SD大鼠乳鼠皮层神经元细胞原代培养模型的建立及鉴定

摘要 目的：探讨SD大鼠乳鼠皮层神经元细胞原代培养方法,并鉴定其培养效果,以期建立一种生物学功能良好的体外细胞实验模型。方法：取出生24 h的SD大鼠乳鼠,分离出大脑皮层,在胰酶消化之前先进行离心,然后将胰酶消化后多次离心得到的细胞悬液接种于L-多聚赖氨酸包被的培养皿和共聚焦皿中,以加B27的Neurobasal-A培养基进行神经元细胞的原代培养,倒置显微镜下观察培养细胞的生长状态;通过免疫荧光组化的方法采用神经元标记物MAP-2进行神经元纯度的鉴定;在导入Fluo4-AM的原代神经元细胞,观察电刺激后胞内钙离子信号的变化,以验证神经元细胞的生理状态。结果：采用此方法培养的神经元细胞紧密贴壁、分散均匀、状态良好,神经元细胞周围突起相互连接形成网络;经MAP-2免疫荧光组化技术鉴定神经元的纯度达到95%以上;胞内钙离子信号的变化提示所培养的神经元具有良好的生物学功能。结论：该方法能获得纯度较高并且生物学功能良好的原代培养的SD大鼠乳鼠皮层神经元细胞。     

阿糖胞苷对大鼠海马神经元原代培养的影响

目的：探讨在大鼠海马神经元原代培养过程中,阿糖胞苷对培养神经元的影响。方法：将新生24 h大鼠,分离出海马组织,进行原代海马神经元培养,再将细胞分为阿糖胞苷组和对照组,阿糖胞苷组加入1μmol/L阿糖胞苷,通过检测神经元特异性标志物微管相关蛋白-2（Map-2）计算培养神经元的数量,通过台盼蓝染色法观察细胞的存活率。结果：培养第7天,阿糖胞苷组神经元数量为（11±3）个,对照组为（10±4）个,两组无明显差异;阿糖胞苷组神经元细胞在培养第14天时存活率为74%,培养第21天时存活率为49%,而对照组神经元14天时存活率为96%,21天存活率为88%,两组神经元存活率差异明显。结论：原代培养海马神经元时,阿糖胞苷对神经元产量及形态影响不明显,但是由于阿糖胞苷的毒性作用,明显缩短神经元的存活时间,影响长期培养神经元的存活率。     

人源性神经营养素-6对体外培养海马神经元存活的促进作用

分离出一周SD乳鼠海马组织,进行离体海马细胞培养;在培养基中加入神经营养素-6成熟肽片段,通过神经元特异性烯醇化酶免疫组化染色,计数存活海马神经元数量,与对照组比较,观察神经营养素-6对神经元存活的促进作用。结果显示,神经营养素-6实验组海马神经元存活数目显著高于对照组。表明人源性神经营养素-6可以促进体外培养神经元的存活。     

天蚕素A-爪蟾素2杂合肽P18对MDA-MB-435s乳腺癌细胞的作用研究

目的 研究天蚕素A-爪蟾素2杂合肽P18对体外培养的人类乳腺癌细胞株MDA-MB-435s的活性作用.方法 采用MTT法检测P18对体外培养的MDA-MB-435s细胞增殖的影响;使用Live/Dead Viability/Cytotoxicity试剂盒对细胞进行染色,并在荧光显微镜下观察细胞的存活状态;通过DiBAC_4(3)染色,以荧光分光光度计检测给肽时细胞膜的膜电位变化;在透射电子显微镜下观察P18作用24 h后细胞超微结构的变化.结果 MTT试验表明P18对MDA-MB-435s细胞的增殖具有浓度依赖性的抑制作用;荧光显微镜下可观察到P18可以使MDA-MB-435s细胞膜破损,细胞死亡;P18作用时,荧光分光光度计检测到MDA-MB-435s的细胞膜发生了去极化现象;透射电子显微镜下可见大量细胞崩解坏死.结论 杂合肽P18能够引起MDA-MB-435s细胞膜的通透性改变而导致细胞坏死.     

