贵州白鹇湖沉积物中孢粉记录的5.5kaB.P.以来的气候变化

通过对白鹇湖沉积物柱芯孢粉组合的剖面变化分析,在有机质14C定年基础上,探讨了白鹇湖地区过去5.5 ka calB.P.以来的植被演替和气候变化过程.研究结果表明,5500-4500 aB.P.期间,各类植被比较丰富,气候温暖湿润;4500-2750 aB.P.期间,干旱草本和蕨类植物开始出现,是气候转变过渡期;2750-1500 aB.P.期间,木本植物组合类型发生明显变化,喜湿草本减少,耐旱草本增加,气候向温凉干旱化发展;1500 aB.P.至今,木本植被和喜湿草本继续减少,中生耐旱草本和蕨类植物数量继续大幅增加,干旱化趋势明显,植被组合向典型石漠化植被组合类型发展.白鹇湖沉积物剖面孢粉组合变化表明,该地区近5000a来气候变化以温度下降、降水减少为主要趋势,并存在明显的陆地植被退化现象.研究还揭示了自然气候变化事件(如气候持续干旱)可导致喀斯特地区发生石漠化,证实了喀斯特地区生态环境具先天脆弱性.科学评估白鹇湖地区气候干旱化趋势及其生态环境影响对指导该地区科学应对气候变化具重要意义,亟待加强.     

上海青浦8.5kaB.P.以来植被演变与气候波动

钻孔取自上海青浦县赵巷镇,柱长19.8m,5个14C年龄(AMS测定)年代跨度从13460±60aB.P.到2660±60aB.P,但缺失全新世早期沉积。对15m以上(8.5aB.P.)部分系统采集了35孢粉样品,样品分辩率在150a左右(少数样品除外);通过有序分割并综合图谱特征划分出7个孢粉带和2个亚带,据此恢复和重建了本区8.5kaB.P以来植被变化和气候波动历史。具体结果为与现今气候相比,8.5aB.P.～8.2kaB.P.为冷干期,但气候呈上升趋势,地带性植被为含常绿阔叶树种的落叶阔叶林;8.2kaB.P.～8.0kaB.P.为暖湿期、常绿阔叶林,气候处于峰值,温度高于现今2℃左右,降雨量高于现今400mm左右;8.0kaB.P.～7.6kaB.P.为冷干期、落叶阔叶和针阔混交林,气候处于谷值,温度低于现今2℃左右,降雨量少于现今400mm左右;7.6kaB.P.～6.2kaB.P.为暖湿期、常绿阔叶林或常绿、落叶阔叶混交林;6.2kaB.P.～4.0kaB.P.为温干期、含常绿阔叶树种的落叶林或针阔混交林;4.0kaB.P.～3.0kaB.P.为温凉略湿期、含常绿阔叶的落叶阔叶林;3.0kaB.P.～1.5kaB.P.为暖湿期、常绿阔叶林,但2.6kaB.P.以来又有变冷趋势。 文中还对常绿阔叶木本孢粉与总木本孢粉的比值(E/W)的生态意义进行了讨论。     

宁晋泊晚更新世孢粉组合及其古环境演变

宁晋泊是河北平原南部三大古湖群之一,通过LN42．5m厚沉积剖面的孢粉分析,获得古植物群演替达近20次,反映古气候变化具明显冷暖气候旋回5次以上,其中有2次寒冷期,3次湿暖期。结合6．4m以上~(14)C年龄数据推断计算晚更新世与全新世界线在7．5m,这一界线与孢粉植物群、古气侯与古环境等分异界线非常吻合。因此作者推断宁晋泊的形成、发展与消亡时代相应在晚更新世早期的温暖期,全新世高温期再次复兴,后被河流沉积物所掩埋而消亡形成洼地。     

南海184站深海沉积中孢粉、藻类研究及古环境分析

对南海184站深海柱状剖面进行了孢粉、藻类研究,根据孢粉成分的变化将南海184站深海沉积从下至上划分了5个孢粉组合带,依次为:Ⅰ带(460-370 cm):Quercus(常绿)-Pinus-Dacrydium-Magnolia-Polypodiaceae孢粉带;Ⅱ带(370-250 cm):Taxodiaceae-Quercus(常绿)-Pinus-Polypodiaceae孢粉带;Ⅲ带(250-140 cm):Pinus-Polypodiaceae-Gramineae-Pteridium孢粉带;Ⅳ带(140-95 cm):Polypodiaceae-Pinus-Quercus(常绿)-Gramineae孢粉带;Ⅴ带(95-0 cm):Dacrydium-Pinus-Cyathea-Polypodiaceae孢粉带.并相应恢复了南海东部12万年以来4个植被、气候和古环境演替阶段,结合氧同位素测年资料,对184站柱状地层时代划分做了讨论,为南海古植被、古气候和古环境演变研究提供了科学依据.     

