FISH ASSEMBLAGE RESPONSES TO DIFFERENT SECONDARY CHANNEL DESIGNS IN THE LOWER MISSISSIPPI RIVER,U.S.A.:A TEMPLATE FOR RIVER RESTORATION

The lower Mississippi River(LMR) has been heavily modified for multiple human purposes such as navigation, flood control, and bank stabilization. However, the LMR simultaneously supports a diverse fish fauna that includes recreational and commercial fisheries. Due to river training and diversion structures constructed during the past 80 years, the historic characteristics of the LMR have been drastically altered and have likely influenced fishes and fisheries in the system. One common restoration measure used throughout the LMR has been to "notch" wing-dike structures that close secondary(side) river channels. Dike notching allows year-round flows through secondary channels, which enhances habitat diversity and promotes biological productivity at the ecosystem scale. Although notching is presumed good for LMR fishes and other biota, few studies have examined its effects on fish assemblages. In this study, fish assemblages were sampled at seven LMR secondary channels spanning from river kilometer(rkm) 628(Louisiana-Mississippi, U.S.A.) upstream to rkm 1504(Missouri-Kentucky, U.S.A.). Four secondary channels were termed "permanent"(i.e.,with notched dikes) while three secondary channels were termed "temporary"(i.e., without notched dikes).Fishes were sampled by boat-mounted electrofishing conducted during falling and low stages from1995—1997. Fish assemblages differed between permanent and temporary secondary channels, and varied somewhat between falling and low stages. Gizzard shad(Dorosoma cepedianum), threadfin shad(D. petenense), and white bass(Morone chrysops) demonstrated consistent preferences for low-current conditions associated with temporary secondary channels. Conversely, blue catfish(Ictalurus furcatus), flathead catfish(Pylodictis olivaris), and freshwater drum(Aplodinotus grunniens) were more associated with permanent secondary channels. Future restoration strategies in the LMR should consider dike notching and resultant maintenance of permanent secondary channels in selected river reaches. However, temporary secondary channels also contain unique fish species, and also appear to be important sites of riverine primary production. Restoration strategies should consider a balance of both secondary channel types, which should support the greatest biodiversity for the LMR ecosystem.     

Applications of stem cells and bioprinting for potential treatment of diabetes

Currently, there does not exist a strategy that can reduce diabetes and scientists are working towards a cure and innovative approaches by employing stem cellbased therapies. On the other hand, bioprinting technology is a novel therapeutic approach that aims to replace the diseased or lost β-cells, insulin-secreting cells in the pancreas, which can potentially regenerate damaged organs such as the pancreas. Stem cells have the ability to differentiate into various cell lines including insulinproducing cells. However, there are still barriers that hamper the successful differentiation of stem cells into β-cells. In this review, we focus on the potential applications of stem cell research and bioprinting that may be targeted towards replacing the β-cells in the pancreas and may offer approaches towards treatment of diabetes. This review emphasizes on the applicability of employing both stem cells and other cells in 3 D bioprinting to generate substitutes for diseased β-cells and recover lost pancreatic functions. The article then proceeds to discuss the overall research done in the field of stem cell-based bioprinting and provides future directions for improving the same for potential applications in diabetic research.     

Behavioral and neural auditory thresholds in a frog

Vocalizations play a critical role in mate recognition and mate choice in a number of taxa, especially, but not limited to, orthopterans, frogs, and birds. But receivers can only recognize and prefer sounds that they can hear. Thus a fundamental question linking neurobiology and sexual selection asks-what is the threshold for detecting acoustic sexual displays? In this study, we use 3 methods to assess such thresholds in tdngara frogs: behavioral responses, auditory brainstem responsesz and multi unit electrophysiological recordi ngs from the midbrain.We show that thresholds are lowest for multiunit recordings (ca. 45 dB SPL), and then for behavioral responses (ca. 61 dB SPL), with auditory brainstem responses exhibiting the highest thresholds (ca. 71 dB SPL). We discuss why these estimates differ and why, as with other studies, it is unlikely that they should be the same. Although all of these studies estimate thresholds they are not measuring the same thresholds;behavioral thresholds are based on signal salienee whereas the 2 neural assays estimate physiological thresholds. All 3 estimates, however, make it clear that to have an appreciation for detection and salienee of acoustic signals we must listen to those signals through the ears of the receivers.     