白细胞介素对大鼠海马培养神经元膜电特性的影响

用细胞内微电极记录方法研究了重组人白细胞介素－１β（ｒｈＩＬ－１β）和重组人白细胞介素－２（ｒｈｉＬ－２）对分散培养的新生大鼠海马神经元膜电性质的影响。采用压力脉冲微量给药技术将白介素施加于所记录的细胞表面。结果发现：１００Ｕ／ｍｌ浓度的ｒｈＩＬ－１β使受作用的海马神经元超极化４．２０±１．８６ｍＶ;１００Ｕ／ｍｌ浓度的ｒｈＩＬ－２使５０％受作用的海马神经元去极化１１．１２±３．７１ｍＶ,并伴有强烈的自发放电反应,而１０００Ｕ／ｍｌ浓度的ｒｈＩＬ－２使１００％受作用的神经元超极化３．２５±０．６３ｍＶ,这些神经元的膜阻抗均无明显变化。本实验结果提示ｒｈＩＬ－１β和ｒｈＩＬ－２可显著影响体外培养海马神经元的膜兴奋性。     

HDAC6通过调控HSP90影响Aβ诱导的大鼠海马神经元细胞功能和形态的研究

该文旨在探讨组蛋白去乙酰化酶6(histone deacetytase 6,HDAC6)通过调控热休克蛋白90(heat shock protein 90,HSP90)影响体外培养Aβ诱导的大鼠海马神经元细胞功能及形态的变化。取孕18天SD大鼠胎鼠,体外培养海马神经元细胞,7天后用β-tubulin III抗体鉴定海马神经元纯度。用寡聚体Aβ1-42干预24 h,随后分别加入HDAC6抑制剂TSA、HDAC6激动剂Theo、HSP90抑制剂Gane或生理盐水;细胞不加Aβ1-42干预作为对照。用CCK8法检测细胞的活力,免疫荧光法观察神经元细胞突起的长度及形态变化,Western blot检测HDAC6和HSP90蛋白表达,qRT-PCR检测hsp90基因的mRNA表达水平。结果表明,应用HDAC6抑制剂可下调HDAC6水平,同时促进了hsp90 mRNA和HSP90蛋白的表达,也提高了海马神经元活性、突起长度和分支数目,HDAC6激动剂则引起相反的效应;而应用HSP90抑制剂后则降低了神经元活性和突起长度以及分支数目,但HDAC6没有变化。因此,推测HDAC6可能通过调控HSP90水平影响Aβ诱导的大鼠海马神经元细胞功能和形态的变化。     

大鼠大脑皮质神经元原代培养不同培养体系及纯化方法的比较研究

目的:比较两种大鼠大脑皮质神经元的培养及纯化方法不同组合的优劣,探讨科学可靠的神经元培养纯化方法。方法:采用DMEM/F12+血清的有血清培养体系和神经基础培养基(Neurobasal)+B27的无血清培养体系培养原代神经元。在接种3天后分别采用加入阿糖胞苷和5-氟脱氧尿嘧啶两种方法进行神经元的纯化。在1天、3天、7天采用形态学及7天时免疫荧光化学法鉴定神经元的纯度及生长状态。结果:1天、3天时,有血清培养体系和无血清体系中的神经元的形态结构和密度无明显差别,在分别加入阿糖胞苷和5-氟脱氧尿嘧啶后,7天时无血清体系中加阿糖胞苷组细胞密度明显低于其他三组细胞密度。通过免疫荧光化学法鉴定可见无血清体系中的神经元纯度明显高于有血清体系。结论:有血清体系的神经元纯度较差,阿糖胞苷和5-氟脱氧尿嘧啶不能显著抑制胶质细胞等杂细胞的生长。无血清培养体系加阿糖胞苷的神经元细胞受损较多,无血清培养体系加5-氟脱氧尿嘧啶纯化培养的大鼠大脑皮质神经元,纯度较高,细胞数量合适,是体外研究神经系统相关理论的良好模型。     

