益母草（Leonurus artemisia）灭螺效果研究

本实验研充分别采用益母草的根、茎、叶的0．10、0．25、0．50、2．00、1．00g／L和水苏碱的0．20、0．40、0．60、0．80、1．00g/L 5个不同浓度梯度的处理液处理钉螺,设清水和0．001g／L浓度的氯硝柳胺溶液为对照。结果表明：（1）益母草各部分的水浸液均有很好的灭螺效果。用不同浓度的处理液浸杀钉螺,在不同时间的处理下,钉螺死亡率存在差异,其钉螺死亡率是随处理浓度的增加和时间的延长呈上升趋势,0．5g／L以上的益母草根、茎、叶、化水浸液和浓度达0．60g／L以上的水苏碱处理液均可达到100％的明显毒杀钉螺致死效果,与通常使用浓度0．0001g／L氯硝柳胺溶液的灭螺效果相当,不过益母苹根、茎、叶水浸液的毒效较氯硝柳胺略慢,用0．0001g／L氯硝柳胺溶液处理钉螺2—3d可达100％的死亡率,而用0．5g／L以上的益母草根、茎、叶水浸液水溶液处理需要3—5d才能达到同样的效果;灭螺效果顺序依次为：叶〉茎〉根。（2）钉螺趋避性研究表明水苏碱和益母草根、茎和叶的处理液对钉螺具有明显的驱逐作用,而盐酸益母草碱几乎没有作用。由此获得化感作用植物益母草灭螺的化学生态学证据。为研制新的具中国特色的植物成份灭螺剂打下了基础。并为合成仿生灭螺剂以及最终构建生态工程中强化感作用植物群落灭螺提供理论依据。     

我国常用的灭螺方法

介绍了常用的消灭钉螺的方法：物理灭螺,主要有土埋吹沙、沟渠硬化、翻耕种植、蓄水养殖、开新填旧、热力杀螺等;化学灭螺,包括化学合成药物灭螺和植物性药物灭螺;生物灭螺主要有捕食灭螺、微生物灭螺和竞争灭螺。并对几种方法的实际效果进行了比较。     

夹竹桃强心总甙灭螺活性与机理

血吸虫病（Schistosomiasis）是严重危害人民身体健康的疾病.钉螺是血吸虫的唯一中间寄主,是血吸虫生活周期中最脆弱环节,灭螺能有效控制血吸虫病,保护湿地和水资源.按强心总甙提取方法,用有机溶剂提取,从118.1940g（相当于100g干材料）夹竹桃新鲜叶中得到0.9815g夹竹桃强心总甙.将强心总甙按5、10、15、20、25、30mg/L配制成6个不同浓度梯度的处理溶液处理钉螺.取活钉螺100只为1组,每20个装入一个尼龙网袋中,分别将各组（5袋/组;网孔2mm）钉螺浸入盛有2000g不同浓度的夹竹桃强心总甙灭螺剂水溶液的玻璃缸中,设1mg/L氯硝柳胺水溶液和无氯清水对照.分别于处理1、2、3、4、5d后,将各处理中的钉螺随机取出1袋,用无氯水冲洗数次,再放入清水中静置1d,然后作存活检查：在解剖镜下针刺无反应的证实死亡.结果显示夹竹桃强心总甙具有很好的毒杀钉螺活性,用20mg/L的夹竹桃强心总甙的水溶液处理3～4d的效果与1mg/L氯硝柳胺溶液处理2～3d的灭螺效果相当;经统计分析：用其水溶液灭螺的.LD50和LD90浓度分别是4.0500mg/L和22.2500mg/L.用LD50浓度的夹竹桃强心总甙溶液处理50个钉螺之后,取活螺用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（PAGE）进行测试,在处理6h时,显示各处理样品的酶活高于对照组,表现为酶带颜色加深,有新的酶带出现;而在处理12h和24h后,各处理的样品酶带浅于对照组,酶带颜色逐渐变浅,直到消失.采用蒽酮显色法测定经夹竹桃强心总甙处理后钉螺软体的糖原含量糖原含量显著下降,减少幅度从9.9%到32.6%;钉螺经夹竹桃强心总甙处理后蛋白质含量的变化不明显.分析了强化感作用植物夹竹桃植物新鲜叶中强心总甙的灭螺活性,并在微观领域探究其化感作用导致钉螺的形态病理以及糖代谢、蛋白质代谢等生理变化等方面所表现出的杀伤钉螺的机理,由此获得强化感作用植物夹竹桃灭螺的化学生态学证据,为研制新的具中国特色的植物成份灭螺剂打下了基础,并为合成仿生灭螺剂以及最终构建生态工程中强化感作用植物群落灭螺提供理论依据.     

