水合氯醛和戊巴比妥钠对SD大鼠麻醉效果的比较

目的 探讨水合氯醛和戊巴比妥钠一次性腹腔注射麻醉对SD大鼠麻醉状态的影响.方法 经预试验确定两种药物的使用剂量,可维持相同的麻醉时间.比较两种麻醉药物对大鼠呼吸频率、体温、心室峰压、±dp/dtmaxt、心率和t-dp/dtmax等的影响.结果 戊巴比妥钠对大鼠的呼吸频率、体温抑制较强,并能抑制大鼠的心肌收缩性,表现为 dp/dtmaxt值降低,t-dp/dtmax值增大,心室峰压及心率下降;水合氯醛对大鼠呼吸频率和体温的抑制作用较少,但与前者比较,维持相同麻醉时间,使用剂量对心功能的抑制作用明显.结论 戊巴比妥钠腹腔注射麻醉,对大鼠的体温、呼吸频率及心功能均有抑制作用;水合氯醛,一次性腹腔注射,获得较长的麻醉时间须增加剂量,但亦增加其对心功能的抑制.     

不同麻醉方法对大鼠血气电解质及能量代谢的影响

目的探讨不同麻醉方法和不同麻醉药物对大鼠血气、电解质及能量代谢的影响。方法采用异氟烷、乙醚吸入麻醉,戊巴比妥钠、水合氯醛腹腔注射麻醉,经腹主静脉取血,经血气一电解质分析仪全自动分析测定,观察不同麻醉方法和麻醉药物对大鼠血气、电解质及能量代谢的影响。结果异氟烷吸人麻醉组Na’离子浓度略低于戊巴比妥钠腹腔注射组（P〈0．05）;戊巴比妥钠腹腔注射组Ca2离子浓度显著低于其他三组（P〈0．01）;吸入麻醉组的Mg2离子浓度显著高于药物腹腔注射麻醉组（P〈O．05,P〈0．01）;水合氯醛腹腔注射组Lac含量显著高于乙醚和戊巴比妥钠麻醉组（P〈0．01）;吸人类麻醉药能较好的维持较高的PO2、SO2、O2Ct和A（肺泡气中氧分压）,而BE-ECF、BE-B、PCO2、HC03-和TCO2降低,表明不同麻醉药均有不能程度的引起大鼠静脉血血气、电解质及能量代谢产物的改变。结论不同麻醉药物均有不同程度的引起大鼠静脉血血气、电解质及能量代谢产物的改变,异氟烷和乙醚对动物机体心血管、神经系统具有一定的保护作用,机体损害较少,而戊巴比妥钠腹腔注射对动物机体心血管、神经系统具有一定的抑制作用,机体损害较大。因此,在使用麻醉药时应合理选用和控制,避免由于麻醉引起实验误差。     

四种常用实验麻醉药物对大鼠心血管系统的影响

目的探讨不同动物实验麻醉药物对大鼠心血管系统的影响。方法采用Bio Pac MP150动态记录四种麻醉药物麻醉后大鼠的心电图、血压,采集麻醉后不同时间点大鼠的血糖以及实验终点肝肾功能、心肌酶、电解质。结果水合氯醛可引起严重的室性心律失常,异氟烷对心率有抑制作用,戊巴比妥钠可引起大鼠心电图P波增高,乌拉坦可引起大鼠心电图J点抬高。乌拉坦、戊巴比妥钠均可引起SBP升高,水合氯醛可引CK升高,异氟烷可降低CK、CKMB,戊巴比妥钠、异氟烷有降低ALT、AST的作用,水合氯醛、戊巴比妥钠、异氟烷均可降低肌酐,四种麻醉药物均有降低血钠、血钾的作用。结论水合氯醛对心血管系统的影响明显,不适合用于心血管病的动物实验研究,戊巴比妥钠、乌拉坦、异氟烷可适当选择作为心血管病的动物实验研究。     

