南极乔治王岛菲尔德斯半岛地层古生物研究新见*

1987年11月—1988年3月,笔者随中国第四次南极考察队对乔治王岛菲尔德斯半岛及纳尔逊岛北部地区进行了地层古生物调查。在约40km^2火山沉积岩系的11个地点采得树叶、硅化木、鸟类足印等遗迹化石标本200余块(插图1)。其中4处是过去已知的树叶及鸟类足印化石产地(No. 4—7),7处是本次考察新发现的。同时还采有20多块微体化石分析样品。     

青年孢粉学工作者讨论会暨徐仁教授80寿辰庆祝会在北京召开

前言1980年9—10月,笔者随北疆队,在沙湾县马纳斯河剖面,对中生代地层进行了地质调查,并系统地采集了孢粉样品,仅在西山窑组分析出保存完好的孢粉化石(有12块样品含孢粉),对每块样品都进行了孢粉统计。这一孢粉组合的研究对准噶尔盆地侏罗纪煤系地层的划分与对比,以及与我国北方侏罗纪煤系地层进行对比,提供了古生物依据。     

渤海海域秦皇岛30地区白垩纪介形类生物组合的新发现及其古生态特征

渤海海域一直缺乏白垩纪地层划分的古生物依据。本文通过秦皇岛30地区2口钻井473块岩屑样品的介形类分析,发现了13个属23个种,归纳为单肋女星介Cypridea unicostata-西氏枣星介Ziziphocypris simakovi介形类组合。通过分析该组合的特征分子及其他分子在国内外的地质延限分布情况,发现这一组合的时代为早白垩世瓦兰今期,地层可划归九佛堂组。渤海秦皇岛30地区所发现的这个介形类组合以中小个体卵形、椭圆形、壳面具蜂窝、肋纹的女星介Cypridea及卵形、壳面饰以脊纹的枣星介Ziziphocypris发育为特征,判断该介形类组合生活在有一定深度的浅湖环境中,结合地层岩性指示该段地层沉积时期为浅湖环境。     

犬尾田鼠在斑块生境中更喜好内部区域

我们在斑块化的景观中实验测定了犬尾田鼠(Microtus canicaudus)的生境喜好,验证下列假说:在一斑块生境中,与边缘区域相比,雌性田鼠喜好内部区域.在低密度和高密度时成年雌性的巢区在生境内部区域分别占100% 和76%.高密度时在边缘区域雌性的捕获率较低,这种差异在低密度时更突出.在高密度时通过选择性去除生境内部和边缘区域的一些雌体,边缘区域13只雌体中8只(占62%)的巢区发生从边缘到内部区域的转移,内部区域20只雌体中只有3只(占15%)的巢区向边缘区域转移.动物的繁殖率、生存和体重在两个区域之间没有差异.但是,边缘区域个体的巢区比内部区域的要小.这些结果支持一些关于其他啮齿动物的研究观察结果(如鼠平类和田鼠类),但与草原田鼠不同.因此在一斑块生境中,与边缘区域相比,长尾田鼠更喜好内部区域,边缘区域与内部区域的比率可潜在影响动物的生境选择,也可能会影响斑块化生境中的种群统计学特征.     

广东南雄盆地白垩系与第三系界线及轮藻化石

前言1983年12月至1984年1月,笔者随中国科学院白垩系与第三系界线队赴广东南雄盆地进行野外地质调查,观察和测制了杨梅坑—逆龙坑和风门坳2条白垩系与第三系剖面,并沿剖面线采集了380余块古生物样品,其中136个样品发现轮藻化石.经鉴定研究有18属、46种,其中包括8新种,为进一步研究南雄盆地白垩系与第三系界线提供     

中国现代花粉数据集

孢粉是重建古植被、古气候的重要基础数据。孢粉数据库对研究样点至区域和全球尺度上的古环境演变规律、古气候变化特征反演和古生物地球化学循环模拟等具有重要意义。该文收集整理了中国1960-2020年间发表和部分未发表的现代花粉数据记录, 包括样品编号、采样位置、采样地经纬度和海拔高度、样品类型、数据来源、数据类型、周边植被信息、参考文献、花粉类群及其含量等信息; 并对数据进行筛选和标准化等处理, 由此整合为中国现代花粉数据集。该数据集由4 497个现代花粉采样点的数据信息组成, 包括660个来自中国第四纪孢粉数据库数据, 1 763个前期整理发表的数据和2 074个近期收集的数据, 涵盖772个花粉类群。样品类型以土壤表层样品(3 332个)为主, 苔藓样品以及湖泊、海洋表层样品等为辅, 广泛分布于全国不同地理区域和植被类型中, 其中以温带荒漠区域(24.91%)和亚热带常绿阔叶林区域(24.02%)最丰富, 其次为温带草原区域(16.14%)和青藏高原高寒植被区域(15.83%)。数据按照来源可分为原始数据(58%)和数值化数据(42%); 按照数据类型可分为原始统计粒数的样点(59%)和以花粉百分比表达的样点(41%)。半个多世纪以来, 科研人员开展了大量的表层现代花粉取样和研究。本数据集虽然仅获取部分记录, 但样点覆盖了我国绝大多数地区, 可有效地用于古植被与古气候重建的现代孢粉与现代植被校验, 并将为中国孢粉数据库的建立与更深入的孢粉研究提供数据支撑。     