中国省级行政区生态环境可持续性评价

从自然条件、人类胁迫、生态环境效应和社会响应4个主题出发,构建了包含28个指标的中国省级行政区生态环境可持续性评价指标体系,并通过专家调查和层次分析法为各主题层中的指标赋权.分别用各主题层中的指标和对应的权重,采用加权平均法构建自然条件(NSI)、人类胁迫(HPI)、生态环境效应(EEI)和社会响应(SRI)4个分指数,然后用这4个分指数通过灰色关联法构建综合生态环境可持续性指数(CEI),对我国各省级行政区生态环境可持续性进行评价.同时论文通过主成分分析法和相关分析法分析造成各指数地域差异的主导因素和评价中指标赋权的合理性.最后以4个分指数作为变量,采用快速样本聚类法对我国31个省级行政区进行聚类分析.评价结果表明,2003年我国各生态环境指数存在显著的地域差异.自然条件从东南到西北呈明显的由优到劣的过渡趋势,降雨量、年均气温、森林覆盖率和水网密度4个指标是导致地域差异的主导因素;人类胁迫东部发达地区明显高于西部和中部地区,同一个地区经济发展水平存在显著的正相关;生态环境效应西北地区最为显著,同各地区自然条件存在显著的负相关,在人类活动干扰下,自然条件差的地区更容易发生生态损害与退化;社会响应无明显的地域分析规律,各地区经济发展水平对其有一定影响,但并非决定性因素.区域综合生态环境可持续性由区域NSI、HPI、EEI和SRI共同决定,综合评价得到2003年我国各省级行政区生态环境可持续性排序情况,其中生态环境可持续性最强的几个地区为海南、云南、广西、江西等地,最弱的几个地区为内蒙古、宁夏、上海、西藏、新疆等地.最后,聚类分析把我国31个省级行政区聚为生态环境特点各异的六大类,可以促进我国生态环境的分类管理.     

A lubricant boundary condition for a biological body lined by a thin heterogeneous biofilm

We study the asymptotic behavior of an incompressible viscous fluid flow in a biological body lined by a thin biological film with a cellular microstructure,varying thickness,and a heterogeneous viscosity regulated by a time random process.Let ting the thickness of the film tend to zero,we derive an effective biological slip boundary condition on the boundary of the body.This law relates the tangential fluxes to the tangential velocities via a proportional coefficient corresponding to the energy of some local problem.This law describes the ability of the biological film to function as a lubricant reducing friction at the wall of the body.The tangential velocities are functions of the random trajectories of a finely concentrated biological particle.     

猛犸雪原

正我对东北的了解和向往,最早来自上世纪70年代初期读过的描写北大荒知青生活的小说《征途》。我最感兴趣的是书中描述的东北的自然风光和动物植物:"遮天蔽日的红松林,尽管被大雪覆盖,但远远望去,依然是郁郁苍苍。朔风吹过,发出万马奔腾的松涛声。那一望无际的桦树林,好像千百株银枝玉树,俊秀挺拔地屹立在冰天雪地中";"咱这疙瘩呀,是‘棒打獐子瓢舀鱼,雉鸡飞到饭锅里’。汽车在公路上撞死几个挡道的狍子,跟你们南方碾死一条蛇一样不稀     

我国近代发酵工业的先驱——金培松

金培松(又名金柏卿,英文名Pei-sung King)1906年10月30日生于浙江省东阳后岑山村.童年时他是在农村渡过,牛角挂书,放牛识字.1919年进入东阳县长山小学,1923年高小毕业,入东阳县城初级中学,3年后毕业,考入浙江省立第一中学高中部,1年后因家庭经济困难辍学,1927年9月以高中肄业学历被上海劳动大学农学院农艺化学系录取,1931年毕业.     

