葡萄糖和δ-氨基酮戊酸促进水稻在黑暗中合成叶绿素

本研究检测单子叶被子植物水稻(Oryza sativa L.)在完全黑暗中是否能合成叶绿素.以5 cm高的水稻黄化幼苗为研究材料,在黑暗中用不同浓度的葡萄糖和δ-氨基酮戊酸(δ-aminolevulinic acid, ALA)处理之.定时采收叶片检测其叶绿素、原卟啉Ⅸ (Proto)、 Mg-原卟啉Ⅸ (Mg-Proto)及原叶绿酸酯(Pchlide)的含量,并计算它们的卟啉的摩尔百分比.在黑暗中12 d,水稻幼苗的叶绿素从2.5 μg/g增加到7.5 μg/g,但叶绿素总量从0.36 μg/g增至3.6 μg/g.在黑暗中未经处理的幼苗Proto、Mg-Proto及Pchlide的摩尔百分比分别为65%、27.5%和7.5%; 而光照下幼苗相应的摩尔百分比分别为42.5%、35.0%和22.5%.在黑暗中用葡萄糖处理水稻黄化幼苗2 d,其卟啉的摩尔百分比即可恢复到正常值(如光照下之相同比例).在黑暗中以3%和6%的葡萄糖处理水稻黄化幼苗2 d,其叶绿素含量分别增加2.5和4.0倍;若同时辅以1 mmol/L δ-氨基酮戊酸,其叶绿素含量分别增加22和24倍.因此,被子植物在黑暗中可以合成叶绿素;葡萄糖或δ-氨基酮戊酸可以促进被子植物在黑暗中合成叶绿素;葡萄糖和δ-氨基酮戊酸并用有加成作用.葡萄糖或δ-氨基酮戊酸促进水稻在黑暗中合成叶绿素的生理机制有待研究.     

葡萄糖和δ—氨基酮戊酸促进水稻在黑暗中合成叶绿素

本研究检测单子叶被子植物水稻（Oryza sativaL.)在完全黑暗中是否能合成叶绿素。以5cm高的水稻黄化幼苗为研究材料,在黑暗中用不同浓度的葡萄糖和δ-氨基酮戊酸（δ-aminolevulinic acid,ALA)处理之,定时采收叶片检测其叶绿素,原卟啉Ⅸ（Proto),Mg-原卟啉Ⅸg-Proto)及原叶绿酸酯（Pchlide)的含量,并计算它们的卟啉的摩尔百分比。在黑暗中12d,水稻幼苗的叶绿素从2.5μg/g增加到7.5μg/g,但叶绿素总量从0.36μg/g增至3.6μg/g。在黑暗中未经处理的幼苗Proto,Mg-Proto及Pchlide的摩尔百分比分别为65%,27.5%和7.5%;而光照下幼苗相应的摩尔百分比分别为42.5%,35.0%和22.5%。在黑暗中用葡萄糖处理水稻黄化幼苗2d。其卟啉的摩尔百分比即可恢复到正常值（如光照下之相同比例）。在黑暗中以3%和6%的葡萄糖处理水稻黄化幼苗2d,其叶绿素含量分别增加2.5和4.0倍;若同时辅以1mmool/Lδ-氨基酮戊酸,其叶绿素含量分别增加22和24倍,因此,被子植物在黑暗中可以合成叶绿素;葡萄糖或δ-氨基酮戊酸可以促进被子植物在黯部合成叶绿素;葡萄糖和δ-氨基酮戊酸并用有加成作用。葡萄糖或δ-氨基酮戊酸促进水稻在黑暗中合成叶绿素在生理机制有待研究。     

大肠杆菌产L-苯丙氨酸发酵调控及代谢通量分析

考察了外源添加中间代谢产物、维生素B1和硫酸镁对大肠杆菌发酵产L-苯丙氨酸的影响,结果表明,添加1g/L柠檬酸三钠、1g/Lα-酮戊二酸、150mg/L维生素B1及3g/L硫酸镁均对L-苯丙氨酸的合成有利。根据构建的大肠杆菌合成L-苯丙氨酸的生化反应网络,利用代谢通量分析其原因。结果表明,这些物质的添加均可以调节G6P和PEP节点处的代谢通量分布,为L-苯丙氨酸的合成提供更多的前体物质赤藓糖四磷酸(E4P)、磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸(PEP)和还原力NADPH。通过补料分批发酵实验得出,优化后菌体对总葡萄糖的消耗提高了24.49%,菌体终浓度提高了23.50%,L-苯丙氨酸的终浓度提高了62.87%,L-苯丙氨酸的收率提高了30.88%,乙酸的合成降低了56.51%。     