动物血压实验麻醉剂的选用与比较

目的:研究一种对家兔血压影响小于常用麻醉剂,适用于家兔动脉血压实验的一种全身麻醉复合剂.方法:将氯胺酮、乌拉坦、戊巴比妥钠和水合氯醛有序分组,按不同比例配置麻醉复合剂对家兔进行耳缘静脉注射,观察记录并比较给药前后动脉血压的变化、麻醉维持时间、痛觉、角膜反射、肌张力、呼吸、心率变化.结果:①氯胺酮、水合氯醛、乌拉坦和戊巴比妥钠四种药物联合给药时家兔颈总动脉血压122± 3mmHg,波动范围在开口时血压的5mmHg内,是整个实验过程中血压波动最小的,对动脉血压的影响小于常用麻醉剂25％乌拉坦(10mmHg左右).②麻醉后生理状态平稳,角膜反射消失,肌张力明显减弱,呼吸频率减慢,骨痛反应消失,麻醉持续时间大于90min,降低了每种药物的用药量从而增加了麻醉药物的安全性.结论:1.35％氯胺酮(0.4mL/kg)、25％乌拉坦( 0.8mL/kg)、5％水合氯醛(0.3mL/kg)和3％戊巴比妥钠(0.2mL/kg)复合给药时对家兔血压影响最小、麻醉维持时间长、麻醉效果理想,是一种适合于家兔血压实验的复合麻醉剂.     

动物血压实验麻醉剂的选用与比较

目的:研究一种对家兔血压影响小于常用麻醉剂,适用于家兔动脉血压实验的一种全身麻醉复合剂。方法:将氯胺酮、乌拉坦、戊巴比妥钠和水合氯醛有序分组,按不同比例配置麻醉复合剂对家兔进行耳缘静脉注射,观察记录并比较给药前后动脉血压的变化、麻醉维持时间、痛觉、角膜反射、肌张力、呼吸、心率变化。结果:①氯胺酮、水合氯醛、乌拉坦和戊巴比妥钠四种药物联合给药时家兔颈总动脉血压122±3mmHg,波动范围在开口时血压的5mmHg内,是整个实验过程中血压波动最小的,对动脉血压的影响小于常用麻醉剂25%乌拉坦(10mmHg左右)。②麻醉后生理状态平稳,角膜反射消失,肌张力明显减弱,呼吸频率减慢,骨痛反应消失,麻醉持续时间大于90min,降低了每种药物的用药量从而增加了麻醉药物的安全性。结论:1.35%氯胺酮(0.4mL/kg)、25%乌拉坦(0.8mL/kg)、5%水合氯醛(0.3mL/kg)和3%戊巴比妥钠(0.2mL/kg)复合给药时对家兔血压影响最小、麻醉维持时间长、麻醉效果理想,是一种适合于家兔血压实验的复合麻醉剂。     

戊巴比妥钠联用速眠新Ⅱ对西藏小型猪麻醉效果观察

目的观察联合应用速眠新Ⅱ和戊巴比妥钠对西藏小型猪的麻醉效果。方法采用速眠新Ⅱ（0.1mL/kg）肌内注射和3%戊巴比妥钠生理盐水溶液（0.2 mL/kg）静脉注射联合麻醉方法对15头行胚胎移植术的西藏小型猪进行麻醉,观察动物麻醉维持时间、镇痛效果、呼吸频率和心率变化及术后苏醒情况。结果80%（12头/15头）西藏小型猪初始量麻醉状态维持45 min以上,20%（3头/15头）西藏小型猪手术过程中追加麻醉。麻醉期间肌肉松弛效果好,动物呼吸和心率平稳。手术过程中西藏小型猪呼吸频率为（12-22）次/min,心率为（63-85）次/min,麻醉过程中未出现麻醉死亡,术后苏醒时间为30-60 min。结论速眠新和戊巴比妥钠混合麻醉效果好,且麻醉剂量较以往大幅减少,术后苏醒快。戊巴比妥钠联用速眠新复合麻醉对西藏小型猪是一种较理想的麻醉方法,且动物麻醉安全性高。     

SD大鼠麻醉后生化指标变化

目的观察SD大鼠麻醉后生化指标的变化。方法50只2月龄SPF级SD种大鼠,雄性28只,雌性22只,每鼠空腹16h,分别在麻醉后0、5、10和20min采血,检测血清ALT、AST、GLU、BUN、TP、ALB、AKP、CREA、CHOL、TG。结果随麻醉时间的延长,SD大鼠的生化指标有不同程度的变化。结论规范麻醉采血操作,缩短SD大鼠麻醉后等待采血的时间可减少生化指标的波动。     

