数字PCR技术及其在检测领域的应用

随着分子生物学技术的不断发展和需求的多样化,用于核酸检测的各种PCR衍生技术应运而生。数字PCR是一种单分子水平的大规模分区扩增定量核酸检测技术。该技术以微腔室/微孔或微滴作为PCR反应器,无需校准物和绘制标准曲线即可实现对样品初始浓度的绝对定量,具有高灵敏度、高特异性和高精确度的特点。本文详细介绍了数字PCR的技术发展史、作用原理以及仪器平台类型,系统阐述了数字PCR在转基因检测、疾病诊断、环境及食品监管等方面的应用概况,并对该技术的应用前景进行了展望,以期对未来数字PCR的开发利用提供参考。     

数字PCR技术在核酸标准物质研制中的应用

在标准物质研制领域,生物标准物质的研制逐渐成为了研究热点,同时基于核酸的检测技术的开发与应用又推动了核酸标准物质的进程。核酸标准物质需要高级别、精准的定值方法,数字PCR作为单分子定量技术得到了广泛的应用。数字PCR是一种测定核酸分子的绝对定量方法,如微滴式数字PCR是采用油包水形成的微滴作为反应室,将含有DNA模板的反应溶液分配到大量独立的反应室中进行扩增反应,再通过统计反应室中的阳性信号来定量DNA的拷贝数,从而达到精确定量核酸拷贝数的目的。综述了近年来关于数字PCR及其在核酸标准物质研究领域的最新应用进展,重点综述了其在转基因检测、医疗诊断等领域的应用进展,以期为核酸标准物质的研制提供参考。     

数字PCR定量检测血浆中环状RNA方法的建立

生物标志物一直是医学领域的研究热点.目前主要以实时荧光定量PCR技术作为分子诊断的检测手段,用于大样本的核酸检测,但该技术具有限制性,会导致假阴性.作为第三代PCR的数字PCR技术,优化并提高了检测灵敏度,无需标准曲线实现绝对定量检测,大大提高了检测的精准度,尤其是对于低表达RNA的检测,显得更为出色.本研究以hsa_circ_0061276为例,利用微滴式数字PCR EvaGreen染料法对血浆中hsa_circ_0061276的拷贝数进行绝对定量地检测,成功检测出胃炎和胃癌患者血浆中hsa_circ_0061276的具体拷贝数.因此,数字PCR作为新型检测技术在临床实际应用中有较大推广价值.     

数字聚合酶链反应及其在感染性疾病中的应用

数字聚合酶链反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)采用与定量PCR相同的荧光化学原理和不同的数学原理来实现对靶标核酸序列的绝对定量,其摒弃了对外部参照的依赖,同时具有更高的数据精密度,提高了重复性和再现性。数字PCR的应用涵盖生命科学众多领域,特别是在医学检验领域,其对疾病相关核酸分子标记的准确分析,为疾病的早期诊断、进展监测、疗效评估提供了动态量化指标。数字PCR的出现将推动基于核酸扩增技术的分子生物学检测迈入精准定量阶段。本文就数字PCR尤其是微滴式数字PCR在感染性疾病中的应用进展及前沿进行综述。     

基于微滴式数字PCR技术的甲型流感病毒绝对定量方法的建立及应用

数字PCR(Digital PCR,dPCR)是核酸绝对定量的新方法,然而,基于dPCR的甲型流感病毒(Influenza A virus,FluA)绝对定量方法还未系统建立。本研究首先对微滴式dPCR的退火温度进行了梯度优化,确定了dPCR反应的最佳退火温度为64.4℃;利用FluA核酸标准品,确定了微滴式dPCR对FluA的检测范围为37.7~8.22"104拷贝/#L,检测的检出限为3.77拷贝/反应。微滴式dPCR的检测结果与标准品拷贝数的相关系数为R2=0.9988,提示该方法检测结果具有较高的可信度。用建立好的微滴式dPCR方法可对待测临床样本中的FluA进行了拷贝数定量。因此本研究建立了基于微滴式dPCR的FluA绝对定量方法,可有效地对临床样本中甲型流感病毒载量进行绝对定量,为临床研究中病毒载量的测定提供了一种技术。     