D-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂的研究

用高灵敏度的荧光法研究了13种糖类化合物对α或β-D-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制作用．实验结果表明：5-氨基-5-脱氧-D-吡喃葡萄糖-1-磺酸铵盐（1）、5-氨基-5-脱氧-D-吡喃葡萄糖-1-磺酸（2）、5-氨基-5-脱氧-D-葡萄糖-1．亚硫酸加成物（3）等三种氮杂糖对α或β-D-葡萄糖苷酶均呈现竞争性抑制作用．化合物（1）的Kiα＝372μmol／L;Kiβ＝6．38μmol/L．化合物（2）的Kiα＝34．4μmol／L;Kiβ＝6．84μmol／L．化合物（3）的Kiα＝47．2μmol/L;Kiβ＝11．9μmol/L．上述三个化合物对β-D-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制作用都强子α-D-葡萄糖苷酶．尤其对化合物（1）,其Kiα／Kiβ＝58．3,表明其抑制糖苷酶活性有较好的选择性．     

偶联基于酮还原酶的NADH再生系统一锅法酶催化合成L-2-氨基丁酸

以廉价易得的L-苏氨酸为原料,利用在大肠杆菌中重组表达的苏氨酸脱氨酶和亮氨酸脱氢酶,并偶联基于酮还原酶的NADH再生系统一锅法制备L-2-氨基丁酸。以L-2-氨基丁酸的产率为指标,考察了一锅法酶催化制备L-2-氨基丁酸的最适p H、L-苏氨酸浓度及异丙醇浓度。在最适p H 7.5~8.0,L-苏氨酸浓度50g/L,添加5%的异丙醇及0.5g/L NAD+,分别加入0.6g/L苏氨酸脱氨酶、2g/L亮氨酸脱氢酶及2g/L酮还原酶,反应20h,可实现L-2-氨基丁酸的摩尔产率为99%,产量为43g/L。该结果为L-2-氨基丁酸的制备提供了一种新的思路。     

游动放线菌Actinoplanes sp.SE50/110中阿卡波糖脱氧氨基糖单元的生物合成

【目的】解析Actinoplanes sp.SE50/110(简称SE50/110)中阿卡波糖脱氧氨基糖单元的生物合成机制。【方法】经过BLASTp分析,推测了Acb A、Acb B和Acb V负责阿卡波糖脱氧氨基糖单元的生物合成。首先,本研究在SE50/110中分别构建了acb A、acb B和acb V的同框缺失和回补突变株。然后,利用大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)/p Gro7分别对Acb A、Acb B和Acb V成功实现了可溶性表达。最后,以D-葡萄糖-1-磷酸为起始底物,通过体外催化反应,研究脱氧氨基糖单元的生物合成过程和相关蛋白的酶学性质。【结果】在SE50/110中分别缺失acb A、acb B和acb V基因后,相应突变株均丧失了阿卡波糖的合成能力,将acb A、acb B和acb V基因分别回补后,各菌株又恢复了阿卡波糖的合成能力,证明了它们均为阿卡波糖生物合成的必需基因。在体外酶促反应中,D-葡萄糖-1-磷酸-胸腺嘧啶转移酶Acb A催化D-葡萄糖-1-磷酸和d TTP合成d TDP-D-葡萄糖,对D-葡萄糖-1-磷酸的Km值为(0.185±0.053)mmol/L,Vmax为(2.366±0.217)μmol/(min·mg);对d TTP的Km值为(4.964±1.089)mmol/L,Vmax为(60.310±5.419)μmol/(min·mg)。d TDP-D-葡萄糖-4,6-脱水酶Acb B催化d TDP-D-葡萄糖转化为d TDP-4-酮基-6-脱氧-D-葡萄糖,Km值和Vmax分别为(0.353±0.089)mmol/L和(306.401±28.740)μmol/(min·mg)。氨基转移酶Acb V催化d TDP-4-酮基-6-脱氧-D-葡萄糖生成d TDP-4-氨基-4,6-双脱氧-D-葡萄糖,Km值和Vmax分别为(1.411±0.293)mmol/L和(3.447±0.279)μmol/(min·mg)。【结论】本研究阐明了阿卡波糖脱氧氨基糖单元的生物合成过程,为全面解析阿卡波糖生物合成途径奠定了基础。同时,测定了相关酶的动力学参数,为代谢工程改造SE50/110,提高阿卡波糖产量提供了重要的理论依据。     

