重组腺相关病毒包装容量研究进展

在以病毒载体介导的基因治疗研究中,重组腺相关病毒(rAAV)因其疗效和安全性方面的优势,是最有临床应用前景的载体。但其转基因包装容量一般不能超过5.0kb,给需要转导大片段基因的应用带来了困难,限制了rAAV在基因治疗研究中的应用。随着对rAAV细胞转导生物学过程研究的不断深入,发现了一些可以突破rAAV包装容量限制的技术,如反式剪接和同源重组策略,为拓展该载体应用范围提供了可能性。另外,rAAV包装容量限制的特点还可以被用来减少生产过程中具有可复制能力的类病毒杂质的污染,为rAAV的临床安全性提供了保障。     

利用BmNPV-家蚕表达系统包装重组腺相关病毒2型（rAAV2）研究

腺相关病毒（adeno-associated virus,AAV）是基因治疗中最常用的病毒载体之一,目前用于基因治疗的AAV多利用苜蓿银纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒表达系统（AcMNPV-sf9）包装,但较高的包装成本限制了AAV在基因治疗中的广泛应用。家蚕杆状病毒表达系统与AcMNPV-sf9系统相比,具有包装量更高、成本更低的优势,因此更适用于包装重组腺相关病毒（recombinant adeno-associated virus,rAAV）。首先,将AAV2功能基因cap和rep进行序列优化后合成,克隆到杆状病毒转移载体pVL1393上,将增强型绿色荧光蛋白（enhanced green fluorescent protein,EGFP）基因和荧光素酶（luciferase,Luc）基因分别作为报告基因克隆到含有巨噬细胞病毒IE（cytomegalovirus-IE,CMV-IE）启动子的病毒转移载体pVL1393-ITRs-MCS上。随后,将构建好的转移载体分别与缺陷型家蚕杆状病毒reBmBac共转染BmN细胞系,获得分别重组有cap、rep和报告基因的家蚕杆状病毒（Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus,BmNPV）。再将纯化的重组病毒（reBm-Cap2、reBm-Rep2）与reBm-EGFP、reBm-Luc分别混合后感染家蚕,收获其表达产物,纯化得到含有目的基因的rAAV病毒。利用rAAV病毒感染哺乳动物细胞后,通过检测EGFP、Luc的表达状态来验证rAAV包装成功与否。结果显示,利用家蚕杆状病毒系统成功包装了rAAV2,并且在哺乳动物细胞中实现了报告基因的表达。     

降低重组腺相关病毒载体免疫反应的策略

重组腺相关病毒(Recombinant adeno-associated virus,rAAV)载体在基因治疗研究中应用广泛,但可能引发机体产生免疫反应,限制了其在基因治疗领域的临床应用,如何降低rAAV载体的免疫反应已经成为基因治疗领域的研究重点之一。本文从对rAAV载体的选择和对患者免疫抑制调控两个方面介绍降低rAAV载体免疫反应的策略。     

腺相关病毒的衣壳装配和DNA衣壳化机制

重组腺相关病毒载体 (rAAV) 是基因治疗临床应用载体的选择之一。在简述野生型AAV基因组结构和复制机制的基础上,阐述了AAV包装过程中两个主要事件：衣壳蛋白的装配和基因组DNA的衣壳化。虽然对AAV的包装机制总体上已有一定的认识,但其详细的分子机制、构效关系仍需完善和充实。AAV病毒本身相关机制的深入研究有助于改善rAAV载体的制备技术,促进rAAV基因药物研发。     

重组腺相关病毒载体的研究进展

重组腺相关病毒(rAAV)载体作为基因治疗的工具,具有无致病性、长期表达、低免疫原性和感染多种细胞等特点.因此,rAAV载体越来越受到重视.就rAAV载体在生物学特性、构建、安全性和应用方面作一介绍.     

