新疆天山北坡不同盐湖微生物菌群结构及其影响因子

新疆分布的众多湖泊由于干旱气候成盐作用强烈,近半数已演化到盐湖发展阶段,不同盐湖中也因此蕴含着丰富的耐盐及嗜盐微生物资源。为更好的掌握新疆盐湖微生物资源分布规律及对环境因子变化的响应规律,利用高通量测序技术对新疆天山北坡5个不同演化阶段盐湖湖底沉积物中细菌、古菌多样性和菌群结构及其主要驱动因子进行研究,探讨盐湖演化过程中原核微生物群落结构变化规律。分别采集5个盐湖湖底沉积物样本,进行理化因子测试与细菌和古菌16S rRNA扩增子测序分析,比较不同盐湖理化性质和原核微生物菌群差异,并对原核微生物丰度与环境因子进行关联分析。实验结果表明：5个盐湖湖底沉积物总盐和Na⁺含量顺序为：巴里坤湖 > 伊吾湖 > 艾比湖 > 盐湖 > 柴窝堡湖,除艾比湖外其他四个盐湖沉积物均呈碱性。Alpha多样性结果显示5个盐湖细菌richness、chao1、ACE和shannon丰富度指数均大于古菌相应丰富度指数,不同盐湖细菌丰富度指数差异较大,古菌丰富度指数差异相对较小。从5个盐湖湖底沉积物中共检测获得细菌58门、68纲、138目、253科和560属,古菌4门、8纲、12目、21科和60属,细菌以变形菌门为主,古菌以广古菌门为主。不同盐湖细菌和古菌优势属种类均不相同,巴里坤湖主要是一些嗜盐和耐盐细菌属,而伊吾湖主要是嗜盐和耐盐古菌属,PCoA分析结果也表明不同盐湖微生物在OTUs水平有其独特菌群结构类型。RDA和Bioenv分析结果表明,盐湖湖底沉积物中微生物菌群群落结构主要受Na⁺和总盐（TS）浓度的影响,对细菌菌群结构影响较大,而古菌菌群结构可能受多种理化因子共同调节。此外,盐湖特殊卤水成分会对微生物群落结构产生重大影响。     

新疆阿牙克库木湖可培养嗜盐古菌的种群结构

从新疆南部的阿牙克库木湖采集了19个水样和15个土样,分离培养嗜盐微生物。采用PCR方法获取其中62株嗜盐古菌16S rRNA基因序列。序列分析结果表明,分离到的菌株分属6个属,占已报道嗜盐古菌属总数的27%,其中以Halorubrum和Natrinema属的菌株为优势菌株。通过Shannon多样性指数分析发现,阿牙克库木湖冬春两季嗜盐古菌多样性差异不明显。研究还发现4个嗜盐古菌新物种,表明阿牙克库木湖蕴藏着具有地域特点的嗜盐古菌资源。     

安徽定远盐矿可培养嗜盐微生物多样性

【背景】嗜盐微生物多生活于高盐环境,具有独特的生理代谢特征,是一类重要的极端环境微生物资源。【目的】为更好地认识我国陆相盐矿的嗜盐微生物多样性组成,更好地开发利用嗜盐微生物资源积累丰富的微生物菌种。【方法】对安徽定远盐矿盐芯样品进行嗜盐微生物的纯培养分离,并对所分离菌株进行基于16SrRNA基因的测序和序列相似性分析,并对所分离菌株进行物种多样性分析。在此基础上,对代表菌株进行菌落形态和耐盐度及酶活测定。【结果】通过纯培养共分离获得了嗜盐微生物264株,其中嗜盐古菌150株,占56.8%;嗜盐细菌114株,占43.2%。嗜盐古菌物种分别来自于Halorubrum、 Halopenitus、 Haloterrigena、 Natrinema、 Natronoarchaeum和Natronomonas等6个属;嗜盐细菌物种分别来自于Pseudomonas、Aliifodinibius、Halobacillus、Halomonas和Halospina等5个属。通过代表菌株的酶活平板检测,发现产胞外蛋白酶菌株1株,酯酶1株,淀粉酶2株;能液化明胶菌株2株。在物种多样性组成方面,发现嗜盐古菌的物种多样性指数高于嗜盐细菌。【结论】本研究对我国安徽定远陆相盐矿的可培养嗜盐微生物多样性进行探究,积累了丰富的嗜盐微生物菌株资源。     