四氯化碳、酒精与四氯化碳联合、胆管结扎致SD大鼠肝纤维化病理学比较

目的研究四氯化碳、酒精与四氯化碳联合、胆管结扎致SD大鼠肝纤维化模型肝脏的病理学改变,初步探讨肝纤维化发病机制。方法四氯化碳组SD大鼠以3 mg/kg的剂量（首次剂量加倍）皮下注射50%四氯化碳（四氯化碳∶橄榄油=1∶1）,每周2次,连续注射6周;酒精与四氯化碳联合组SD大鼠每日按照10 mL/kg剂量灌服酒精混合物（酒精∶吡唑∶玉米油=10 mL∶25 mg∶2 mL）,同时每周2次按0.3 mL/kg剂量给予腹腔注射四氯化碳∶橄榄油（1∶3）,连续造模60 d;胆管结扎组大鼠按10 mg/kg体重腹腔注射3%戊巴比妥钠麻醉,腹部皮肤消毒,无菌操作沿腹部正中线剪开腹腔,分离出胆管,在胆管近端和远端2处结扎胆管,28 d后结束实验。试验结束后麻醉动物,解剖取动物肝脏组织,用10%福尔马林固定,进行病理学检查。结果四氯化碳致SD大鼠肝纤维化模型表现为弥漫性脂肪肝、肝炎、肝纤维化;酒精与四氯化碳联合致SD大鼠肝纤维化模型表现为酒精性脂肪肝、肝炎、肝纤维化;胆管结扎致SD大鼠肝纤维化模型表现为胆管增生、肝炎、肝纤维化。结论这3种方法都可以引起大鼠肝脏发生纤维化,其中胆管结扎致SD大鼠肝纤维化造模方法适合于临床胆汁淤积所致肝纤维化的模型建立,其它两种方法适合于化学性、病毒性肝炎引起的肝纤维化模型的建立,可根据不同的实验目的选择不同的方法构建相应的动物模型。     

氟比洛芬酯对手术致痛大鼠脊髓Fos蛋白表达的影响

目的：探讨氟比洛芬酯对手术致痛大鼠脊髓Fos蛋白表达的影响。方法：48只SD大鼠醉,按Brennan法手术,建立大鼠手术切口疼痛模型。20min后,对照（D）组大鼠经尾静脉注入生理盐水,另5组注入氟比洛芬酯注射液,K1组为2mg/kg,K2组为4mg/kg,K3组为8mg/kg,K4组为16mg/kg。每组在尾静脉注射后2h时,以3%戊巴比妥钠100mg/kg腹腔注射深麻醉下迅速切取脊髓L4-S1节段,SP法进行免疫组化染色,观察脊髓背角Fos样免疫反应（FLI）阳性细胞在脊髓上的变化情况。结果：外科手术刀口诱发的FLI阳性神经元主要位于与痛刺激同侧的脊髓浅层（Ⅰ-Ⅱ层）,各剂量组同D2组比较,脊髓背角浅层FLI阳性细胞数目呈剂量依赖性减少（P〈0.05）。结论：氟比洛芬酯可抑制脊髓Fos蛋白的表达,并呈一定的剂量依赖性。     

