细菌基因工程杀虫剂研究进展

本文综述了在细菌基因工程杀虫菌构建过程中涉及到或可能涉及到的杀虫基因或因素的种类和特性 ,描述了工程菌构建的方法及策略 ,以及目前所获得的各类工程杀虫菌 ;讨论了杀虫工程菌的应用潜力和发展方向。     

重组葡激酶工程菌的构建方法

目的：利用N端缺失10个氨基酸的葡激酶（recombinant staphylokinase,rSaK）重组质粒,构建了表达可溶性rSaK126蛋白的工程菌,并研究不同条件下工程菌诱导表达目的蛋白含量的差异及纯化途径。 方法：采用细菌活化和培养方法诱导目的蛋白,并用SDS-PAGE测其含量,应用层析技术纯化蛋白。 结果：成功构建表达重组葡激酶的工程菌,表达的重组葡激酶蛋白约占菌体总蛋白的50％,经纯化后回收率为60%,纯度达99%以上。结论：成功构建高效表达重组葡激酶的工程菌,并获得了高含量、高纯度的目的蛋白。     

可视化突变建模、定点突变和表达超耐热菌D-乳酸脱氢酶

目的 构建产天然防腐剂苯乳酸的工程菌。方法 分析超耐热菌（Aquifex aeolicus,A.aeolicus ）D-乳酸脱氢酶（D-LDH）的三维构象,并与构建的可视化突变体三维模型进行对比,通过比较酶活性中心氨基酸残基与底物的空间构象,优选最佳模型进行定点突变,克隆、表达和苯乳酸发酵实验。结果 优选到F49A和Y297S两个单突变模型和一个F49A/Y297S双突变模型;分别进行定点突变和工程菌构建,三个突变工程菌,均能发酵产生苯乳酸。结论 可视化定点突变乳酸脱氢酶可作为构建高产苯乳酸工程菌的有效方法。     

苯酚降解工程菌Bacillus subtilis dqly-2的构建

目的:构建苯酚降解工程菌Bacillus Subtilis dqly-2.方法:选取2株苯酚降解菌,分别为铜绿假单胞菌Pseudomonas aeruginosa zllf4和枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillus Subtilis BHf3-4,体外扩增Pseudomonas aeruginosa zllf4的邻苯二酚2,3双加氧酶基因(SYJ),并将此基因转入Bacillus Subtilis BHf3-4中,构建基因工程菌,并对野生菌和工程菌降解能力进行比较.结果:作用96h后,工程菌苯酚降解率为96.18％,显著高于野生菌的84.78％.结论:成功构建高效苯酚降解基因工程菌.     

一株新的重组人源过氧化氢酶基因工程菌的构建和遗传稳定性研究

利用pPICZαA作为新的表达载体和表达宿主酵母GS115,成功地构建了新的人源过氧化氢酶表达工程菌G13,并考察了新的工程菌G13的遗传稳定性.通过对新的重组菌整合质粒的酶切,PCR鉴定,及SDS-PAGE电泳、单抗dot-blot证实了该重组菌质粒构建正确,可以有效表达重组的人源过氧化氢酶.新的重组酵母菌G13在连...     

累积番茄红素的大肠杆菌工程菌及其培养条件的研究

噬夏孢欧文氏菌番茄红素合成相关基因crtE, crtB, crtI同时克隆进表达载体pET-15b构建pET-15bcrtIEB,将该重组质粒转化E.coliBL21(DE3)构建工程菌,IPTG诱导工程菌累积红色色素,经HPLC和吸收光谱分析,工程菌中合成的色素为番茄红素。研究了碳源、金属离子、培养温度、诱导剂浓度、诱导时间等参数对工程菌生长及色素累积的影响,确定了合适的培养条件：培养基为改良LB培养基（蛋白胨10g/L、酵母提取物5g/L、麦芽糖5g/L、MgCl2 0.1g/L,NaCl 10g/L）;起始培养温度为37℃;培养至OD600为0.6左右时加入IPTG,终浓度为0.5mmol/L,诱导温度降至30℃;诱导时间为14h。发酵完成后工程菌的生物量（干重）为3.45g/L,番茄红素的最高含量可达5.8mg/gDW。     