新生大鼠海马培养神经元电生理参数测定及神经递质的作用观察

采用微电极技术对分散培养的新生大鼠海马神经元进行细胞内记录,对其被动膜电性质、Ⅰ－Ｖ关系曲线、动作电位等进行了观察。测得静息电位为－６４±１１ｍＶ（ｎ＝９６）,膜阻抗为８０±２０ＭΩ,时间常数５．６±１．４ｍｓ,动作电位幅度６９±７ｍＶ（ｎ＝１５）,阈电位－４８±８ｍＶ,超射值７±３ｍＶ。利用压力脉冲微量给药技术将乙酰胆碱或谷氨酸钠施加于所观察的细胞表面,发现二者均引起神经元去极化,并伴有强烈的放电反应。证明新生大鼠海马培养神经元细胞内记录是一种稳定可靠的电生理学研究方法。     

大鼠海马神经元体外缺糖缺氧模型的建立

目的：建立体外培养大鼠海马神经元缺糖缺氧模型。方法：取培养12d的海马神经元,在缺糖缺氧条件下分别培养0．5～4h后取出,换原神经元培养液,在常氧下继续培养24h后测定培养液中乳酸脱氢酶活性。测定神经元形态变化,并计算神经元存活百分率。同时用原位末端标记(TUNEL)法检测神经元凋亡。结果：缺糖缺氧后海马神经元胞体逐渐肿胀,培养液中LDH释放量逐渐增多,细胞存活率逐渐减少。恢复糖和氧供应后24h,凋亡神经元百分率明显增多。结论：用改进的无血清、无糖人工脑脊液成功建立了大鼠海马神经元离体缺糖缺氧模型。     

强直电刺激嗅内皮质-海马环路诱发CA1神经元的癫痫同步性膜电位振荡行为

目的和方法 :4 0 0～ 5 0 0 μm大鼠水平脑切片含有封闭的EC 海马环路。强直电刺激 (60Hz ,2s)海马Schaeffer侧支诱发癫痫放电 ,全细胞记录CA1胞体层单个神经元电活动 ,同步记录相应树突区细胞外场电位 ,探讨单个神经元膜电位振荡特性与细胞外癫痫电活动之间的关系。结果 :①强直电刺激诱发CA1神经元膜电位后放性振荡行为呈宽频特征 (3～ 10 0Hz)。以θ节律多见 ,跟随在刺激引起的膜电位去极化或超极化偏移 (paroxysmaldepolarizingorhyperpolaringshift,PDSorPHS)之后 ,振荡波的上升支和下降支分别由膜电位去极化 超极化或超极化 去极化成分构成 ;②逐渐增强的IPSP构成了膜电位振荡的起搏成分 ,继而反弹形成锋电位和阈下振荡 ,与细胞外癫痫样电活动同步 ,并促成癫痫放电由紧张性向阵挛性形式转变 ;③发现了电偶联电位 (spikelets)以及细胞之间的染料偶联现象。结论 :单个神经元作为振荡器可以启动群体神经元超同步化癫痫样电活动 ;缝隙连接可能参与了膜电位振荡的启动与场电位癫痫样电活动的同步作用。     

Effects of prenatal low-dose beta radiation from tritiated water on learning and memory in rats and their possible mechanisms.