化学修饰的重组腺相关病毒载体

重组腺相关病毒(Recombinant adenovirus-associated virus,rAAV)载体源于腺相关病毒(Adeno-associated virus,AAV),以其无致病性、低免疫原性、可定点整合及在宿主细胞内长期表达等优势,广泛应用于肿瘤和遗传疾病等基因治疗研究,被视为最有前途的基因治疗载体之一。但是人体内广泛存在AAV中和抗体,以及rAAV对体内特定组织或细胞的靶向性欠理想,限制了其在临床上的应用。经化学修饰的rAAV可以抵御血清中和抗体,提高转导靶向性,还可实现rAAV体内动态监测,这为解决当前rAAV载体的问题提供了新的思路和方法。本文对化学修饰的rAAV展开系统阐述,并对其未来发展趋势作出展望。     

重组腺相关病毒生产方法研究进展

重组腺相关病毒(rAAV)作为基因治疗的载体,具有感染范围广、能在宿主细胞中长久稳定表达外源基因和非致病性等优点,因此在基因治疗领域倍受青睐。rAAV的大规模制备技术一直是限制其临床广泛应用的瓶颈。近年来,有许多改进rAAV制备工艺的尝试。我们在介绍rAAV载体制备所需各种元件的基础上,对这些方法进行了简要综述。     

一种高效的重组腺伴随病毒载体生产系统

重组腺伴随病毒(recombinant adeno-associated virus, rAAV)载体是目前较理想的基因治疗载体之一,但难以大规模制备一直是影响其广泛应用的主要因素.曾组建了一种表达2型腺伴随病毒(adeno-associated virus type 2,AAV-2) Rep和Cap的重组1型单纯疱疹病毒HSV1-rc/DUL2,现在此基础上,证实了该重组病毒支持rAAV的复制与包装,包装出的rAAV具有感染性;构建了携带新霉素抗性基因、适合多种外源基因插入的通用型rAAV载体质粒pSNAV-2及表达绿色荧光蛋白(green fluorescent protein, GFP)的rAAV载体质粒pSNAV-2-GFP,建立了稳定携带GFP基因表达盒的rAAV载体细胞株;确定了HSV1-rc/DUL2感染载体细胞株时的最佳感染复数(multiplicity of infection, MOI)为0.1;采用“一种病毒感染一个载体细胞株”的策略,用“感染”的方式代替传统的“转染”方式,使每个细胞产生的rAAV比传统方式提高了2个数量级以上,并实现了rAAV的规模化制备,为rAAV用于基因治疗的临床试验打下了基础.     

重组腺相关病毒载体基因表达效率与辐射的关系

重组腺相关病毒(rAAV)载体被认为是最有希望的临床应用基因治疗载体之一。rAAV载体基因传递的有效性与病毒衣壳蛋白的免疫原性之间的矛盾是制约该类基因药物开发的关键难题,提高其表达效率是rAAV载体研发的主攻方向之一。研究发现,紫外线、γ射线等辐射可以提高rAAV载体的基因表达效率,其作用效果与辐射种类和剂量、细胞种类和状态、载体感染指数和感染时间等因素有关。其机制可能与DNA损伤反应,特别是DNA双链断裂修复有关。对辐射与rAAV载体的表达效率之间关系的深入了解,为两者的联合应用打开方便之门。本文将对UV、γ射线等辐射提高rAAV载体表达效率的机制、影响因素及其在基因治疗领域的应用进展进行综述。     

腺相关病毒与人多药耐药基因重组载体的构建及在NIH3T3细胞中的表达

腺相关病毒 (adeno- associated virus,AAV)属细小病毒科 ,是一种最小的动物病毒 .具有其他病毒载体所没有的优点 ,在基因治疗中日益受到瞩目 .以 AAV的一种多克隆载体为基础 ,构建了携带 MDR1基因的重组腺相关病毒载体 (r AAV- MDR1 ) ,经 2 93细胞包装成重组病毒 .将重组质粒、重组病毒分别转染和感染 NIH3T3细胞 ,用 PCR和 MTT法检测了人 MDR1基因的转导及表达 .为 MDR1基因用于临床和腺相关病毒载体在基因治疗中的应用提供了依据     

腺相关病毒作为基因治疗载体在生殖系统中的分布及影响的研究进展

腺相关病毒(adeno-associated virus,AAV)作为一种基因治疗载体被广泛应用于医学相关的各个领域。大量以AAV为载体的基因治疗被应用于药物研究,但目前国内外没有相关的基因药物应用于临床,原因在于其安全性问题有待进一步研究。AAV具有器官靶向性,易于分布在靶器官,但在非靶器官也会分布。AAV在生殖系统的短暂分布降低了对其功能的影响,但不排除潜在影响。就目前的研究结果来看,AAV不会整合在生殖细胞,从而不会对子代产生影响。本文将综述目前以腺相关病毒介导的基因治疗中对生殖系统安全性的研究进展,从载体在生殖系统的分布、对生殖系统功能的影响以及对子代影响的三个方面进行阐述。     

Adeno-associated virus vectors.