基于微滴式数字PCR技术的甲型流感病毒绝对定量方法的建立及应用北大核心CSCD

数字PCR(Digital PCR,dPCR)是核酸绝对定量的新方法,然而,基于dPCR的甲型流感病毒(Influenza A virus,FluA)绝对定量方法还未系统建立。本研究首先对微滴式dPCR的退火温度进行了梯度优化,确定了dPCR反应的最佳退火温度为64.4℃;利用FluA核酸标准品,确定了微滴式dPCR对FluA的检测范围为37.7~8.22"104拷贝/#L,检测的检出限为3.77拷贝/反应。微滴式dPCR的检测结果与标准品拷贝数的相关系数为R2=0.9988,提示该方法检测结果具有较高的可信度。用建立好的微滴式dPCR方法可对待测临床样本中的FluA进行了拷贝数定量。因此本研究建立了基于微滴式dPCR的FluA绝对定量方法,可有效地对临床样本中甲型流感病毒载量进行绝对定量,为临床研究中病毒载量的测定提供了一种技术。     

转基因抗虫耐除草剂玉米MON87411精准定量检测方法的建立

【目的】抗虫耐除草剂玉米MON87411是孟山都远东有限公司利用农杆菌介导方法研发的玉米转化体,已获得我国进口用作加工原料的农业转基因生物安全证书。为满足生物安全监管的要求,亟需建立该转化体的定量检测方法。【方法】根据抗虫耐除草剂玉米MON87411的两端旁侧序列信息设计引物和Taqman探针,进行引物筛选、特异性检测、PCR体系优化、标准曲线建立、正确度及精密度检测、检出限及定量限测试、微滴数字PCR方法验证等。【结果】该方法能特异、定量地检测出抗虫耐除草剂玉米MON87411转化体成分,检出限低至10拷贝,定量限为40拷贝。对测试样品定值准确,经微滴数字PCR方法验证结果一致。【结论】本方法为该新品种转基因玉米品系的精准定量提供了一种新的检测方法,为生物安全监管提供了有效的技术支撑。     

数字PCR在功能核酸精准检测中的研究进展

数字PCR是近年来迅速发展起来的一种定量分析技术。该技术结果判定不依赖于扩增曲线的循环阈值(Ct),不受扩增效率的影响,具有很好的准确度和重现性,并且可以实现绝对定量分析。数字PCR已经在功能核酸检测、鉴定等研究领域显示出巨大的技术优势和应用前景。在对数字PCR技术的基本原理和定量方法介绍的基础上,对该技术在功能核酸检测的主要应用领域进行综述,并对数字PCR在功能核酸检测领域中的研究前景做出了展望。     

利用微滴数字PCR方法快速分析转基因玉米中外源基因的拷贝数

以玉米自交系501幼胚为受体材料,首先将来自球形节杆菌的EPSPS基因(G23V)按玉米密码子偏爱性进行优化与人工合成,并且将其克隆到表达载体pBAC9200中;然后利用农杆菌介导法将质粒载体转入玉米自交系501的幼胚中。经过愈伤诱导、草甘膦抗性筛选和分化培养最终获得14株转化再生植株。经PCR、RT-PCR检测表明,其中5株目的基因G23V-EPSPS稳定整合且在转录水平获得表达。随后,利用微滴数字PCR技术对外源基因拷贝数进行了检测分析,分析结果表明在5株阳性转基因植株中,外源基因G23V-EPSPS拷贝数分别为0.12、1.0、0.9、1.89和0.66,介于0~2之间。成功建立了草甘膦抗性基因G23V-EPSPS在玉米中的遗传转化体系,为以新型高抗草甘膦G23V-EPSPS基因作为转基因玉米筛选标记基因奠定了基础;而且以微滴数字PCR技术代替传统的Southern Blot简便快速的完成外源基因拷贝数的分析,为微滴数字PCR技术在转基因外源基因拷贝数检测上的广泛应用做了初步的探索。     

畜禽养殖粪污中典型致病菌的三重微滴式数字PCR定量检测方法的建立北大核心CSCD

为精准、快速检测畜禽养殖粪污中典型致病微生物,减少人畜共患病的传播风险,以金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希氏菌(O157:H7)和肠炎沙门氏菌3种常见致病菌为研究对象,通过筛选其特异性引物与探针、优化反应系统,建立起快速、稳定的多重微滴式数字PCR(droplet digital PCR,ddPCR)反应体系。通过检测不同菌株验证该体系的特异性,并确定畜禽养殖废弃物致病菌的检出限,开发出多重微滴数字PCR快速检测方法。研究结果表明,各对引物探针对目标菌株均能扩增,ddPCR体系内未出现交叉反应,检测肠炎沙门氏菌的绝对定量检测低限为0.68 copies/μL;检测金黄色葡萄球菌的绝对定量检测低限为0.79 copies/μL;检测大肠埃希氏菌的绝对定量检测低限为1.02 copies/μL。研究建立的方法可实现对畜禽养殖粪污中3种典型致病菌的高效率、高精度的检测。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.