不同等级环境对大、小鼠及其应用的影响

目的了解不同等级环境（屏障环境和普通环境）对实验大小鼠的一般生理表现和抗应激能力以及对药物反应的影响,初步判定严格的微生物控制是否影响实验动物的人类模型作用。方法将40只SPF级Wistar大鼠和200只SPF级BALB／c小鼠分别饲养于屏障环境和普通环境内,通过以下实验对比观察不同等级环境对实验大、小鼠及其应用的影响：每周测量动物的体重增长情况;饲养35d后,测定大鼠15项血液学指标、14项血液生化指标和9个脏器的相对重量;以抗缺氧实验和游泳实验判断对小鼠体质和抗应激能力的影响;以5．氟尿嘧啶急性毒性实验和戊巴比妥钠麻醉实验测试其对药物作用的异同。结果在5周观察期内,屏障环境饲养小鼠和大鼠的体重增长均明显快于普通环境的对照动物（P〈0．05）;普通环境饲养大鼠的血液RBC、WBC、PCT、PLT、GOT、GGT、GPT、CK、TB值高于屏障环境大鼠（P〈0．05）,而CHO、LDL-C和HDL-C值低于屏障环境大鼠（P〈0．05）;不同微生物环境条件饲养小鼠的游泳耐力和抗缺氧实验结果接近,但是屏障环境组动物所获数据的变异较小;不同等级环境条件饲养小鼠的戊巴比妥钠麻醉反应和5-氟尿嘧啶中毒反应相似,而屏障环境组动物的麻醉维持时间较短,LD50较低,95％可信限狭窄。结论饲养于屏障环境和普通环境的实验大、小鼠在一般生理表现上出现部分差异,动物的抗应激能力和对药物的反应未发生显著变化;在屏障环境条件中,动物的药物反应更敏感、所获数据更稳定,因此,初步认为严格微生物控制条件下的SPF级动物可以作为生活在自然环境中的人类的模型动物。     

Effects of Anesthetics on the Renal Sympathetic Response to Anaphylactic Hypotension in Rats

The autonomic nervous system plays an important role in rat anaphylactic hypotension. It is well known that sympathetic nerve activity and cardiovascular function are affected by anesthetics. However, the effects of different types of anesthesia on the efferent renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) during anaphylactic hypotension remain unknown. Therefore, we determined the renal sympathetic responses to anaphylactic hypotension in anesthetized and conscious rats and the roles of baroreceptors in these responses. Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly allocated to anesthetic groups that were given pentobarbital, urethane, or ketamine-xylazine and to a conscious group. The rats were sensitized using subcutaneously injected ovalbumin. The systemic arterial pressure (SAP), RSNA and heart rate (HR) were measured. The effects of sinoaortic baroreceptor denervation on RSNA during anaphylaxis were determined in pentobarbital-anesthetized and conscious rats. In all of the sensitized rats, the RSNA increased and SAP decreased after antigen injection. At the early phase within 35 min of the antigen injection, the antigen-induced sympathoexcitation in the conscious rats was significantly greater than that in the anesthetized rats. Anaphylactic hypotension was attenuated in the conscious rats compared to the anesthetized rats. The anesthetic-induced suppression of SAP and RSNA was greater in the order ketamine-xylazine >urethane = pentobarbital. Indeed, in the rats treated with ketamine-xylazine, RSNA did not increase until 40 min, and SAP remained at low levels after the antigen injection. The baroreceptor reflex, as evaluated by increases in RSNA and HR in response to the decrease in SAP induced by sodium nitroprusside (SNP), was suppressed in the anesthetized rats compared with the conscious rats. Consistent with this finding, baroreceptor denervation attenuated the excitatory responses of RSNA to anaphylaxis in the conscious rats but not in the pentobarbital-anesthetized rats. RSNA was increased markedly in conscious rats during anaphylactic hypotension. Anesthetics attenuated this antigen-induced renal sympathoexcitation through the suppression of baroreceptor function.     

Cardiac performance of isolated beating hearts obtained from rats anesthetized by three different agents

Two functional performance parameters (heart rate and coronary flow rate) of three groups of six isolated beating hearts obtained from rats anesthetized by inhalation of diethyl ether in air, injection intraperitoneally of sodium pentobarbital (60mg/kg) or intravenously of alphaxalone/alphadolone (15mg/kg) were compared. Differences were small, but alphaxalone-alphadolone showed lowest stable mean coronary flow rate and diethyl ether the widest variation between animals. No significant difference in function was found between ether and pentobarbital, currently the two most widely used methods. But, pentobarbital showed higher stable functional performance and least variation between animals. We conclude that pentobarbital is the most useful of these three agents for obtaining hearts for perfusion as isolated beating organs, and that alphaxalone-alphadolone is clearly less suitable.     