Pregnant adult Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups. Three of these groups were irradiated with beta rays by a single intraperitoneal injection of tritiated water ((3)H(2)O) administered on the 13th day of gestation. The doses absorbed by their offspring were estimated to be 4.6, 9.2 and 27.3 cGy. The influence of radiation on the postnatal learning ability and memory behavior and on brain development of the offspring was investigated. The number of pyramidal cells (in areas CA1, CA2, CA3 and CA4) and neurons in the hippocampus of the offspring was also measured. In addition, the Ca(++) conductance of hippocampal pyramidal cells cultured in vitro was observed. The results showed that an exposure to 4.6 cGy could prolong avoidance response time significantly and decrease the number of hippocampal pyramidal cells in the CA1 area compared to controls. An exposure to 9.2 cGy significantly decreased the establishment of conditioned reflexes and the number of hippocampal pyramidal cells in the CA3 area. This exposure also induced the degeneration and malformation of hippocampal neurons cultured in vitro, in addition to decreasing the number of hippocampal neurons observed on each culture day. A dose of 27.3 cGy significantly decreased brain and body weights and the maximum electric conductance of Ca(++) in hippocampal pyramidal neurons. In general, dose-dependent effects were observed for most of the parameters assessed in the present study. Possible mechanisms are discussed.     

垂体腺苷酸环化酶激活肽减轻谷氨酸对海马神经元的损伤并抑制胞内钙升高

对原代培养７～９ｄ的海马神经元给予谷氨酸处理,２４ｈ后,神经元的存活率降低。预先给予垂体腺苷酸环化酶激活肽（ＰＡＣＡＰ）能显著减少谷氨酸引起的海马神经元死亡。谷氨酸呈剂量依赖性增加海马神经元细胞内钙离子含量,ＰＡＣＡＰ能抑制谷氨酸引起的海马神经元细胞内钙离子浓度的升高,特异性ＰＡＣＡＰ Ⅰ型受体拮抗剂ＰＡＣＡＰ ６－３８能完全阻断ＰＡＣＡＰ减轻谷氨酸所致海马神经元损伤及降低谷氨酸所致神经元细胞内钙     

线粒体膜电位与皮质酮对原代培养海马细胞的毒性作用

采用MTT法和激光共聚焦显微术观察皮质酮对原代培养海马神经细胞的存活率及其线粒体膜电位的影响。结果表明,在低糖、无血清培养条件下,皮质酮可剂量依赖地降低海马神经元及神经胶质细胞的存活率,在同等剂量下以神经元损伤更为显著。给予高浓度葡萄糖（25mmol/L）可明显拮抗皮质酮对海马神经元的毒性作用。进一步研究表明,皮质酮（10^-6-10^-5mol/L）可引起海马神经元线粒体膜电位明显下降,此作用亦可被高浓度葡萄糖所对抗。结果提示,在相同处理因素条件下,皮质酮以损伤神经元为主。皮质酮可降低海马神经元的存活率及线粒体膜电位,给予高浓度葡萄糖具有明显的改善作用。线粒体膜电位的下降可能是皮质酮引起神经元损伤的机制之一。     

Culture condition and embryonic stage dependent silence of glucocorticoid receptor expression in hippocampal neurons

Glucocorticoid (GC) plays a key role in controlling numerous cellular processes during embryogenesis and fetal development. The actions of glucocorticoids are mediated by interaction with their receptors. We previously reported that hippocampal neurons from embryonic day 18 (E18) rats showed silence of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression when cultured in serum-free condition. In this study, using western blot, immunofluorescence staining and real-time RT-PCR, we found that while this silence occurred in hippocampal neurons isolated from E16 and E18 rats, it did not happen in those from E20 and neonatal (P0) rats. And when cultured under serum-containing condition, none of them showed GR silence anymore. Corticosterone could not rescue the expression of GR in E16 and E18 neurons in serum-free condition, whereas adding of serum could induce the re-expression of the silenced GR. The absence of GR silence in P0 neurons was not due to the perturbation during parturition. Moreover, the unique expression profile of GR in protein and mRNA level was well reflected in the changes of GR function. These results suggested that under in vitro condition, serum was critical for the maintaining of GR expression in hippocampal neurons of early embryonic stages but less important in later developmental stages. Thus, our data implied that at different developmental stages, the expression of GR in hippocampal neurons might have different susceptibilities to environment changes and there might be a critical time window for the switching of such characteristics during development.     