渤海青东凹陷垦利构造新生代微体古生物群特征及古环境分析

本研究先后共选取采自渤海湾盆地垦利构造带的221块样品进行系统古生物分析,其中孢粉藻类样品130块(岩屑),介形类、轮藻、腹足类样品90块(岩屑),钙质超微样品1块,揭示了不同时期沉积序列的生物演化规律及其环境指示意义.深入剖析这些生储油层位的微体古生物群组合,进而揭示了区域古环境特征,对于开展区域地层对比,指导油气勘探和生烃潜力评价等都具有重要的意义.     

孢粉信息函数在辽河断陷西部凹陷沙河街组古环境分析中的应用

为了加强含油气盆地的古环境和古气候研究,寻找古环境研究的多种途径,探索用孢粉信息函数半定量恢复古环境和古气候。孢粉是气候变化敏感的信息载体,气候适宜,孢粉信息函数值越高,而且在沉积过程中,从岸边到湖盆中心,随着水体加深,孢粉信息函数值逐渐降低。利用孢粉信息函数的这种变化规律,按<2.0、2.0—2.1、>2.1三个参数值,将辽河断陷西部凹陷沙河街组一段沉积时期的湖盆划分为半深湖、浅湖和滨浅湖环境。并依据沙河街组孢粉信息函数值从沙四段到沙一段呈现低(1.97)—高(2.12)—低(1.88)—高(2.28)的韵律性变化,判断古气候呈干热—潮湿—干热—潮湿的旋回性演变。西部凹陷沙河街组孢粉信息函数的变化规律与古气候演变有很好的响应,同时与盆地不同发育阶段的古地貌、古环境密切相关。因此,孢粉信息函数是重建古气候、古环境的有效手段之一,能弥补缺少大化石给含油气盆地沉积环境研究带来的不足。     

北京房山16000—7000年以来的植被与环境变迁

对北京房山东甘地8．2m的剖面取样197块,进行高分辨率的孢粉分析和序列的~(14)C测年,对照烧失量测定、炭片统计、表土花粉和古地磁特征等分析,揭示了北京房山里今16000－7000年植被演替及环境变迁的六个阶段、约15780－14700aB．P,当时乔木稀疏,草本类以蒿、藜为优势,由于缺乏水生沼生植物,反映研究区气候干旱。约14700－13400aB．P,由于降雨增多,温度增大,平原区形成小的沼泽环境,水生植物繁盛,泥炭发育。但区域性针阀混交林中主要以寒湿性针叶树种为主,反映寒冷湿润的气候特征。在14060－13520aB．P．泥炭积累中断,为一干冷的气候突变期。约13400－12600aB．P,针阀混交林在山区又进一步发展,平原区水生植物减少,沼泽逐渐疏干,反映气候趋于暖干。约12600－11400aB．P,针阀混交林中呈现以针、阔叶树种交替占优势的现象。水生、湿生植物减少,反映气候有冷暖的波动。约11400－9600aB．P,植被稀疏。在10600－10300aB．P,出现了与新仙女木期时段相当的冷干气候。约9600－7000aBP,阔叶树种增加,反映由典型草原向森林草原的演替,水生植物不繁盛,气候由冷干向温暖转变。     

古生物多样性统计中的偏差及其校正

地质历史时期生物多样性统计中的偏差是普遍存在的。文中以奥陶纪海洋生物和二叠纪腕足动物分异度为例介绍和讨论古生物多样性统计中的偏差问题。认为在研究某些时段分异度时不能依靠单一的种、属或科的数量来建立分异度模式,而需要用生物分异度、灭绝率和新生率等多种计算方法来综合分析。同时古生物分异度的研究受到化石记录的完整性、研究、保存和采集程度、时间段的不均一性等多种因素影响,因此,大多需要应用稀疏标准化法等对不同时段或化石群在同等量化标准的基础上进行比较和校正后,才能得到比较符合实际的分异度模式。     