Adeno-associated virus is a human parvovirus that integrates its DNA genome into host cell chromosomes with very high efficiency. This suggests that adeno-associated virus may be a useful vector for human gene therapy. Interest in adeno-associated virus vectors increased greatly in the last year following reports that adeno-associated virus genome integration may be site specific and occur at preferred sites in the human genome. Several genes relevant to the treatment of genetic or infectious diseases have been expressed in adeno-associated virus vectors in vitro.     

A novel and highly efficient production system for recombinant adeno-associated virus vector

Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) has proven to be a promising gene delivery vector for human gene therapy. However, its application has been limited by difficulty in obtaining enough quantities of high-titer vector stocks. In this paper, a novel and highly efficient production system for rAAV is described. A recombinant herpes simplex virus type 1 (rHSV-1) designated HSV1-rc/AUL2, which expressed adeno-associated virus type2 (AAV-2) Rep and Cap proteins, was constructed previously. The data confirmed that its functions were to support rAAV replication and packaging, and the generated rAAV was infectious. Meanwhile, an rAAV proviral cell line designated BHK/SG2, which carried the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene expression cassette, was established by transfecting BHK-21 cells with rAAV vector plasmid pSNAV-2-GFP. Infecting BHK/SG2 with HSV1-rc/AUL2 at an MOI of 0.1 resulted in the optimal yields of rAAV, reaching 250 transducing unit (TU) or 4.28×104 particles per cell. Therefore, compared     

A novel and highly efficient production system for recombinant adeno-associated virus vector

Recombinant adeno-associated virus(rAAV) has proven to be a promising gene delivery vector for human gene therapy. However, its application has been limited by difficulty in obtaining enough quantities of high-titer vector stocks. In this paper, a novel and highly efficient production system for rAAV is described. A recombinant herpes simplex virus type 1(rHSV-1) designated HSV1-rc/△UL2, which expressed adeno-associated virus type2(AAV-2) Rep and Cap proteins, was constructed previously. The data confirmed that its functions were to support rAAV replication and packaging, and the generated rAAV was infectious. Meanwhile, an rAAV proviral cell line designated BHK/SG2, which carried the green fluorescent protein(GFP) gene expression cassette, was established by transfecting BHK-21 cells with rAAV vector plasmid pSNAV-2-GFP. Infecting BHK/SG2 with HSV1-rc/△UL2 at an MOI of 0.1 resulted in the optimal yields of rAAV, reaching 250 transducing unit(TU) or 4.28×104 particles per cell. Therefore, compared with the conventional transfection method, the yield of rAAV using this "one proviral cell line, one helper virus" strategy was increased by two orders of magnitude. Large-scale production of rAAV can be easily achieved using this strategy and might meet the demands for clinical trials of rAAV-mediated gene therapy.     

Relative influence of the adeno-associated virus (AAV) type 2 p5 element for recombinant AAV vector site-specific integration

The p5 promoter region of the adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV-2) rep gene has been described as essential for Rep-mediated site-specific integration (RMSSI) of plasmid sequences in human chromosome 19. We report here that insertion of a full-length or minimal p5 element between the viral inverted terminal repeats does not significantly increase RMSSI of a recombinant AAV (rAAV) vector after infection of growth-arrested or proliferating human cells. This result suggests that the p5 element may not improve RMSSI of rAAV vectors in vivo.     

AAV as a viral vector for human gene therapy

Investigation of the adeno-associated virus (AAV) life cycle has enabled the establishment of methodology and identification of critical cis-acting sequences required for recombinant AAV production. Vectors derived from the defective human parvovirus (AAV) have been used for successful gene transfer and expression in many diverse mammalian cell types, such as erythroid, airway epithelium, and neuronal cells. One of the crucial steps in the continued case of AAV as a vector is the development of packaging systems that will allow efficient encapsidation of foreign genes into AAV virions. For this reason, the focus of this article will be generation of recombinant AAV vectors.     