三种植物与紫红链霉菌组合灭螺效果

探讨了不同植物与紫红链霉菌组合的灭螺效果,为研制高效低毒植物灭螺剂提供依据。将天名精（Carpesium abrotanoides）、苍耳子（Xanthium sibiricum）、青蒿（Artemisia carvifolia）3种植物水浸液分别与紫红链霉菌液（Streptomyces violaceoruber）组合后对钉螺进行浸杀对比实验,并比较了相同植物与紫红链霉菌液的复合颗粒灭螺剂的灭螺效果。结果表明：天名精、苍耳子与紫红链霉菌复合颗粒灭螺剂7 d钉螺死亡率分别比其1%混合液提高17.6%（P=0.019）和5.3%(P=0.362);青蒿与链霉菌复合颗粒灭螺剂7 d钉螺死亡率比其1%混合液降低6.7%(P=0.022);天名精、苍耳子和链霉菌复合颗粒灭螺剂较其混合液具有一定的增效作用。     

益母草(Leonurus artemisia) 灭螺效果研究

本实验研究分别采用益母草的根、茎、叶的0.10、0.25、0.50、2.00、1.00g/L和水苏碱的0.20、0.40、0.60、0.80、1.00g/L5个不同浓度梯度的处理液处理钉螺,设清水和0.001g/L浓度的氯硝柳胺溶液为对照。结果表明:(1)益母草各部分的水浸液均有很好的灭螺效果,用不同浓度的处理液浸杀钉螺,在不同时间的处理下,钉螺死亡率存在差异,其钉螺死亡率是随处理浓度的增加和时间的延长呈上升趋势,0.5g/L以上的益母草根、茎、叶、化水浸液和浓度达0.60g/L以上的水苏碱处理液均可达到100%的明显毒杀钉螺致死效果,与通常使用浓度0.0001g/L氯硝柳胺溶液的灭螺效果相当,不过益母草根、茎、叶水浸液的毒效较氯硝柳胺略慢,用0.0001g/L氯硝柳胺溶液处理钉螺2~3d可达100%的死亡率,而用0.5g/L以上的益母草根、茎、叶水浸液水溶液处理需要3~5d才能达到同样的效果;灭螺效果顺序依次为:叶>茎>根。(2)钉螺趋避性研究表明水苏碱和益母草根、茎和叶的处理液对钉螺具有明显的驱逐作用,而盐酸益母草碱几乎没有作用。由此获得化感作用植物益母草灭螺的化学生态学证据,为研制新的具中国特色的植物成份灭螺剂打下了基础,并为合成仿生灭螺剂以及最终构建生态工程中强化感作用植物群落灭螺提供理论依据。     

枫杨水浸液灭螺实验研究

采用枫杨的新鲜根皮、茎皮和叶的水浸液处理螺,并用五氯酚钠溶液处理和清水饲养钉螺实验作对照,结果表明,５％以上的枫杨各部水浸液对钉螺个有２０－１００％的毒杀致死作用,处理时间在２４０ｈ左右时,其经可达９３．５－１００％,含２．５％的新鲜枫杨叶和２．５％的新鲜乌桕叶、池杉叶、樟叶、羊蹄全株、青蒿全株等的混浸液,处理钉螺２４０ｈ亦分别具有９６．７％、９３．３％、８０％、１００％、８６．７％的灭螺效果。     