Species Account of Anura ns from the Western Slope of Mt. Kita nglad,Mindanao Island,Philippines

The Mt. Kitanglad Range is one of the country’s important key biodiversity sites;however, information about anuran diversity in this protected area remains depauperate. Herein we provided accounts of anuran species from high-elevation forests, in three sites of the western slope of Mt. Kitanglad range. The combined belt-transect sampling and microha bitat searches accounted for 13 species representing five families. The most represented family was Rhacophoridae with five representative species of the genus Philautus. Twelve out of the 13 species documented in the current survey are endemic. Four previously unaccounted species(Pelophr yne brevipes, Pulchrana grandocula, Sanguirana mearnsi, and Philautus surrufus) were added and brought the total anurans known from Mt. Kitanglad to 26 species. Most of the species were also recorded in forested sites, suggestive of their lesser affinity to non-forested ecosystems. The additional species detected during our survey may also imply that full understanding of anuran diversity of Mt. Kitanglad remains far from complete.     

2008年春鄱阳湖区斑背大尾莺状况

2008年1月下旬至2月上旬在中国南方广大地区发生冻雨雪灾害,给在鄱阳湖区越冬的斑背大尾莺(Locustella pryeri)带来不利影响,据3月上旬的调查,原本在江西鄱阳湖南矶湿地国家级自然保护区内广泛分布的斑背大尾莺已变得十分稀少.     

欧洲鳗鲡红头病病原的研究

我国南方各省欧洲鳗鲡养殖过程中,在黑仔及幼鳗期易发生一种以头部充血发红为主要特征的严重疾病,被称为“红头病”。本文描述了欧鳗红头病的症状,从病鳗血液中分离到３株菌,肌注和口服人工感染试验出现与自然发病相似的症状,死亡率分别９ ８３％和６７％,从病鳗身上重新分离到性状的菌株。４株分离菌的特性完全一致。均为革兰氏阴性杆菌,以周鞭毛运动,兼性压氧,发酵葡萄糖产酸,氧化酶阴性,过氧化氢酶阳性,还原硝酸盐Ｖ     

欧洲鳗鲡外周血细胞的显微和超微结构

利用光镜和透射电镜技术研究了欧洲鳗鲡（Anguilla anguilla）外周血细胞的显微和亚显微结构。结果表明：在外周血细胞中可以区分出红细胞、单核细胞、大淋巴细胞、小淋巴细胞、嗜中性粒细胞和血栓细胞;嗜中性粒细胞内的特殊颗粒包括A、B、C三型;嗜中性粒细胞分为Ⅰ型粒细胞（内含A、B、C三种特殊颗粒）、Ⅱ型粒细胞（内含A型和C型两种特殊颗粒）和Ⅲ型粒细胞（内含C型特殊颗粒）。还见到幼稚的和正在分裂的红细胞和单核细胞,提示示幼稚的红细胞能直接进入外周血流中,嗜酸性粒细胞和嗜碱性粒细胞无论在血涂片上或超薄切片上均未见到。描述了上述各种血细胞在光镜和电镜观察下的形态和细微结构。血栓细胞体积最小,嗜中性粒细胞体积最大;淋巴细胞数目最多,嗜中性粒细胞数目最少。     