新疆两盐湖可培养嗜盐古菌多样性研究

从新疆地区艾比盐湖和艾丁盐湖卤水及泥土样品中分离到86株嗜盐古菌。16S rRNA基因序列分析结果表明,分离自艾比湖的嗜盐古菌分别属于Haloarcula、Halobacterium、Halorubrum、Haloterrigena、Natrinema和Natronorubrum6个属的11个分类单元,而分离自艾丁湖的嗜盐古菌分别属于Haloarcula、Halobiforma、Halorubrum、Haloterrigena、Natrialba、Natrinema6个属的8个分类单元,这一结果表明艾比湖可培养嗜盐古菌生物多样性稍高于艾丁湖。基于16S rRNA基因序列的系统发育分析表明代表菌株ABH15应为Natronorubrum属的中性嗜盐古菌新种,代表菌株ABH07、ABH12、ABH17、ABH19、ABH51和AD30可能是Halobacterium、Halorubrum、Haloterrigena、Haloarcula的新成员。     

新疆罗布泊周边地区极端环境嗜盐菌的研究

为了研究分析新疆罗布泊周边地区pH值5-6的盐湖嗜盐古菌资源。从湖中分离筛选出一批嗜盐古菌,对其进行了生理生化特性研究,发现其中6株菌的生理特性和产酶特性比较特殊,并采用PCR方法扩增出其16SrRNA基因（16S rDNA）,并测定了基因的核苷酸序列。基于16S rDNA序列的同源性比较以及16S rDNA序列的系统发育学研究表明,菌株B20-RDX是盐盒菌属Haloarchaeon属中新种成员,GenBank登录号为FJ561285,该菌株为革兰氏阴性菌,最适盐浓度25%,最适pH 8.0,能产过氧化氢酶、淀粉酶,对四环素有抗性,能利用精氨酸和丁二酸盐。迄今为止,国内极少有关罗布泊周边地区极端环境微生物研究的报道,该研究可为今后研究同类极端环境中新的物种资源开发应用以及微生物多样性研究提供素材和参考。     

青藏高原察尔汗盐湖地区可培养中度嗜盐菌的群落结构与多样性

【目的】研究青海察尔汗盐湖地区的可培养中度嗜盐菌的群落结构及多样性。【方法】采用多种选择性培养基进行中度嗜盐菌的分离、培养;通过16S r RNA基因序列扩增、测定,根据序列信息,进行系统进化树构建、群落结构组成分析及多样性指数计算。【结果】从察尔汗盐湖卤水及湖泥中分离到中度嗜盐菌421株,合并重复菌株后共83株中度嗜盐菌。菌株16S rRNA基因序列信息显示,4株中度嗜盐菌为潜在的新分类单元。83株嗜盐细菌分布于3个门的6个科16个属。其中,Bacillus属、Oceanobacillus属和Halomonas属为优势属。多样性结果显示,水样中的菌株多样性高于泥样,而泥样中的菌株优势度高于水样。【结论】察尔汗盐湖中度嗜盐菌具有丰富的遗传多样性,种群种类丰富,优势菌群集中,该盐湖地区存在可分离培养的中度嗜盐菌的疑似新物种。     

巴里坤湖和玛纳斯湖嗜盐菌的分离及功能酶的筛选

目的:了解新疆巴里坤湖与马纳斯湖中嗜盐菌及功能酶的多样性。方法:从两湖中采集水样进行菌种分离,采用PCR方法扩增出其16S rRNA基因(16S rDNA),并测定了基因的序列。对分离菌株进行了蛋白酶、淀粉酶、酯酶、脂肪酶、以及纤维素酶的筛选。结果:从两湖水样共分离得到51株嗜盐菌。基于16SrDNA序列的同源性比较和系统发育学分析,发现从两湖分离获得的中度嗜盐菌分别属于Planococcaceae、Bacillacea、Staphylococcus、Halomonadaceae、Salicolaceae以及Pseudomonadacaeae 6个属。分离得到的极端嗜盐古菌属于Halobacteriaceae属。功能酶筛选结果表明产蛋白酶的嗜盐菌共有15株,产酯酶的共有23株,产淀粉酶的共有8株,未获得产脂肪酶和纤维素酶的嗜盐菌。结论:新疆巴里坤湖和马纳斯湖中有丰富的嗜盐微生物资源及酶资源,有重要的研究意义和应用前景。     