成都平原4 000aBP以来的孢粉记录与环境变化

成都平原晚全新世以来沉积的泥质层发现丰富的孢粉。根据孢粉成分组合特征和生态类型可划分出5个孢粉组合带,结合剖面上6个14^C测年数据,提出在过去的4000a研究区植被类型及气候环境经历了5个阶段的变化：3800-3600aBP为亚热带常绿阔叶林,气候暖偏湿;3600-3400aBP为含常绿树种的落叶阔叶林,气候温暖湿润;3400-2600aBP为草／湿地,气温下降,环境更潮湿;2600-900aBP为落叶阔叶林,温度又开始逐渐回升,气候温和偏湿;900-300aBP再次变为草／湿地,偏干冷的气候环境。     

新疆艾比湖和伊吾湖可培养嗜盐古菌多样性

新疆地区盐湖密布,蕴藏着丰富的微生物资源。为保护和利用微生物物种与基因资源,作者从新疆准噶尔盆地的艾比湖和天山山间盆地的伊吾湖分离纯化嗜盐微生物。采用PCR方法扩增其中65株嗜盐古菌16SrRNA基因序列。序列分析表明,分离的嗜盐古菌分属6个属,艾比湖以Haloterrigena和Natrinema属的菌株为主,伊吾湖由Haloarcula和Halorubrum两个属的菌株构成。通过多样性指数、丰富度指数、均匀度指数和物种相对多度模型对分离的菌株进行多样性分析和比较,结果表明,盐湖嗜盐古菌的多样性指数、丰富度指数和均匀度指数具有一定相关性,艾比湖可培养嗜盐古菌的多样性高于伊吾湖。研究发现了一些新的物种资源,表明新疆盐湖中孕育的特色微生物资源亟待保护与利用。     

The role of landscape structure in determining palynological and floristic richness

The associations between floristic and palynological richness and landscape structure were studied based on modern pollen?Cvegetation data from a patchy cultural landscape in southern Estonia (northern temperate vegetation zone). Nine study sites (small lakes and their surrounding vegetation) represent land cover gradient from closed forest to semi-open vegetation. Floristic richness (number of species) and floristic richness of pollen types (number of pollen-equivalent taxa) were used to describe the vegetation within the radius of 250?m from the pollen sampling sites. Palynological richness was calculated to describe the modern pollen samples diversity. Landscape structure was estimated on the basis of landscape openness and three landscape diversity measures: richness of community patches, Simpson evenness of community patches and Simpson diversity of community patches. To study the effect of the spatial scale of landscapes on the vegetation?Clandscape and pollen?Clandscape associations, landscape structure was estimated within eight radii (250?C2,000?m) around each lake. The results showed that landscape openness was the most important determinant of both floristic richness and palynological richness in southern Estonia and that landscape diversity estimated by Simpson diversity index was also significantly associated with the richness estimates. Floristic and palynological richness were significantly positively correlated with landscape structure within the radii greater than 1,000?m from the pollen sampling sites, which is similar to the estimated Relevant Source Area of Pollen in southern Estonia. We conclude that within one floristic or climatic region, palynological richness gives reliable estimates about the variation in floristic richness and landscape structure; however, caution must be taken when comparing pollen-inferred vegetation diversities from different regions or when interpreting fossil pollen records from times with highly different vegetation associations.     

晚更新世以来呼伦湖地区孢粉植物群发展与环境变迁

呼伦湖是我国纬度最高的湖泊。晚更新世以来,由于气候冷暖干湿的多次波动,湖相及河流,风成为主的水上沉各佼替变化。通过对该区东露天煤矿沉积剖面１１３块样品进行系统孢粉百分比及浓度分析,划分出８个孢粉组合带。结合＾１４Ｃ测年数据,确定了该区２００００年以来的气候演变序列。     

11000年以来太湖地区的植被与气候变化

根据太湖盆地３个钻孔、约自１１０００年以来的孢粉分析结果将其划分为３个阶段：１）１１０００—９０００ａＢ．Ｐ,该段虽以Ｐｉｎｕｓ为主的针叶植物占有一定的优势,但起主导作用的仍以壳斗科为主的阔叶乔木种类,尤其是其间尚含有不少的亚热带成分,推测当时该区地带性植被已为亚热带落叶常绿阔叶林,鉴于植被中尚含有少量耐寒的Ａｂｉｅｓ和Ｐｉｃｅａ,推测当时气温可能较今略低;２）９０００—５０００（５４００）ａＢ．Ｐ,该段为常绿阔叶林大发展时期,气候温暖适宜,为全新世最佳期,气温约较今高１—２Ｃ;３）５０００？ａＢ．Ｐ．－现在,孢粉组合特征显示,阔叶木本植物就总的来说呈下降趋势,尤其是亚热带成分,与其相反,针叶和一些暖温带成分的含量则略有上升,表明该段气温较前一阶段有所下降,但该阶段的植被受人类活动的影响较大。     