中国东部新生代地层中星轮虫与假轮虫的分布

星轮虫和假轮虫是典型的暖水性底栖有孔虫,是可以指示暖水团的一个标志。通过现代海城的表层样品及钻孔样品的微体古生物分析表明,两者在新生代各个时期有声不同的分布特征。找出它们的分布规律对海侵地层的对比和再造古环境具有一定的意义。     

朱建明教授团队介绍

<正>本团队主要研究方向为硒的环境地球化学与同位素地球化学。自2001年以来,主持国家自然科学基金、国家973计划项目子课题、中科院重要方向项目、贵州省自然科学基金等硒相关课题近20项。有关硒学领域的重要研究成果包括:(1)在恩施富硒碳质岩中发现了多形态自然硒与系列硒矿物;(2)阐明了环境样品中硒的分布、结合态及形态特征,揭示了高硒表生环境     

第六届国际刺丝胞化石(包括古盃与海绵)会议将于1991年9月在联邦德国明斯特市召开

一、前言1982年,中国科学院南京地质古生物研究所新疆地层古生物研究队在准噶尔盆地东南缘吉木萨尔地区考察时,笔者之一(朱祥根)曾在大龙口剖面小龙口组采到一批腹足类化石。1983年和1985年又进行了化石的补充采集和详细的地层工作,采获丰富的腹足类化石,计得2属、3种(包括1新属、2新种),它们是Xinjiangospira rotundata gen. et sp. nov., Xinjiangospira cf. gondwanica (Cox), Bernicia? jimsarensis sp. nov.。     

青藏高原及其邻区古生物学与地层学研究新进展——序言

专辑涉及近年来青藏高原及其邻区古生物学与地层学研究新进展,展现古生物学和地层学在揭示深时动、植物多样性、古生物地理变迁、古环境演变等领域的新应用。     

渤海湾盆地南堡凹陷始新世—渐新世孢粉、藻类与地层对比

南堡凹陷是位于渤海湾盆地黄骅坳陷北部的小型构造单元。为深入研究南堡凹陷古近纪孢粉组合,采集了Gp1和Np288等七口钻井样品。经传统酸、碱处理法获得孢粉化石,并在研究区古近系地层中划分出六个孢粉亚组合:沙三段4亚段的Ephedripites-Taxodiaceaepollenites-Ulmoideipites tricostatus-Pterisisporites属于始新世鲁特期、沙三段1—3亚段的Quercoidites microhenrici-Ulmipollenites minor属于始新世中晚期、沙二段的Ephedripites-Rutaceoipollis-Meliaceoidites与沙一段的Quercoidites-Meliaceoidites属于渐新世早期、东二段与东三段的Ulmipollenites undulosus-Piceaepollenites-Tsugaepollenites与东一段的Juglandaceae-Celtispollenites属于渐新世中晚期。研究区古近纪孢粉组合与黄骅坳陷中北区及滩海地区的孢粉组合可以形成良好对比,并且研究区局部出现的沙三段4、5亚段与渤海湾盆地普遍出现的沙河街组四段上部为同一时期的产物。     

Pollen and Spores Extracted from Petroleum of Liaohe oil-Field and Their Significance