新疆两盐湖可培养极端嗜盐菌组成及功能多样性研究

【目的】通过分析不同成盐类型盐湖中的极端嗜盐菌群落组成差异,探究可培养极端嗜盐菌的功能特性。【方法】采集新疆硫酸盐型盐湖七角井和碳酸盐型盐湖南湖的土壤样品,通过平板稀释涂布法分离极端嗜盐菌,经过形态学观察、特征分析获取代表菌株,通过耐盐性测定和16S rRNA基因序列测序等对代表菌株进行鉴定,并对极端嗜盐菌的蛋白酶、淀粉酶、纤维素酶和酯酶活性进行筛选,同时检测苯酚降解能力。【结果】本研究共获得1 679株极端嗜盐菌,代表菌株45株,隶属于5门14个属,古菌数量(70.58%)明显多于细菌,最优盐浓度生长范围为18.4%–20.0%。在属水平上,盐湖中优势类群为古菌的Haloterrigena属(32.94%)和Natrialba属(26.03%),以及细菌的Aquisalimonas属(9.85%)和Aliifodinibius属(8.10%)。两盐湖中,盐度较低的南湖物种丰富度高于七角井盐湖,古菌物种组成相似,均以Haloterrigena属为主;细菌群落组成有差异,南湖以Aquisalimonas属为主,而七角井以Aliifodinibius属为主。功能筛选表明,盐湖中80%的嗜盐...     

分离自青海湖可培养耐盐真菌的多样性研究

青海湖位于青藏高原东北部,属于典型的高原盐湖沉积环境。作者以常规的分离培养方法对青海湖中的耐盐真菌多样性进行了研究。从黑马河、耳海和尕海共分离得到617株耐盐真菌,结合形态学和分子生物学的方法将菌株鉴定到18个属和45个种。子囊菌的菌株数比接合菌和担子菌多,枝孢菌和青霉菌为优势耐盐真菌。在这45种耐盐真菌中,轻度、中度和极端嗜盐真菌分别有19、25和1种。分离自黑马河地区的耐盐真菌,其物种丰富度指数Ma（3.12）、多样性指数H′（1.11）和均匀度指数J（0.267）均比耳海和尕海的高。从1.5%浓度下     

基于高通量测序的陕西花马池和苟池微生物群落多样性分析

目的:研究陕西花马池和苟池盐湖嗜盐细菌和古菌的群落多样性特征。方法:从两地盐湖采集卤水样品,提取总DNA后对其16S rRNA基因进行PCR扩增,通过Miseq高通量测序和生物信息学分析得到花马池和苟池微生物群落结构。结果:细菌优化序列被分入222个操作分类单位(OTU),花马池细菌优化序列经筛选后得到26 698个序列,其中厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)占主要地位,占总序列数的24.13%,其次20.02%的序列归入变形菌门(Proteobacteria);苟池细菌优化序列经筛选得到31 329个序列,拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)是样品中最主要的门类,占总数的60.56%。古菌优化序列经筛选后有81 286条,被归入86个OTU中,绝大多数属于广古菌门(Euryarchaeota)。在属水平上,2个盐湖共有的优势古菌群落包括Halonotius、盐红菌属(Halorubrum)、盐杆状菌属(Halorhabdus)和Halobellus等。花马池特有Halolamina、盐杆菌属(Halobacterium)、Halobellus和Halovenus。结论:研究揭示了陕西花马池和苟池嗜盐细菌和古菌群落组成,表明陕西花马池和苟池盐湖微生物群落分布具有相似性和独特性,同时存在丰富的嗜盐菌资源和潜在的新类群,为新种的挖掘及嗜盐菌的开发提供了理论数据。     

Lake circulation and sediment transport in Lake Myvatn

Lake circulation and sediment transport in Lake Myvatn have been calculated using AQUASEA, a numerical model developed by Vatnaskil Consulting Engineers. The goal of the modelling was to calculate changes in sediment transport within the lake due to changes in lake bathymetry caused by diatomite mining. The model uses the Galerkin finite element method and consists of a hydrodynamic flow model and a transport-dispersion model. The flow model is based on the shallow water equations and the wave equation. The transport model is based on the conservation of mass for suspended sediment. The model was calibrated against measurements performed during the summer of 1992. These included measurements of water elevation, current velocity, wave height, and concentration of suspended sediment. After calibration, the model was run for different mining scenarios to determine their impact on the sediment transport in the lake.     

Microbiological examination of Lake Erie and Lake Ontario sediments

Diver collected cores from three sites in Lake Erie, west of Cleveland, Eastern basin and near Buffalo, and one from Lake Ontario near the mouth of the Niagara River, were sectioned to 20 cm and examined for sulfur cycle and nitrogen cycle bacteria, heterotrophic bacteria, insoluble organic and inorganic phosphate solubilizing bacteria and manganese oxidizing bacteria. Eh, pH, nitrogen, organic carbon and percentage moisture determinations were also made. Data from this study support and confirm other microbiological data collected from Lower Great Lakes sediment and also support the hypothesis that microbial flora of similar type sediments are numerically similar irrespective of the sediments source within the Lower Great Lakes.     