枫杨(Pterocarya stenoptera)水浸液灭螺实验研究

采用枫杨的新鲜根皮、茎皮和叶的水浸液处理钉螺,并用五氯酚钠溶液处理和清水饲养钉螺实验作对照．结果表明,５％以上的枫杨各部水浸液对钉螺具有２０％～１００％的毒杀致死作用．处理时间在２４０ｈ左右时,其死螺率可达９３．５％～１００％,含２．５％的新鲜枫杨叶和２．５％的新鲜乌桕叶、池杉叶、樟叶、羊蹄全株、青蒿全株等的混浸液,处理钉螺２４０ｈ亦分别具有９６．７％、９３．３％、８０％、１００％、８６．７％的灭螺效果     

一种灭螺的特效植物

最近我们配合四川省卫生厅在四川西南都的会理县了解到一种杀灭钉螺有特效的野生植物。根据实验室及现场试验,一般用0.5%浓度的浸出液,在48至72小时内,灭螺效果即达98—100%,证明这是一种良好的灭螺药剂。同时施于农田中对农作物不但毫     

中国灭螺技术的研究进展

本文就我国在化学药物灭螺、环境改造灭螺、利用食螺动物和靶螺竞争生物灭螺及植物灭螺的研究进展进行了综述,以期为灭螺技术的开发和应用提供依据.     

樟树水浸液的灭螺效果

研究了新鲜樟树的茎皮、根皮和叶的水浸液对钉螺的杀灭效果。结果表明：通过一定时间的处理,樟树水浸液对钉螺有明显的毒杀作用。其中,0．5％以上的茎皮和根皮的水浸液对钉螺具有35％-100％的毒杀作用;处理时间在72h时,死螺率可达80％-100％。0．5％的樟树根皮水浸液浸泡72h时,死螺率为95％;1％的樟树根皮水浸液浸泡72h时,死螺率为100％。当用同种水浸液浸泡时,钉螺死亡率随水浸液浓度的增加而升高;随着浸泡时间的延长,钉螺的死亡率也升高。     

湘江长沙段洲滩钉螺防治后的种群动态

采用以系统抽样结合环境抽查的查螺方法,对湘江长沙段洲滩进行连续6年的螺情调查.2003-2008年跟踪调查了湘江长沙段24个洲滩,其中20个洲滩有钉螺分布,占洲滩总数的83.3%,4个洲滩从未查见钉螺.活螺洲滩数分别占当年调查洲滩的62.50%、66.67%、66.67%、70.83%、33.33%、37.50%;2008年与2003年相比,活螺洲滩数下降了40.00%,有螺框出现率、钉螺平均密度、活螺率分别下降了99.10%、99.74%、51.09%.经统计学处理,各洲滩有螺框出现率(Z=91.56,P<0.01)、活螺率(Z=65.13,P<0.01)不相同,但年度下降趋势明显.在20个有螺洲滩中,有感染性钉螺分布的洲滩5个,占有螺洲滩总数的25.00%;有感染性钉螺分布的洲滩逐年减少,平均密度和感染率逐年降低,2007-2008年所有洲滩均无感染性钉螺分布.湘江长沙段有螺洲滩采取的各种防治措施中,药物与环改灭螺相结合的效果远好于单纯的药物灭螺.各种环改灭螺措施中,又以抬洲降滩、翻耕垦种的灭螺效果更持久,更彻底.2007、2008年有螺洲滩数、钉螺总数急剧减少,有螺框出现率、活螺率大幅度下降还町能与水位和气候有关.湘江长沙段洲滩的螺情得到了较好的控制.     

氚—烟酰苯胺在钉螺体内分布示踪的研究

本文应用氚－烟酰苯胺标记湖北钉螺，示踪观察不同时间烟酰苯胺进入螺体组织和脏器内的分布和进入途径。结果显示，钉螺接触药物从２２分钟开始检测出组织、脏器内氚含量，以后逐渐增高，至１４４０分钟达最高峰；合计不同时间各组织和脏器中药物含量由高至低排列次序为外套膜、胃肠、肝脏、肠内粪梗、睾丸、卵巢、鳃、神经节、心脏；转换氚含量为烟酰苯胺剂量，证实了烟酰苯胺杀螺的低用量与高效性；由单位重量组织和脏器中药物含量排位，反映出药物在螺体分布动态变化，以及药物通过消化系统、呼吸系统、外套膜表皮三条途径进入。     