Twenty-nine species (or forms) of fossil pollen and spores referred to 23 genera extracted from the petroleum samples taken from the Liaohe oil-field are investigated in this paper. Using the above plant microfossils as indicators, the oil source rock of this oil-field are traced. The spores and pollen extracted from the petroleum reserved in the Shahejie Fomation of the Liaohe oil-field are as follows: Pterisisporites undulatus, Osmundacidites wcllmanii, Plicifera decora, Pinuspollenites labdacus f. minor, Abietineaepolle- nites cembraeformis, A. microsibiricus, Cedripites diversus, Keteleeria dubia, Ephcd- ripites cheganicus, Graminidites sp., Liliacidites sp., Quercoiditcs asper, Retitricolporites sp., Chenopodipollis microporatus, Compositoipollenites sp, etc. The following spores and pollen are extracted from the crude oil reserved in the Dongying Formation of the present oil-field: Osmundacidites wellmanii, Plicifera decora, Pinuspollenites labdacus f. minor, Sparganiaccaepollenites sp., Graminidites sp., Liliacidites sp., Chenopodipollis multiporatus, Compositoipollenites sp., Artemisiaepol- lenites sp., etc. Some Fossil Fungi and Algae are observed from the above mentioned petroleum samples. Comparing the spores and pollen extracted from the petroleum of the Shahejie Formation with those of the sporo-pollen complex of the Shahejie Formation, it may be decided that they all came from the deposits of the Shahejie Formation. This character indicates that the oil source rock should coincide with the oil reservoir rock, and both of them belong to the Shahejie Formation which is referred to Early Tertiary Period. By comparison with the sporo-pollen complexes of the Dongying Formation and the Shahejie Formation, most of the pollen and spores found from the petroleum of the Dongying Formation may be found to come from the Dongying Formation, and the rest of them from the underlying Shahejie Formation. Thus it implies that the petroleum reserved in the Dongying Formation should also originate from the Shahejie Formation.     

河南东濮地区晚始新世至渐新世轮藻植物群及其古环境探讨

东濮地区晚始新世沙河段组四段上部至三段轮藻植物群生存于含钙量高的咸化型水体中,它们的横向分布反映了湖盆中部存在着一个ＮＮＥ向的隆起地带。早渐新世沙河街组二段轮藻植物群生长于含钙量低的淡水水体中,它们的横向分布反映了湖盆中部古地形自南向北高低相间。晚渐新世东营组轮藻植物群生存于含钙量低的淡水水体中,它们的横向分布反映了湖盆的古地势较为平坦。     

山东东营凹陷早第三纪沙一段介形虫丰度的不均匀性及其地质意义

东营凹陷四个钻孔（２．下２－观１８、滨２９７、牛１０１、樊１０１）沙河街组一段岩心样品介形虫化石丰度统计表明：１）不同的岩性介形虫化石丰度可以有很大不同;２）同一钻孔垂向上不同层段中介形虫化石丰度也显示出不均匀性;３）在岩心层面上,介形虫化石的分布有六种形式：密集分布、零星分布、簇状分布、条带状分布、虫穴充填、裂缝充填。除前两者外,均显示出层面上化石分布的不均匀性。造成上述化石丰度不均匀性的原因包括生态学和埋葬学两种因素。最后文中讨论了这种化石丰度不均匀性所反映的地质意义。     

渤海小型底栖动物丰度的分布格局

在渤海的 2 2个站位 ,分 3个航次采集未受扰动的沉积物样品 ,进行了小型底栖动物类群的丰度、分布格局及其与沉积环境因子间相互关系的研究。结果表明 ,1 997年航次 ,5个站位小型底栖动物的平均丰度为 2 2 74± 1 0 3 9ind./1 0 cm2 ;1 998年和 1 999年航次 ,小型底栖动物的丰度分别为 869± 5 0 9ind./1 0 cm2和 63 2± 3 99ind./1 0 cm2 ,其中 ,小型底栖动物和自由生活海洋线虫丰度的高值主要出现在渤海中东部和海峡口的站位 ,底栖桡足类的丰度在海峡口的 A4、E5、D5站和辽东湾湾口的几个站位较高。在小型底栖动物中 ,线虫是数量上占绝对优势的类群 ,桡足类位于第 2位 ,处在第 3位的类群在两个航次中有所不同 ,在 1 998年航次 ,双壳类幼体的数量位于第 3位 ;1 999年航次 ,多毛类的数量位于第 3位。对小型底栖动物丰度与其沉积环境因子的分析表明 ,水深与小型底栖动物丰度、自由生活海洋线虫丰度和桡足类丰度的相关性为极显著 ;沉积物的中值粒径与桡足类的丰度和小型底栖动物总丰度呈负相关 ,前者为极显著 ,后者为显著 ;砂、粉砂和粘土含量影响三者的丰度变动 ,其中与桡足类丰度的相关性为极显著或显著。沉积物中的叶绿素 a、脱镁叶绿酸 a、含水量和有机质含量与三者丰度的关系不很明显。     

EPHIPPIA OF CLADOCERA FROM THE TERTIARY OF CHINA

The present paper deals with the fossil ephip-pia of Cladocera obtained separately from theShahejie(Late Eocene to Oligocene)and Dongying(Oligocene)Formations in the coastal region ofthe Bohai Sea,the 2nd and 3rd members of theHetaoyuan Formation(Late Eocene to Oligocene)in Southwest and Central Henan,the Shangzashaimember of the Anjihaihe Formation(Eocene toOligocene)in the Junggar Basin in Xinjiang andthe Linxia Formation(Pliocene)in the Jingyuanarea in Gansu.They contain 8 new species and 2indeterminable species assigned to 3 genera(Daph-nia,ceriodaphnia and Simocephalus)of the fami-ly Daphnidae.     