Gene therapy for hemophilia B mediated by recombinant adeno-associated viral vector with hFIXR338A, a high catalytic activity mutation of human coagulation factor IX

A mutant human factor IX with arginine at 338 residual changed to alanine (hFIXR338A) by site-directed mutagenesis was introduced into AAV vectors, and a recombinant adeno-associ-ated viral vector containing hFIXR338A, prepared by rHSV/AAV hybrid helper virus system, was directly introduced to the hind leg muscle of factor IX knock out mice. The expression and the biological activity of human factor IX mutant, hFIXR338A, and the immune response against it in the treated mice were assayed and detected. The results showed that (i) the high-level expression of human factor IX mutant protein, hFIXR338A, has been detected in rAAV-hFIXR338A treated hemophilia B mice and lasted more than 15 weeks; (ii) the clotting activity of hFIXR338A in plasma is 34.2%± 5.23%, which is remarkably higher than that of (14.27%±3.4%) of wild type hFIX treated mice in the activated partial thromboplastin assay; (iii) immune response against factor IX R338A was absent, with no factor IX mutant protein (hFIXR338A) inhibitors deve     

Stable restoration of the sarcoglycan complex in dystrophic muscle perfused with histamine and a recombinant adeno-associated viral vector

Limb-girdle muscular dystrophies 2C-F represent a family of autosomal recessive diseases caused by defects in sarcoglycan genes. The cardiomyopathic hamster is a naturally occurring model for limb-girdle muscular dystrophy caused by a primary deficiency in delta-sarcoglycan. We show here that acute sarcolemmal disruption occurs in this animal model during forceful muscle contraction. A recombinant adeno-associated virus vector encoding human delta-sarcoglycan conferred efficient and stable genetic reconstitution in the adult cardiomyopathic hamster when injected directly into muscle. A quantitative assay demonstrated that vector-transduced muscle fibers are stably protected from sarcolemmal disruption; there was no associated inflammation or immunologic response to the vector-encoded protein. Efficient gene transduction with rescue of the sarcoglycan complex in muscle fibers of the distal hindlimb was also obtained after infusion of recombinant adeno-associated virus into the femoral artery in conjunction with histamine-induced endothelial permeabilization. This study provides a strong rationale for the development of gene therapy for limb-girdle muscular dystrophy.     

Site-specific integration of a transgene mediated by a hybrid adenovirus/adeno-associated virus vector using the Cre/loxP-expression-switching system

As vectors, adenoviruses (Ads) have many attractive advantages for in vivo gene therapy. However, Ads do not usually integrate into the host genome and gene expression is, thus, transient. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) integrates into a specific locus (AAVS1) on the human host's chromosome 19, while conventional recombinant AAV (rAAV) vectors do not possess this property because such vectors lack the rep gene. AAV vectors carrying the rep gene do not have enough space for insertion of a transgene. We have constructed a hybrid adenovirus/adeno-associated virus (Ad/AAV) vector which has the advantages of both Ads and AAVs. Given that the rep gene products inhibit propagation of Ads, we used the Cre/loxP-expression-switching system to regulate the expression of the rep gene. The Ad/AAV vector easily propagates, can efficiently infect a broad range of cell types, and can integrate into a specific locus on host chromosomes.     

重组腺相关病毒2型/人肿瘤坏死因子受体:Fc(rAAV2/hTNFR:Fc)的构建和生物学活性研究

为研究腺相关病毒2型载体应用于类风湿性关节炎进行基因治疗的可行性,首先构建携带人肿瘤坏死因子Ⅱ型受体胞外区和人免疫球蛋白IgG1Fc段融合基因的重组2型腺相关病毒(rAAV2／hTNFR：Fc),并对其生物学活性进行研究。以RT—PCR分别从U937和人淋巴细胞总RNA中扩增人肿瘤坏死因子Ⅱ型受体胞外区和人免疫球蛋白IgG1Fc段基因,并以重叠延伸PCR的方法将二者融合后克隆入pSNAV1载体质粒进行重组病毒生产,在进行重组病毒理化分析后,以TNFa细胞毒中和试验来研究该重组病毒的生物学活性。结果显示：所构建的重组病毒rAAV2／hTNFR：Fc基因结构与预期一致;病毒在体外感染BHK-21细胞后,含TNFR：Fc融合蛋白的表达上清可以有效中和人、大鼠、小鼠TNFα对L929的细胞毒性。所研究构建的重组腺相关病毒可以用来作为阻断TNFα的手段,进行类风湿性关节炎的基因治疗研究。