甲基苯丙胺中毒mG1uR5 的表达

目的:研究代谢性谷氨酸受体5(mG1uR5)在甲基苯丙胺中毒的损伤机制中的作用。方法:设立实验组,对照组。实验组分别给予20 mg/kg,10 mg/kg腹腔注射MA;对照组分别给予同剂量的生理盐水。末次注射后24 h内腹腔注射戊巴比妥钠麻醉大鼠后用4%多聚甲醛灌注、取脑后行代谢性谷氨酸受体5的免疫组织化学染色,观察并计数mG1uR5在不同脑区的表达。结果:实验组mG1uR5在大脑纹状体、海马的表达较对照组显著增强,差异有显著性(P<0.05),并呈剂量依赖性。结论:mG1uR5参与了甲基苯丙胺中毒的损伤机制。     

Effects of sodium pentobarbital anesthesia on blood flow in skin, myocutaneous, and fasciocutaneous flaps in swine.

Drug effect on flap blood flow is most commonly determined in anesthetized animals, yet the effect of the anesthetic is often poorly understood. Halothane and nitrous oxide cause profound changes in skin blood flow and thus provide an unsuitable anesthetic technique for use in measuring drug effects on skin and myocutaneous flaps in swine. The goal of this study was to determine the effects of sodium pentobarbital anesthesia on cardiovascular parameters and blood flow in skin, myocutaneous, and fasciocutaneous flaps in pigs. In seven pigs, 7 forelimb skin flaps, 7 forelimb fasciocutaneous flaps, 14 arterial buttock flaps, and 14 latissimus dorsi flaps were created. Blood flow was measured at 2-cm intervals along each flap while the animal was awake and anesthetized. A cardiac depressant effect of pentobarbital was observed, but no change in blood flow could be demonstrated in control skin or control muscle. However, pentobarbital did significantly increase blood flow in all viable portions of arterial and random skin flaps, fasciocutaneous flaps, and the cutaneous segments of the latissimus dorsi flap. These demonstrated effects of pentobarbital should be taken into consideration in designing and analyzing studies of flap blood flow in the acute postoperative phase.     

SPF级封闭群SD大鼠血清生化值及凝血酶原时间值的测定

目的建立SPF级（屏障系统）封闭群SD大鼠血液生化及凝血酶原时间正常参考值,为药物长期毒性试验研究者提供参考。方法采用全自动血液生化分析仪检测19周和31周大鼠血液生化值,采用紫外可见分光光度计检测K＋、Na＋、Cl-值和凝血酶原时间值。结果取得19周和31周龄SD大鼠血清生化值和凝血酶原平均值。CR、TG、TC生化指标受年龄及性别因素影响,CR、TG、TC随年龄增长而逐步升高。TBIL、CR、TG、TC、CK、TP、BUN、ALB、AST、K＋、ALP指标雌雄间差异显著（P＆lt;0.05）。结论在药物长期毒性试验中,同一周龄雌、雄SD大鼠K＋、Cl-、Na＋、凝血酶原时间值可合并统计;雌、雄SD大鼠血液生化指标不宜合并统计。在比对正常参考值时应考虑到性别与年龄的因素。     

MiR-124对先天性甲低新生鼠神经元凋亡的影响

目的:探讨mi R-124在甲状腺功能低下新生大鼠海马神经元凋亡中的作用。方法:将16只孕SD雌鼠随机分为实验组和对照组,分别于两组仔鼠1、5、10、15日龄称重取血,用化学发光法测定血清游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT3)、血清游离甲状腺素(FT4)及促甲状腺激素(TSH)水平。将大鼠用2%戊巴比妥钠腹腔注射麻醉后,固定在脑立体定位仪,处死后收集其海马,应用荧光定量PCR和免疫荧光技术检测agomir的干预效率,确定干预有效后进行建模。观察注射后大鼠行为学改变,NeuN染色法检测海马区脑组织神经元细胞凋亡情况。结果:实验组血清TSH水平明显高于对照组,而FT3、FT4水平明显低于对照组。同正常对照组相比,甲状腺功能减退组中阳性神经元数量明显减少、细胞轮廓模糊、不清晰。经mir-124模拟处理后,神经细胞的数量和形态明显改善。结论:mi R-124对先天性甲状腺功能低下新生鼠神经元凋亡起到保护作用。     