西藏改则盆地晚始新世康托组介形类动物群及地质意义

西藏改则盆地新生代陆相康托组地层发育,记录了青藏高原腹地始新世气候变化和隆升历史。本文通过对改则盆地中南部改则县嘎热村康托组剖面进行系统的采样和室内处理,获得363个介形类个体,共鉴定11属27种(包括1个未定种)。通过研究区介形类动物群的特征分子Heterocypris igneus及与东濮、渤海、华北、江汉等地区介形类动物群对比研究,认为康托组上部的沉积时代应为晚始新世。本文首次报道了改则盆地康托组的介形类动物群面貌,据介形类组合厘定了康托组沉积时代,为研究青藏高原腹地新生代地层提供了基础资料。     

Palaeodiversity and formation counts: redundancy or bias?

A key question in palaeontology is whether the fossil record taken at face value is adequate to represent true patterns of diversity through time. Some methods of assessing data quality have depended on the commonly observed covariation of palaeodiversity and fossiliferous formation counts through time, based on the assumption that the count of formations containing fossils, to a greater or lesser extent, drives diversity; but what if diversity drives formations? Close study of two fossil records, early tetrapods (Devonian–Jurassic) and dinosaurs, shows how the relationship between new taxa and new fossiliferous formations varies through research time. Initially, each new find represents a new fossiliferous formation and discovery follows the ‘bonanza’ model (fossils drive formations). In unexplored parts of the world, new taxa are identified frequently in new regions/formations. Only after time, in well‐explored continents such as Europe and North America, does collecting style switch to a mix of exploration for new formations and re‐sampling of known fossiliferous formations. Data are most striking for dinosaurs, where the Triassic–Jurassic record largely comprises finds from Europe and North America, where new formation discoveries reached their half‐life in 1914. This contrasts with the Cretaceous, which is dominated by rapidly rising discoveries from regions outside Europe and North America and the formation half‐life for these ‘new’ lands is 1986, showing that 50% of new Cretaceous dinosaur‐bearing formations were identified only in the past 30 years. The relationship between dinosaur‐bearing formations and palaeodiversity then combines three signals in variable amounts, reflecting the original diversity (relative abundances of particular taxa in different formations), redundancy (new fossiliferous formations accruing because of new fossil finds) and sampling (intensity of exploration for new fossiliferous formations, and of search within already‐sampled formations). For fossil vertebrates at least, formation counts of various kinds are poor predictors of sampling, missing, for example, the bonanza samples of Lagerstätten such as the Yixian Formation in China: thousands of specimens, dozens of species, but counted as one formation. These observations suggest that formation count cannot be regarded as an unbiased metric of sampling.     

华北东濮凹陷沙河街组藻类化石所记录的地质事件

东濮凹陷早第三纪沙河街组产有丰富的藻类化石,淡水藻类与半咸水,咸水藻类相互交替的两个旋回在纵向上分布明显,即：沙四,沙二段为淡水藻类（主要为轮藻）发育期,沙三,沙一段为咸水,半咸水藻类（主要为沟鞭藻）发育期,根据藻类化石的生态分析。认为沙三,沙一段沉积期湖水的咸化事件是由海侵造成的。     

Composition and variation of sediment bacterial and nirS-harboring bacterial communities at representative sites of the Bohai Gulf coastal zone,China

With rapid urbanization, anthropogenic activities are increasingly influencing the natural environment of the Bohai Bay. In this study, the composition and variation of bacterial and nirS-harboring bacterial communities in the coastal zone sediments of the Bohai Gulf were analyzed using PCR-based clone libraries. A total of 95 genera were detected in the bacterial communities, with Proteobacteria (72.1 %), Acidobacteria (10.5 %), Firmicutes (1.7 %), Bacteroidetes (1.4 %), Chloroflexi (0.7 %) and Planctomycetes (0.7 %) being the dominated phyla. The NirS sequences were divided into nine Clusters (A–I). Canonical correlation analysis showed that the bacterial or denitrifying communities were correlated with different environmental factors, such as total organic carbon, total nitrogen, ammonium, sulfate, etc. Furthermore, bacterial communities’ composition and diversity are influenced by oil exploration, sewage discharge and other anthropogenic activities in the coastal area of the Bohai Sea. Thus, this study provided useful information on further research on regional or global environmental control and restore.