Biogeochemical silica mass balances in Lake Michigan and Lake Superior

Silica budgets for Lake Michigan and Lake Superior differ in several respects. Mass balance calculations for both lakes agree with previous studies in that permanent burial of biogenic silica in sediments may be only about 5% of the biogenic silica produced by diatoms. Because dissolution rates are large, good estimates of permanent burial of diatoms can not be obtained indirectly from the internal cycle of silica (silica uptake by diatoms and subsequent dissolution) but must be obtained from the sediment stratigraphy. The annual net production of biogenic silica in Lake Michigan requires 71% of the winter maximum silica reservoir which must be maintained primarily by internal cycling in this large lake whereas the comparable silica demand in Lake Superior is only 8.3%. The greater silica demand in Lake Michigan is the result of phosphorus enrichment which has increased diatom production. It is hypothesized that steady-state silica dynamics in Lake Michigan were disrupted by increased diatom production between 1955 and 1970 and that a new steady state based on silica-limited diatom production developed after 1970. Mass balance calculations for Lake Michigan show in contrast with previous work that the hypothesized water column silica depletion of 3.0 g · m^–3 could have occurred even though 90% or more of the biogenic silica production is recycled.     

Sambhar Salt Lake

The saline and alkaline brines from the Sambhar Salt Lake (SSL), both from the main lake and from the solar evaporation pans at Sambhar Salt Limited, Sambhar, Rajasthan, India, were studied with respect to their chemical composition and presence of red, extremely haloalkaliphilic archaebacteria. The brines had pH values of 9.5±0.2 and a total salt content ranging from 7% (w/v) to more than 30% (w/v). Sodium chloride, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate and sodium sulphate were the principal salts present in these brines which lacked divalent cations (calcium and magnesium). Six strains of red, extremely haloalkaliphilic bacteria, designated SSL 1 to SSL 6, were isolated. All the isolates showed obligate requirements for sodium chloride (>15%, w/v) and high pH (>9.0). Magnesium ions were required in traces for maintaining morphological structure and pigmentation. All these strains possessed the diether core lipids, phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylglycerophosphate (PGP), and bacterioruberins characteristic of halophilic archaebacteria. The strains were assigned to the newly proposed genus Natronobacterium.Part of the paper was presented by the authors at XIV International Congress of Microbiology 7–13 September 1986, Manchester, UK     

Lake Torrens brine

The chloride content of the groundwater increases towards Lake Torrens. Major enrichment occurs on the playa and is caused by evaporation from the capillary zone. The chloride is sea derived via cyclic aeolian transport.     

鄱阳湖及洞庭湖红鳍原鲌的群体分化研究

结合形态和线粒体Cyt b数据, 研究了鄱阳湖及洞庭湖定居性鱼类红鳍原鲌的6个地理群体(湖口群体、星子群体、都昌群体、鄱阳群体、余干群体和洞庭湖群体)共186尾样本的群体分化情况. 形态分析结果显示地理群体间形态差异较小. 遗传分析结果中, 群体间遗传分化指数(Fst) 为-0.00567-0.33429, 显示群体间存在较大遗传差异, 而单倍型分布和分子变异分析(AMOVA)也得到相似的结果. 根据群体遗传距离构建的系统树, 6个群体分为两大支: 洞庭湖群体与其他群体距离最远, 单独聚为一支; 星子、都昌、鄱阳和余干4群体聚成另一支, 而湖口群体处于两支的过渡位置. 因此, 群体间已产生显著遗传分化, 且主要体现在洞庭湖和鄱阳湖各群体间. 综合上述分析结果及红鳍原鲌的生活习性认为, 鄱阳湖及洞庭湖红鳍原鲌群体间的遗传分化是红鳍原鲌定居性的生活习性导致不同地理群体间长期的群体隔离、缺乏基因交流的结果.       

退田还湖对洞庭湖湿地鸟类的影响

对洞庭湖湿地退田还湖前后湿地鸟类群落结构进行对比分析,阐述了湿地鸟类群落结构的变化趋势.洞庭湖湿地鸟类群落结构的变化表明,鸟类的数量在退田还湖后明显上升,与1992年洞庭湖湿地鸟类名录相比增加2目16科174种,尤其是雁鸭类、鹬鹆类、隼类和鸣禽的种数增加迅速.优势种退田还湖前只有32种,退田还湖后增加到74种.不同的湖区因生态环境异质性,退田还湖前后鸟类的群落结构也有差异.在记录的312种鸟类中,其中东洞庭湖分布有297种,南洞庭湖164种,西洞庭湖217种,共有鸟类138种,东洞庭湖特有鸟类较多(48种).经调查,退田还湖(垸)区鸟类群落结构变化更为明显,青山垸分布13目33科77种,西畔山洲垸分布8目20科37种,两垸共有鸟种33种,青山垸特有鸟类有41种,西畔山洲垸5种.