鳗鲡属六种鱼类形态判别研究

使用方差分析、判别分析及主成分等方法对鳗鲡属下6种鱼类(花鳗鲡Anguilla marmorata、菲律宾鳗鲡 A.bicolor Pacifica、美洲鳗鲡 A.rostrala、欧洲鳗鲡 A.anguilla、日本鳗鲡 A.Japonica、澳洲鳗鲡 A.australis australis脊椎骨数、传统可量数据及现代的框架数据进行了研究.结果表明:1)脊椎骨数方面,6种鳗鲡在总脊椎骨数、背鳍前脊椎骨数、背鳍一臀鳍起点间脊椎骨数等几个参数上几乎都存在显著差异,可据此予以区分,主成分分布图上6种鳗鲡彼此分开;2)外形的12项可量数据和16项框架数据的分析结果表明,背鳍前长/全长、背鳍起点一脊椎末端/全长两个比例性状在6种鳗鲡之间均表现出显著差异,可以作为判别这几种鳗鲡的特定参数,互相证实准确率为99.2%,前3个主成分的方差贡献率累积达67.74%,它包含了28个变量中的23个,这些变量分布在鱼体的前、中、后各部位,由此可见6种鳗鲡的区别散布于全身,而非集中于某一区段;3)上述两大类数据的聚类结果完全一致,菲律宾鳗鲡与花鳗鲡、美洲鳗鲡与日本鳗鲡最为相似.     

日本鳗鲡的C-型和G-型溶菌酶研究

研究以日本鳗鲡(Anguilla japonica Temminck et Schlegel)为研究对象, 根据其基因组数据库, 预测并扩增出2类, 共5个溶菌酶基因, 包括1个C-型溶菌酶和4个G-型溶菌酶, 分别命名为AJLysC、AJLysG1、AJLysG2、AJLysG3和AJLysG4。它们的cDNA全长分别为811、749、1352、1175和733 bp, 编码143、193、185、185和187个氨基酸。SignalP预测表明, AJLysC和AJLysG1的N-端分别包括15和19氨基酸的信号肽, 另外3种溶菌酶没有信号肽。基因组分析显示, AJLysC、AJLysG2、AJLysG3和AJLysG4的基因结构与其他鱼类的同类溶菌酶的基因结构相似, C-型溶菌酶具有4个外显子, G-型则具有5个。但是, AJLysG1的基因结构与其他鱼类G-型溶菌酶不同, 具有6个外显子, 与其他鱼类溶菌酶的蛋白序列比较, 发现AJLysG1缺失其他G-型溶菌酶存在的第2个酶活性位点氨基酸, 即天冬氨酸Asp。AJLysC与其他很多物种的C-型溶菌酶具有较高的同一性, 如与牙鲆的同一性为72.7%。G-型溶菌酶中AJLysG2、AJLysG3、AJLysG4彼此之间以及与其他物种G-型溶菌酶的同一性相对较高; 而AJLysG1与其他物种以及与其他3种G-型溶菌酶的同一性均不高, 且都在50%以下。组织表达分析显示, 所有5个溶菌酶基因在12种检测的组织中均有表达。C-型溶菌酶在胃及免疫相关组织的表达量较高; G-型溶菌酶在各组织/器官中的表达则差异较大, AJLysG1在皮肤和肌肉中的表达量最高, AJLysG2在免疫组织/器官如血液、头肾、体肾和鳃中表达量较高。经迟缓爱德华氏菌(Edwardsiella tarda)刺激48h后, 这5个溶菌酶基因在组织/器官中的表达量均有上调, 其中在血液、肠道和头肾等的上调较为显著。此外, 研究尝试重组表达这些抗菌肽, 获得了AJLysG2、AJLysG3和AJLysG4基因在鲤上皮瘤细胞(Epithelioma papulosum cyprinid, EPC)细胞中的表达, 重组蛋白表现出对溶壁微球菌(Micrococcus lyso-deikticus)生长的明显抑制作用。文章较全面地研究了日本鳗鲡溶菌酶基因的组成和类型及其表达变化, 并重组表达了部分基因, 这为进一步研究这些溶菌酶的功能, 特别是对病原微生物的作用奠定了基础。     