Comparative studies of the defense mechanism against Schistosoma japonicum of schistosome-susceptible and -resistant Oncomelania nosophora

The amphibious snail Oncomelania nosophora is an intermediate host of Schistosoma japonicum. Previously we reported that there are two strains of the snail, one resistant and one susceptible to a Mindoro, the Philippines, strain of S. japonicum. The resistant snails were collected from Nirasaki and susceptible snails from Kisarazu, Japan. To determine early cellular responses in the two snail strains, we examined histologic alterations in the snails for up to 18 h after the initial exposure to miracidia. In both strains, the penetrating miracidia were distributed in the foot, mantle, gills, heart, stomach, and kidney, and the mean number of penetrating miracidia was similar in both strains. After penetration, snail hemocytes migrated toward the larvae, and by 12 h after exposure, substantial numbers of penetrated larvae were surrounded and encapsulated by hemocytes. The percentage of larvae encapsulated by hemocytes during 12-18 h after the exposure was significantly higher in the resistant Nirasaki strain (60.9+/-19.8%) than in the susceptible Kisarazu strain (42.3+/-15.0%). In a few snails of the Nirasaki strain, all the larvae found were encapsulated by hemocytes. The differences in hemocyte responses between the two strains may explain the susceptibility of the snails to schistosome larvae.     

湖北钉螺种群内螺壳形态形状变异分析

在中国大陆血吸虫病流行的7个省中,采集不同环境类型的21个湖北钉螺(Oncomelania hupensis)种群,每个种群各测量60只湖北钉螺的11个形态性状。采用形态性状的变异系数、种群内个体间的欧氏距离与多样性指数及主成分分析3种方法,分析不同湖北钉螺种群内形态性状的变异程度。结果表明,在种群内个体间的欧氏距离和形态性状多样性方面,都以江西都昌的变异最大,平均欧氏距离为2.88,方差为2.33,极差为9.05,多样性指数为1.56,个体间平均距离以四川西昌湖北钉螺种群的最小,仅为1.37,而多样性指数以四川丹棱湖北钉螺种群的最小,为0.91。在不同光壳湖北钉螺种群中,以云南大理湖北钉螺个体间的平均距离最大,为1.90,但方差和极差以江苏宜兴的最大,分别为0.55和4.46。不同湖北钉螺种群内形态性状变异程度存在较大的差异,肋壳湖北钉螺种群内的形态性状变异程度普遍高于光壳湖北钉螺种群内的变异程度。     

Transplantation of Schistosoma japonicum daughter sporocysts in Oncomelania hupensis

Schistosoma japonicum daughter sporocysts obtained from infected Oncomelania hupensis hupensis were successfully transplanted to parasite-free O. hupensis hupensis. Survival and infection rates of recipient snails were 80% and 75% respectively. Intramolluscan development of transplanted daughter sporocysts in recipient snails appears to proceed in a similar manner as those reported for transplanted S. mansoni and S. haematobium in their respective snail intermediate hosts. Complete colonization of the digestive gland of recipient snails by sporocysts was observed 80 days after transplantation. Cercarial production during a 10-day observation from recipient snails was characterized by periods of high and low and irregular daily emissions. The average daily cercarial production was 150 per snail. Cercariae produced by recipient snails were infective to mice. Of those cercariae exposed to mice, approximately 30% developed to adult schistosomes. These results have definitive utility in the maintenance of S. japonicum in the laboratory.     

Natural selection by avian predators on size and colour of a freshwater snail (Pomacea flagellatd)

We identify two avian predators of the Neotropical apple snail, Pomaceaflagellata, and estimate the strength, direction and form of multivariate natural selection by these predators on size and colour of snail shells. Limpkins are tactile predators and act as agents of disruptive selection on snail size, selecting average-sized snails disproportionately more often than small or large snails (y = 0.39, SE = 0.08). In addition, we were able to identify variation in handling behaviours and snail size selection among individual limpkins. Individual limpkins showed preferences for snails of different sizes and punctured the snail shells opposite the aperture mainly when handling large snails. Snail kites are visual predators and seem to be agents of directional selection against lighter coloured snails (β= 0.66, SE = 0.33). The ecological interaction between the apple snail and its predators provides a powerful system to further explore the role of predation in determining evolutionary changes in snail behaviour, morphology and life history.     