靶向破坏铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜的定向蛋白投放技术

【目的】随着合成生物学的发展,通过在细菌体内设计合成复杂、多功能的基因线路进行靶向治疗已经取得巨大进展。虽然这种使用细菌作为治疗传递系统,选择性地在体内释放有效治疗成分的方式具有极大优势,但是如何使细菌在代谢负荷增加较低的情况下有效地分泌功能蛋白并发挥作用依旧是一个难题。【方法】针对这一难题,本研究提供了一种新的策略,即以细菌中广泛存在的蛋白类杀菌素和丝状噬菌体等相关编码基因作为生物模块,通过对铜绿假单胞菌的这些内源生物模块的重新编排和组装,构建了一种能在特定条件下裂解并投放功能蛋白的工程菌。为了评价工程菌中构建的生物模块能否工作,本研究选择胞外多糖水解酶PelA和PslG作为工程菌投放的功能蛋白,以此构建了工程菌PAO1102。通过对铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜的破坏实验、抑制形成实验以及抗生素耐药性实验,检验PAO1102对铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜的破坏和预防效果。【结果】与对照组相比,工程菌PAO1102的处理可以显著破坏已形成的生物被膜并抑制生物被膜的形成,同时还可显著增强生物被膜中的细菌对妥布霉素的敏感性,且这些功能主要通过外界Pf4丝状噬菌体侵染并使工程菌裂解而释放功能蛋白这一途径实现的。【结论】本研究所构建的工程菌可以作为一种微生物工具,用于靶向破坏铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜。在后续的研究中可根据不同的需求,在工程菌中表达不同的功能基因并实现功能蛋白的定向投放,从而执行不同的生物学功能。     

紫穗槐-4,11-二烯合酶基因在酵母工程菌中具有协同作用

为了构建高产的紫穗槐-4,11-二烯酵母工程菌,主要探究了含紫穗槐-4,11-二烯合酶基因的不同表达载体在酵母工程菌中是否存在协同效应。首先构建了含紫穗槐-4,11-二烯合酶基因的酵母表达载体pGADADS,分别将pGADADS和pYeDP60/G/ADS转入酿酒酵母W303-1B和WK1中,获得6种能产生紫穗槐-4,11-二烯的酵母工程菌：W303B[pGADADS]、W303B[pYGADS]、W303B[pYGADS+pGADADS]、WK1[pGADADS]、WK1[pYGADS]和WK1[pYG     

产顺式-4-L-羟脯氨酸工程菌的构建及转化条件的优化

【目的】构建产顺式-4-L-羟脯氨酸(cis-4-Hyp)的工程菌并优化其转化条件。【方法】通过调整大肠杆菌的密码子偏好性以及mRNA二级结构对顺式-4-L-脯氨酸羟化酶(cis-P4H)基因进行优化,构建该基因的表达菌株。采用Ni-NTA亲和层析柱分离纯化cis-P4H,测定cis-P4H的酶活和稳定性。然后采用全细胞催化法制备cis-4-Hyp,通过单因素试验和正交试验对相关的转化条件进行优化。【结果】构建了一株产cis-4-Hyp的工程菌,cis-P4H的比活为2.65 U/mg,半衰期为2.32 h。经过条件优化后,采用OD600为0.9时加入IPTG获得的工程菌菌体构建转化体系,在转化体系pH 6.5,转化温度为31°C,转化时间为60 h时,L-脯氨酸转化率最高达到83.33%。【结论】研究获得的工程菌及转化条件具有良好的工业应用前景。     

原生质体融合技术在微生物菌种选育中的应用

对原生质体融合技术在提高抗生素生产效价,酵母菌工程菌株的构建、多功能菌株的选育以及污水处理工程菌的构建等方面的研究情况进行了综述。     

Identification of sequences in herpes simplex virus type 1 ICP22 that influence RNA polymerase II modification and viral late gene expression