日本鳗鲡精子形成过程中的形态结构特点

本文通过扫描电镜、透射电镜观察了日本鳗鲡（Anguilla japonica）精子形成的特殊过程及产生细胞器的特殊结构。由精细胞变成精子包括四个特殊阶段,即经过早期、中期、晚期和精子期．最后形成正常成熟的精子．（1）早期阶段：其特征是细胞核由椭圆形逐步变成长条形;在细胞核的一端．有一个大的圆的染色较浅的形状似球形的特殊结构,约占细胞核的三分之一,其内含有少量着色深的颗粒状和线条状物质,外面由质膜包被着与细胞核分开,该结构和细胞核的外层还有一层质膜包着形成一个整体：精子早期阶段没有形成独立的线粒体和中心粒。（2）中期阶段：其特征是细胞核呈长条形．有球形结构的一端成为细胞核的上端,无球形结构的一端成为细胞核的下端,在下端出现鞭毛的原基;球形结构伴随着精子的发生也发生变化,内部逐步分化出中心粒和线粒体等细胞器：在细胞核的中段有明显的溶酶体分布。（3）晚期阶段：其特征是细胞核呈“眉形”或“新月形”．中心粒从球形结构中释放出来形成独立结构．球形结构中只剩下还没有形成独立结构的线粒体：在细胞核的下端鞭毛的原基处长出较长的鞭毛,这时期的精子已具有运动能力。（4）精子期：其特征是细胞核呈圆形,中心粒位于植入窝内,线粒体分布在细胞核的下面．在线粒体的下面有袖套腔形成,此时形成的鞭毛为“9＋2”结构。日本鳗鲡精子经过四个时期的变态．才能形成真正成熟的精子。     

鳗鲡出血性开口病的病理学研究

本文报告了我国发生的一种鳗鲡病毒病──鳗鲡出血性开口病的组织病理变化：肝、肾、脾脏组织出血、细胞变性,骨质内有大县白细胞浸润,肝、肾、脾脏细胞超微结构病理变化明显,肾、脾脏造血组织和外周血细胞出现核染色质边集、奇异形核,大量髓鞘样结构、自噬体和自噬溶酶体等,并可见类似凋亡细胞及调亡小体结构和邻近细胞内吞噬体增多现象。根据骨组织中白细胞浸润及器官和血液中部分细胞结构已出现异型性特征,作者认为,鳗鲡出血性开口病可能有癌变的趋势．     

爱德华氏菌人工经口感染及病理观察

用从病鱼体内分离到的福建爱德华氏茵（Ｅｄａｗａｒｄｓｉｅｌｌａｆｕｊｉａｍｅｎｓｉｓ）人工经口感染鳗鲡获得成功,证明该菌由消化道传染。人工感染后一系列组织病理观察表明：该菌对肝脏的损害是致肝细胞融解形成灶性坏死,对肾脏引起造血组织增生。当继发感染气单胞菌（Ａｅｒｏｍｏ－ｎａｓ）后,灶性坏死区形成脓肿。继发感染是爱德华氏病致死的原因,同时也是鳗鲡爱德华氏病症伏表现为肝脏型或肾脏型两种类型的原因。     

鳗鲡肝脏、脾脏显微与超微结构

经光镜和电镜观察发现：鳗鲡肝脏的肝小叶不规则。肝细胞胞质内富含多种细胞器及包含物。胆小管由２—４个肝细胞围成，相邻肝细胞间有连接复合体封闭胆小管。肝血窦为有孔型、孔处无隔膜，内有巨噬细胞。窦周隙明显，未见贮脂细胞。肝细胞向胆小管腔与窦周隙面伸出许多指状微绒毛。脾脏内白髓中淋巴细胞聚集成群，未见明显脾小结、淋巴鞘。红髓由脾索与脾窦组成，动脉分支末端（壁厚的毛细血管）可开放于红髓，无明显巨噬细胞中心。脾窦及脾小动脉内皮细胞通常为长杆状、沿血管纵向平行排列。脾窦为有孔型，孔处可见薄的隔膜。脾小动脉内皮外为２—５层平滑肌（多数为纵行）。