Late Holocene palaeoenvironment change in central Tianshan of Xinjiang,northwest China

The northern slopes of central Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang, northwestern China can provide an ideal database to research palaeoclimate as disturbance by human impact is relatively low and the vegetation zones reflect climatic gradients. In order to establish the correlation between modern climatic factors and surface pollen assemblages and to reconstruct palaeoclimate on the northern slope of central Tianshan Mountains, three Holocene sections in Daxigou, Huashuwozi and Sichanghu located at different elevations and vegetation zones were chosen for study. A total of 80 surface pollen samples in 86 vegetation quadrats were collected for pollen‐vegetation relationship analysis. The Warmth Index (WI) and Moisture Index (MI) were calculated based on averaged modern climate data during 1951 – 2000 at eight weather stations in the study area. Pollen percentages of Picea, Artemisia, Chenopodiaceae, Ephedra, and Tamarix, as well as A/C (Artemisia/Chenopodiaceae) and AP/NAP (arboreal/nonarboreal pollen) ratio were selected as pollen variables and WI and MI were chosen as climatic variables. The relationship between pollen percentages (Picea, Artemisia, Chenopodiaceae and Tamarix), A/C, AP/NAP ratio, WI and MI values were estimated (95% confidence interval) using stepwise multiple linear regression analysis. WI and MI values for the three sections were calculated using these regression equations, and palaeoclimate for the study area could be reconstructed. The results showed periods of both cool‐humid and warm‐dry conditions on the northern slopes of Tianshan Mountain during the late Holocene.     

滦河流域及周边地区花粉与植被关系的研究

滦河流域及周边地区空气中的花粉组合基本上反映了当地的植被面貌, 与植物的花期相对应, 乔木植物的花期多在春季, 草本植物的花期多在夏秋季, 该地冬季基本上无植物开花, 冬季空气中的花粉应是当年或多年春、夏、秋季散落在地上又被风吹到空气中的表土花粉和一些外来花粉 ;表土花粉随海拔高程的降低依次出现山地草甸、针阔混交林或以针叶树为主的针阔混交林、山地灌草丛、滨海平原草甸和滨海草甸或滨海盐生草甸的等 5个花粉组合带, 分别为蒿 (Artemisia)唐松草 (Thalictrum)松(Pinus)桦 (Betula) 孢粉组合带、松桦栎 (Quercus) 蒿孢粉组合带、藜科 (Chenopodiaceae)蒿禾本科 (Gramineae)中华卷柏 (Selaginellasinensis) 孢粉组合带、藜科蒿菊科 (Com positae)香蒲 (Typha) 孢粉组合带和藜科蒿莎草科 (Cyperaceae)禾本科孢粉组合带 ;由于花粉在河水中是以悬移质颗粒被搬运, 因此在不同时期沉积物花粉组合存在着一定的差异, 其中洪水期间河水对孢粉的分选作用最为明显。     

太白山南坡吸血虻类的垂直分布及区系分析

太白山南坡的吸血虻类有2亚科,5属、46种。分布于8个垂直带,以1000-1500m的松栎林带最多,600-1000m的常绿阔叶林和落叶林混交林带次之, 1500-2000m的杂木林带第三,600m以下,2000m以上较少。 其区系为古北界与东洋界过渡地带,以古北界为主,600-2000m为过渡中心,1000-1500m为两界分界地带。     

