一定的生殖毒性。     

Maternal behavior after the administration of morphine or naloxone to pregnant female rats and the pain sensitivity and brain mu-opioid receptors in the progeny]

Morphine or naloxone injected twice a day (10 mg/kg/day) to rat females from 15 to 18 days of gestation had no effect on their litter size or body weight of pups. Time necessary for the female to bring pups into the nest from the opposite end of the cage, that is a characteristic of maternal care and negatively correlated with the mean body weight of the pup in the litter, did not change after treatment with drugs during gestation. Newborns treated with mu-opioid receptor ligands during intrauterine development had an elevated number of 3H-naloxone binding sites in the brain. However, the number of 3H-naloxone binding sites on the 9 and 16 days of life, as well as pain thresholds under electric stimulation of the tail at a month age were equal in these rats and offsprings of the intact or saline treated mothers.     

Maternal age does not affect tetrahydrocannabinol's in utero actions in rats

The potential contribution of maternal age to tetrahydrocannabinol's (THC) in utero effects in rats was studied. Pregnant animals were intubated with 25, 10 or 0 mg/kg of THC from gestation day six to parturition. Animals in the 10 and 0 mg/kg groups were pair fed to those given the 25 mg/kg dose. Each series of doses was administered to females three, four or six months of age. THC lowered maternal weight gain and weights of offspring at birth and at 21 days of age, but did not affect litter size, spontaneous alternation or passive avoidance learning in offspring. Increased maternal age was associated with smaller litter size and lower birth weight and weight at 21 days, but did not interact significantly with THC.     

Induction of renal oxidative stress and cell proliferation response by ferric nitrilotriacetate (Fe-NTA): diminution by soy isoflavones

Ferric nitrilotriacetate (Fe-NTA) is a known potent nephrotoxic agent. In this communication, we report the chemopreventive effect of soy isoflavones on renal oxidative stress, toxicity and cell proliferation response in Wistar rats. Fe-NTA (9 mg Fe/kg body weight, intraperitoneally) enhances gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, renal lipid peroxidation, xanthine oxidase and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) generation with reduction in renal glutathione content, antioxidant enzymes, viz., glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, catalase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and phase-II metabolising enzymes such as glutathione-S-transferase and quinone reductase. Fe-NTA treatment also induced tumor promotion markers, viz., ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity and thymidine [3H] incorporation into renal DNA. A sharp elevation in the levels of blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine has also been observed. Treatment of rats orally with soy isoflavones (5 mg/kg body weight and 10 mg/kg body weight) resulted in significant decreases in gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, lipid peroxidation, xanthine oxidase, H2O2 generation, blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, renal ODC activity and DNA synthesis (P < 0.001). Renal glutathione content (P < 0.01), glutathione metabolizing enzymes (P < 0.001) and antioxidant enzymes were also returned to normal levels (P < 0.001). Thus, our data suggest that soy isoflavones may be used as an effective chemopreventive agent against Fe-NTA-mediated renal oxidative stress, toxicity and cell proliferation response in Wistar rats.     

Effects of perinatal polychlorinated biphenyls on adult female rat reproduction: development, reproductive physiology, and second generational effects

Perinatal exposures to endocrine-disrupting chemicals, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), can cause latent effects on reproductive function. Here, we tested whether PCBs administered during late pregnancy would compromise reproductive physiology in both the fetally exposed female offspring (F1 generation), as well as in their female offspring (F2 generation). Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with the PCB mixture, Aroclor 1221 (A1221; 0, 0.1, 1, or 10 mg/kg), on Embryonic Days 16 and 18. Somatic and reproductive development of F1 and their F2 female offspring were monitored, including ages of eye opening, pubertal landmarks, and serum reproductive hormones. The results showed that low doses of A1221 given during this critical period of neuroendocrine development caused differential effects of A1221 on F1 and F2 female rats. In both generations, litter sex ratio was skewed toward females. In the F1 generation, additional effects were found, including a significant alteration of serum LH in the 1 mg/kg A1221 group. The F2 generation showed more profound alterations, particularly with respect to fluctuations in hormones and reproductive tract tissues across the estrous cycle. On proestrus, the day of the preovulatory GnRH/gonadotropin surge, F2 females whose mothers had been exposed perinatally to A1221 exhibited substantially suppressed LH and progesterone concentrations, and correspondingly smaller uterine and ovarian weights on estrus, compared with F2 descendants of control rats. These latter changes suggest a dysregulation of reproductive physiology. Thus, low levels of exposure to PCBs during late fetal development cause significant effects on the maturation and physiology of two generations of female offspring. These findings have implications for reproductive health and fertility of wildlife and humans.