Previous studies have shown that the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) immediate-early protein ICP22 alters the phosphorylation of the host cell RNA polymerase II (Pol II) during viral infection. In this study, we have engineered several ICP22 plasmid and virus mutants in order to map the ICP22 sequences that are involved in this function. We identify a region in the C-terminal half of ICP22 (residues 240 to 340) that is critical for Pol II modification and further show that the N-terminal half of the protein (residues 1 to 239) is not required. However, immunofluorescence analysis indicates that the N-terminal half of ICP22 is needed for its localization to nuclear body structures. These results demonstrate that ICP22's effects on Pol II do not require that it accumulate in nuclear bodies. As ICP22 is known to enhance viral late gene expression during infection of certain cultured cells, including human embryonic lung (HEL) cells, we used our engineered viral mutants to map this function of ICP22. It was found that mutations in both the N- and C-terminal halves of ICP22 result in similar defects in viral late gene expression and growth in HEL cells, despite having distinctly different effects on Pol II. Thus, our results genetically uncouple ICP22's effects on Pol II from its effects on viral late gene expression. This suggests that these two functions of ICP22 may be due to distinct activities of the protein.     

Leaching of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and transconjugants containing pR68.45 through unsaturated, intact soil columns

Abstract Leaching of genetically engineered microbes (GEMs) through soil is a significant concern related to groundwater quality. The objective of this study was to examine the leaching, survival and gene transfer of a genetically engineered microbe and indigenous recipients of pR68.45 in nonsterile, undisturbed soil columns. Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO25, containing the plasmid R68.45, was added to the surface of undisturbed soil columns (10 cm diameter × 80 cm length). Unsaturated flow conditions were maintained by 100 ml daily additions of 2 mM CaCl₂ for a period of 70 days. The population of the GEM exhibited a significant ( P = 0.05) linear decline with time. The GEM leached only to a depth of 30–40 cm in 70 days. Transfer of pR68.45 was shown to occur from P. aeruginosa into the indigenous bacterial population although relatively low numbers of transconjugants were observed (log 2 cfu g⁻¹ dry soil). The number of transconjugants also decreased with depth and time. Leaching of transconjugants, however, occured more readily than that of the GEM, probably as a result of plasmid transfer into smaller, more mobile bacteria. At 70 days incubation, no GEMs were detected in the columns, while transconjugants were observed at several depths. These results demonstrate the importance of examining both the survival and movement of GEMs and transconjugants in soil.     

Production of isoprenoid pharmaceuticals by engineered microbes

Throughout human history, natural products have been the foundation for the discovery and development of therapeutics used to treat diseases ranging from cardiovascular disease to cancer. Their chemical diversity and complexity have provided structural scaffolds for small-molecule drugs and have consistently served as inspiration for medicinal design. However, the chemical complexity of natural products also presents one of the main roadblocks for production of these pharmaceuticals on an industrial scale. Chemical synthesis of natural products is often difficult and expensive, and isolation from their natural sources is also typically low yielding. Synthetic biology and metabolic engineering offer an alternative approach that is becoming more accessible as the tools for engineering microbes are further developed. By reconstructing heterologous metabolic pathways in genetically tractable host organisms, complex natural products can be produced from inexpensive sugar starting materials through large-scale fermentation processes. In this Perspective, we discuss ongoing research aimed toward the production of terpenoid natural products in genetically engineered Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae.     

Does copyright law apply to genetically engineered cells?

The idea that genetically engineered microbes and eukaryotic cells might be copyrighted has only recently begun to be discussed and has yet to be tested in the courts. Dr Kayton argues that US copyright laws appear to offer effective and desirable means of protecting the commercial value of the genetic engineers' endeavours. This article is adapted from the George Washington Law Review (1982) 50, 191–218, which presents more detailed information on the legal and constitutional issues.     

Paratransgenic control of vector borne diseases

Conventional methodologies to control vector borne diseases with chemical pesticides are often associated with environmental toxicity, adverse effects on human health and the emergence of insect resistance. In the paratransgenic strategy, symbiotic or commensal microbes of host insects are transformed to express gene products that interfere with pathogen transmission. These genetically altered microbes are re-introduced back to the insect where expression of the engineered molecules decreases the host's ability to transmit the pathogen. We have successfully utilized this strategy to reduce carriage rates of Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease, in the triatomine bug, Rhodnius prolixus, and are currently developing this methodology to control the transmission of Leishmania donovani by the sand fly Phlebotomus argentipes. Several effector molecules, including antimicrobial peptides and highly specific single chain antibodies, are currently being explored for their anti-parasite activities in these two systems. In preparation for eventual field use, we are actively engaged in risk assessment studies addressing the issue of horizontal gene transfer from the modified bacteria to environmental microbes.     