营养条件对光滑球拟酵母积累α-酮戊二酸的影响

以光滑拟球酵母为研究模型,研究α-酮戊二酸的浓度情况。通过单因素实验得到α-酮戊二酸积累最佳浓度的各单因素条件为：葡萄糖浓度140g／L,NH4Cl浓度5g／L。在碳源（30g/L葡萄糖初始浓度）匮乏条件下加入丙酮酸30g／L,在此条件下丙酮酸转化为α－酮戊二酸的转化率最高达53．7％。以30g／L丙酮酸为唯一碳源时在7L发酵罐中光滑拟球酵母可生成浓度为10．7g/Lα-酮戊二酸,外源丙酮酸的转化率可达66．9％。这一结果表明,T．glabrata具有将丙酮酸转化为α-KG的能力。     

大肠杆菌全细胞转化联产L-2-氨基丁酸和D-葡萄糖酸

以大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)为表达宿主,构建两株分别表达L-苏氨酸脱氨酶(LTD,基因来源大肠杆菌)和共表达亮氨酸脱氢酶(LDH,来源蜡样芽孢杆菌)/葡萄糖脱氢酶(GDH,来源枯草芽孢杆菌)的重组大肠杆菌,在此基础上,构建了一种以L-苏氨酸和D-葡萄糖为底物联产L-2-氨基丁酸(L-ABA)和D-葡萄糖酸的全细胞转化系统。通过转化条件(温度、p H、细胞通透性和菌体量)优化,并采用分批补料策略,164 g/L L-苏氨酸和248 g/L D-葡萄糖最终转化得到141.6 g/L的L-ABA和269.4 g/L的D-葡萄糖酸,时空得率分别达到7.1 g/(L?h)和13.5 g/(L?h),得率超过99%。本研究使用价格低廉的大宗化学品高效率生产出有较高附加值的产物,全细胞转化系统无需额外添加昂贵的辅酶,更适用于工业化生产。     

基于稳健性设计优化L-赖氨酸发酵过程

目的:选择发酵系统中各可控因素的最佳水平组合,从而减少各种干扰的影响,以获得稳健的赖氨酸产量。方法:利用田口法的内外表与Box性能规则优化赖氨酸发酵条件。结果:通过实验得知,转速、硫酸铵和葡萄糖浓度对发酵影响较大;结果稳定的最优发酵条件为初始葡萄糖浓度为80g/L、硫酸铵浓度为42g/L、转速为225r/min、初始pH值为6.7、接种量为8%。经实验验证,最优化发酵条件是低灵敏度的,最优目标值比较稳健。在10L自动发酵罐上培养65h,L-赖氨酸盐酸盐的产量为165.68g/L,比优化前提高了12.4%。结论:基于稳健性设计所得的最优发酵条件参数,可使目的产物产量稳定,便于生产操作。     

聚-ε-赖氨酸补料发酵的初步研究

在5L自动发酵罐中,通过分批发酵和补料分批发酵,对白色链霉菌(Strepomyces albulus)生物合成聚-ε-赖氨酸(ε-PL)进行了初步研究。结果表明,在分批发酵中,利用pH控制策略,ε-PL产量从0.6 g/L提高到2.4 g/L。在分批补料发酵中,采用pH控制策略,当糖浓度在10g/L以下,补加葡萄糖和硫酸铵,则菌体大量生长,ε-PL产量提高到16.81 g/L,为分批培养的27倍。     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Identification and Characterization of the First Equine Parainfluenza Virus 5

正Dear Editor,Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5), known as canine parainfluenza virus in the veterinary field, is a negative-sense,nonsegmented, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family (Chen 2018). The virus was first reported in primary monkey kidney cells in 1954 (Hsiung1972), then it has been frequently discovered in various     

Pathogenic Characterization and Full Length Genome Sequence of a Reassortant Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Newly Isolated in Pakistan

<正>Dear Editor,Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is one of the most important diseases of the poultry. The IBD virus (IBDV), a nonenveloped virus belonging to the Birnaviridae family with a genome consisting of two segments of double-stranded RNA (segments A and B), targets B lymphocytes of bursa of Fabricious leading to immunosuppression. In Pakistan,poultry farming is the second biggest industry and IBD is the second biggest disease threating the poultry sector.However, there is limited genome information of IBDV