Spatial and temporal population genetic survey of Bulinus globosus from Zanzibar: an intermediate host of Schistosoma haematobium

In Zanzibar, the freshwater hermaphroditic snail Bulinus globosus is the intermediate host of the human parasite Schistosoma haematobium . To shed light on the patterns of genetic variation within Bu. globosus , variation at six polymorphic microsatellite loci was assessed to quantify spatial genetic structure within eight populations and temporal changes in a further four populations of the snails. Limited genetic variation was observed within populations, possibly reflecting both partial-selfing and fluctuations in population size. Although a statistically significant heterozygote deficiency was observed, Bu. globosus appears to be a preferential out-crosser, which was consistent with the absence of genotypic linkage disequilibria. Genetic variation across populations was substantial, illustrating significant isolation-by-distance on a regional scale and that gene flow was restricted to nearby populations. The temporal survey showed that levels of genetic variation and inbreeding changed over a 1-year period, consistent with field observations of seasonal change. The results strongly support a snail demographic model of population expansion and contraction throughout the year with habitats re-colonized by aestivating or surviving snails from local refugia. This model might help explain co-evolution of snails and schistosomes in Zanzibar as local populations of Bu. globosus have varying degrees of susceptibility to S. haematobium .     

几种杀螺细菌的筛选与功效研究

湖北钉螺是日本血吸虫的唯一中间宿主,生物杀螺具有环保、成本较低以及对钉螺定向特异的优点。从鄱阳湖草洲土壤及病螺体内分离出4株对钉螺具有高毒性作用的细菌。革兰氏染色和显微镜观察表明,一株为芽孢杆菌,其余3株均为革兰氏阴性杆菌。16srDNA扩增及序列比对鉴定其种属类型,结果显示分别为Enterobactersp．、B．cereus、S．putrefaciens和Aeromonassp．。杀螺研究结果表明,4株细菌的发酵液、发酵上清液和菌体对钉螺均表现出不同程度的毒杀作用,其中S．putrefaciens和Aeromonassp．的杀螺效果最好,72h发酵液和发酵上清液对钉螺的毒杀作用分别达100％和95％以上。各细菌发酵上清SDS-PAGE结果发现了丰富蛋白带,推测这些蛋白中存在对钉螺具有毒杀功效的组分。     

Demonstration of replication of daughter sporocysts in the natural development of Schistosoma japonicum

The participation of replicating sporocysts in the intramolluscal development of Schistosoma japonicum within its snail host Oncomelania hupensis is demonstrated by histological studies. Replicating sporocysts were observed in snails maintained under both standard and hibernation conditions. The demographic and epidemiological importance of the replication process within schistosomes is discussed comparatively.     

不同壳色福寿螺形态性状与体质量的关系

【背景】福寿螺因其食性杂、抗逆性和繁殖力强以及自然天敌少等不断扩散,侵害农作物,被列为我国首批外来入侵物种。国内外学者一直致力于研究对其的防治与监控。自然界中福寿螺存在2种壳色——黄色和黑色,壳色受遗传因素和环境因素的双重影响。广东省福寿螺多以黑色为主,福寿螺倾向于与不同壳色的螺交配。壳色在一定程度上影响其交配的选择性,但2种壳色的福寿螺繁殖力指标差异不显著。而关于这2种壳色的螺在形态学上的差异鲜有报道。【方法】利用生物统计软件和分析方法进行相关性分析、通径分析及多元回归分析,计算相关系数、通径系数和决定系数,研究2种壳色福寿螺形态性状与体质量的关系。【结果】2种壳色福寿螺的体质量、层高的变异系数较大,且黄色比黑色变异系数大。对黄色福寿螺体质量影响较大的依次为壳高、口宽;对黑色福寿螺体质量影响较大的依次为口宽、层高。【结论与意义】2种壳色福寿螺在形态性状方面差异显著,可以将壳色作为特征标记,为福寿螺的监测与灾害评估提供参考。