贺兰山植物群落类型多样性及其空间分异

 贺兰山是一座位于阿拉善高原与银川平原之间的高大山体,是我国西部温带草原与荒漠的分界线和连接青藏高原、蒙古高原及华北植物区系的枢纽。本文就贺兰山植物群落的类型多样性特征及其空间分布规律进行了分析,结果表明：贺兰山植物群落有11个植被型55个群系。垂直分异明显,可划分成山前荒漠与荒漠草原带（海拔1 600 m以下）、山麓与低山草原带（1 600～1 900 m）、中山和亚高山针叶林带（1 900～3 100 m）和高山与亚高山灌丛、草甸带（3 100 m以上）4个植被垂直带。阴阳坡差异很大,在低山带,草原群落多占据阳坡,而阴坡则被中生灌丛所取代;在中山带,阴坡以青海云杉(Picea crassifolia)林为主,阳坡以灰榆(Ulmus glaucescens)、杜松(Juniperus rigida)疏林和其它中生灌丛为主;3 000 m以上阴阳坡分异不明显。东、西坡及南、北、中段植物群落分异也很突出,各自均有一些特殊的群落类型。中段以森林和中生灌丛为主,南段和北段荒漠化程度较高,森林面积很小。北段有四合木(Tetraena mongolica)、沙冬青(Ammopiptanthus mongolicus)、松叶猪毛菜(Salsola laricifolia)等特征群系,南段以贺兰山丁香(Syringa pinnatifolia var. holanshanensis)、斑子麻黄(Ephedra rhytidosperma)等群系最具特色。贺兰山东坡比西坡温暖和干燥,森林面积远小于西坡,并分布一些酸枣(Zizyphus jujuba var. spinosa)、虎榛子(Ostryopsis davidiana)等喜暖中生灌丛。此外,贺兰山还具有贺兰山丁香、斑子麻黄、内蒙薄皮木(Leptodermis ordosica)、贺兰山女蒿(Hippolytia alashanensis)4个特有植物群落。     

贺兰山天牛科昆虫区系组成及垂直分布

2013-2015年对贺兰山不同海拔和垂直植被带的天牛科昆虫进行系统调查,结果表明:贺兰山共有天牛科昆虫6亚科31属45种,其中,沟胫天牛亚科属、种数最多,有14属21种,其种数占总种数46.67%,天牛亚科有9属12种,幽天牛亚科有4属5种,花天牛亚科有2属4种,锯天牛亚科2属2种,膜花天牛亚科仅有1属1种。区系组成上,古北界有17种,占总种数的37.78%,其中中亚成分占35.29%,广布型28种,占总种数的62.22%。在我国昆虫地理区划中的分布共有13个分布类型,全国广布型最多,占总种数的20%。以蒙新区种类为主体,并与东北区和华北区关系密切联系。在垂直分布上,以山前阔叶林带采集到的天牛种类最多,有22种,占总数的48.89%;从低海拔的山前荒漠半荒漠带到高海拔的山地针叶林带,天牛物种数量逐渐增加;除山地草原带外,随海拔增高,古北界种类逐渐增多。通过聚类分析显示,山地针叶林带和针阔混交林带天牛种类组成相似性较高;山地灌丛带、山地疏林带和山前阔叶林带相似性较高;山前荒漠半荒漠带、山地草地带与其他植被带天牛组成差异较大。     

大小兴安岭泥炭的孢粉记录及演变过程研究

根据３个高位泥炭剖面孢粉分析,揭示大注兴安岭分别于５０００ａＢ．Ｐ．、２７００ａＢ。．Ｐ．以来孢粉组合特征和植物群与气候演变过程。小兴安岭北部山地森林疲宣传早分为２个时期,５０００－３０００ａＢ．Ｐ．桦为主落叶阔叶林;３０００ａＢ．Ｐ．－－现今为红松、云冷杉为主,混有少量桦寒温必殖阔叶混交林。气候由温凉偏干向冷偏湿方向发展大兴安岭北部山地,２７００～１８００ａＢ．Ｐ．以来,已构成针叶林为主（樟子松     

The Role of Landscape Patterns of Habitat Types on Plant Species Diversity of a Tropical Forest in Mexico

The relationships among landscape characteristics and plant diversity in tropical forests may be used to predict biodiversity. To identify and characterize them, the number of species, as well as Shannon and Simpson diversity indices were calculated from 157 sampling quadrats (17,941 individuals sampled) while the vegetation classes were obtained from multi-spectral satellite image classification in four landscapes located in the southeast of Quintana Roo, Mexico. The mean number of species of trees, shrubs and vines as well as the mean value of the total number of species and the other two diversity indices were calculated for four vegetation classes in every one of the four landscapes. In addition, the relationships between landscape patterns metrics of patch types and diversity indices were explored. The multiple statistical analyses revealed significant predictor variables for the three diversity indices. Moreover, the shape, similarity and edge contrast metrics of patch types might serve as useful indicators for the number of species and the other two diversity variables at the landscape scale. Although the association between the three diversity indices and patch types metrics showed similar behavior, some differences were appreciated. The Shannon diversity index, with its greater sensitivity to rare species, should be considered as having a greater importance in interpretation analysis than Simpson index.