山羊单纯与复合全身麻醉效果的比较

目的对比山羊单纯麻醉与复合麻醉的效果,探讨一种安全高效便捷的山羊麻醉方法。方法选取山羊30只,随机分为A、B、C三组,A组给予单纯戊巴比妥钠麻醉,B组给予单纯氯胺酮麻醉,C组给予地西泮、戊巴比妥钠和氯胺酮复合麻醉,记录三种麻醉方法的起效时间、麻醉维持时间、麻醉药物用量及麻醉死亡率。结果地西泮、戊巴比妥钠和氯胺酮复合麻醉,起效快、麻醉维持时间长、动物死亡率低、麻醉效果好。结论安定、戊巴比妥钠和氯胺酮复合麻醉优于单纯麻醉,是一种高效、便捷、安全山羊全身麻醉方法。     

转基因棉籽亚慢性毒性的研究

目的:转基因棉籽对SD大鼠亚慢性毒性的研究。方法:选取出生6-8周的SPF级SD大鼠140只,雌雄各半,按体重随机分成7组,分别连续饲喂含普通棉籽5%、2.5%和1.25%的饲料和含转基因棉籽5%、2.5%和1.25%的饲料以及基础饲料30天。实验过程中监测动物体重、进食量和进水量,结束后分别测定各组动物的血常规、血生化、脏体指数等指标。结果:实验期间各组动物均生长发育良好,无中毒死亡现象发生。实验组实验动物的各项指标与对照组相比,无显著性差异(P≥0.05)。结论:本研究未发现转基因棉籽对实验动物有亚慢性毒性。     

Effect of intracerebroventricular atrial natriuretic polypeptide on blood pressure and urine production in rats

In order to clarify the role of atrial natriuretic polypeptide (ANP) in the brain on regulation of blood pressure and urine output, we examined the effects of intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of synthetic alpha-human ANP (alpha-hANP) to both anesthetized and conscious rats. In anesthetized rats, i.c.v. injection of angiotension II (A II) caused increases of blood pressure, urine flow and sodium excretion in a dose dependent manner. alpha-HANP alone had no effect on these two parameters. The hypertensive effect of A II was apparently attenuated by concurrent injection of alpha-hANP, while, the diuretic response to A II was not changed by alpha-hANP. In conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats, i.c.v. injection of saralasin (an A II antagonist) produced a decrease in blood pressure. The i.c.v. pretreatment with alpha-hANP significantly potentiated the central depressor effect of saralasin. These findings suggest that brain ANP may be involved in controlling blood pressure in the central renin-angiotensin system.     

Cardiovascular responses to V1-vasopressinergic antagonism in conscious versus anesthetized rats

Experiments were performed to compare the possible effect of endogenous arginine vasopressin on renal hemodynamics between anesthetized, surgically stressed rats and conscious rats. Animals were instrumented with arterial and venous catheters as well as with a pulsed Doppler flow probe on the left renal artery. The rats were studied under the following conditions: (1) conscious and unrestrained; (2) anesthetized only; (3) anesthetized with minor surgical stress; and (4) anesthetized with major surgical stress. Two anesthetic agents were also compared, a mixture of ketamine (110 mg/kg i.m.) and acepromazine (1 mg/kg i.m.), and sodium pentobarbital (50 mg/kg i.p.). Baseline mean arterial blood pressure was significantly higher in pentobarbital-anesthetized rats following surgical stress compared with conscious animals, but blood pressure was not affected by ketamine-acepromazine anesthesia. After baseline measurements of blood pressure, heart rate, and renal blood flow, a specific V1-vasopressinergic antagonist (d(CH2)5Tyr(Me) arginine vasopressin, 10 mg/kg i.v.) was administered to each group. Mean arterial blood pressure, heart rate, and renal blood flow were monitored for an additional 15 min. Mean arterial blood pressure and renal blood flow decreased after V1 antagonism in ketamine-acepromazine-anesthetized rats with major surgical stress, but were not affected in pentobarbital-anesthetized animals. Heart rate and renal vascular resistance were not affected following V1 blockade with either anesthetic agent. These data suggest that arginine vasopressin plays a role in maintaining blood pressure and renal perfusion in ketamine-acepromazine-anesthetized rats following surgical stress, but does not have a significant effect on renal hemodynamics under pentobarbital anesthesia.