Culturing hippocampal neurons

We provide protocols for preparing low-density dissociated-cell cultures of hippocampal neurons from embryonic rats or mice. The neurons are cultured on polylysine-treated coverslips, which are suspended above an astrocyte feeder layer and maintained in serum-free medium. When cultured according to this protocol, hippocampal neurons become appropriately polarized, develop extensive axonal and dendritic arbors and form numerous, functional synaptic connections with one another. Hippocampal cultures have been used widely for visualizing the subcellular localization of endogenous or expressed proteins, for imaging protein trafficking and for defining the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of neuronal polarity, dendritic growth and synapse formation. Preparation of glial feeder cultures must begin 2 weeks in advance, and it takes 5 d to prepare coverslips as a substrate for neuronal growth. Dissecting the hippocampus and plating hippocampal neurons takes 2-3 h.     

Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Bifidobacterium bifidum TMC3115 Can Affect Development of Hippocampal Neurons Cultured In Vitro in a Strain-Dependent Manner

This study examined whether Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) and Bifidobacterium bifidum TMC3115 (TMC3115) could morphologically or physiologically influence hippocampal neuronal development in vitro. Hippocampal neurons cultured in vitro were exposed to live or heat-inactivated LGG or TMC3115 for either 6 or 24 h. Neuronal morphological changes and drebrin (DRB) and synaptophysin (SYP) protein levels were monitored using immunofluorescence. And the levels of DRB, SYP, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB) mRNA were detected using RT-PCR. The BDNF, CREB, and phosphorylated-CREB (P-CREB) protein levels were detected by extraction-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or Western blot assays. Heat-inactivated LGG and TMC3115 could enhance neuron viability, DRB and SYP protein levels, and BDNF mRNA level were significantly altered after exposure to the tested bacteria with 6 h or 24 h. There were no significant differences in neuronal morphology or DRB, SYP, or CREB mRNA levels among the groups following bacterial exposure. However, following exposure of live TMC3115 for 24 h, the neuronal BDNF and P-CREB protein levels were both significantly up-regulated as detected by western blot assays. These results demonstrated that LGG and TMC3115 could affect neuronal viability, along with hippocampal synaptic and functional development, in a strain-dependent manner, which may also be closely associated with the physiological and culture conditions of each strain. Up-regulated P-CREB may be one of the underlying mechanisms by which the bacteria, especially neurons following exposure of live TMC3115 for 24 h, are able to regulate neuronal BDNF protein production.

     

Upregulation by KCl treatment of eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1A (eEF1A) mRNA in the dendrites of cultured rat hippocampal neurons

Activity-dependent local translation in the dendrites of brain neurons plays an important role in the synapse-specific provision of proteins necessary for strengthening synaptic connections. In this study we carried out combined fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and immunocytochemistry (IC) and showed that more than half of the eukaryotic elongation factor 1A (eEF1A) mRNA clusters overlapped with or were immediately adjacent to clusters of PSD-95, a postsynaptic marker, in the dendrites of cultured rat hippocampal neurons. Treatment of the neurons with KCl increased the density of the dendritic eEF1A mRNA clusters more than two-fold. FISH combined with IC revealed that the KCl treatment increased the density of eEF1A mRNA clusters that overlapped with or were immediately adjacent to PSD-95 clusters. These results indicate that KCl treatment increases both the density of eEF1A mRNA clusters and their synaptic association in dendrites of cultured neurons.     

Newly identified steady-state potassium channels in rat hippocampal neurons.

We report two new types of potassium channels in cultured hippocampal neurons of rat. Both channels occurred in the soma membrane of these cells at very low density. They were active in steady-state conditions, within a wide voltage range that included the resting membrane potential. Their open probability was enhanced by membrane depolarization, but not influenced by Ca ions. In symmetrical 150 mM KCl the channels showed a slope conductance of ca. 40 and 80 pS, respectively. Current-voltage relations of both K channels show a negative slope at high positive voltages.