Microcosm for assessing survival of genetically engineered microorganisms in aquatic environments

Laboratory-contained microcosms are important for studying the fate and survival of genetically engineered microorganisms. In this study, we describe a simple aquatic microcosm that utilizes survival chambers in a flowthrough or static renewal system. The model was used to study the survival of genetically engineered and wild-type strains of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas putida in the lake water environment. Temperature-dependent studies indicated that the genetically engineered microorganisms survived better or at least as well as their wild-type counterparts at 15, 25, and 30 degrees C. The genetic determinants of the genetically engineered microorganisms also remained fairly stable within the host cell under the tested conditions. In the presence of organisms indigenous to lake water, E. coli was eliminated after 20 days, whereas P. putida showed an initial decline but was able to stabilize its population after 5 days. A herbicide, Hydrothol-191, caused a significant decline in numbers of P. putida, but no significant difference was observed between the genetically engineered microorganisms and the wild-type strain. The microcosm described is simple, can be easily adapted to study a variety of environmental variables, and has the advantage that the organisms tested are constantly exposed to test waters that are continuously renewed.     

Microcosm for assessing survival of genetically engineered microorganisms in aquatic environments.

Laboratory-contained microcosms are important for studying the fate and survival of genetically engineered microorganisms. In this study, we describe a simple aquatic microcosm that utilizes survival chambers in a flowthrough or static renewal system. The model was used to study the survival of genetically engineered and wild-type strains of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas putida in the lake water environment. Temperature-dependent studies indicated that the genetically engineered microorganisms survived better or at least as well as their wild-type counterparts at 15, 25, and 30 degrees C. The genetic determinants of the genetically engineered microorganisms also remained fairly stable within the host cell under the tested conditions. In the presence of organisms indigenous to lake water, E. coli was eliminated after 20 days, whereas P. putida showed an initial decline but was able to stabilize its population after 5 days. A herbicide, Hydrothol-191, caused a significant decline in numbers of P. putida, but no significant difference was observed between the genetically engineered microorganisms and the wild-type strain. The microcosm described is simple, can be easily adapted to study a variety of environmental variables, and has the advantage that the organisms tested are constantly exposed to test waters that are continuously renewed.     

Survival and Impact of Genetically Engineered Pseudomonas putida Harboring Mercury Resistance Gene in Aquatic Microcosms

The survival of wild-type and genetically engineered Pseudomonas putida PpY101 that contained a recombinant plasmid pSR134 conferring mercury resistance were monitored in aquatic microcosms. We used lake, river, and spring water samples. The density of genetically engineered and wild-type P. putida decreased rapidly within 5 days (population change rate k -0.87 ~ -1.00 day^?1), then moderately after 5 to 28 days (-0.10~, -0.14 day^?1). The population change rates of genetically engineered and wild-type P. putida were not significantly different. We studied the important factors affecting the survival of genetically engineered and wild-type P. putida introduced in aquatic microcosms. Visible light exerted an adverse effect on the survival of the two strains. The densities of genetically engineered and wild-type P. putida were almost constant until 7 days after inoculation in natural water filtered with a 0.45-µm membrane filter, or treated with cycloheximide to inhibit the growth of protozoa. These results suggested that protozoan predation was one of the most important factors for the survival of two strains. We examined the impact of the addition of genetically engineered and wild-type P. putida on indigenous bacteria and protozoa. Inoculation of genetically engineered or wild-type P. putida had no apparent effect on the density of indigenous bacteria. The density of protozoa increased in microcosms inoculated with genetically engineered or wild-type P. putida at 3 days after inoculation, but after 5 to 21 days, the density of protozoa decreased to the same level as the control microcosms.