氚—烟酰苯胺在钉螺体内分布示踪的研究

本文应用氚－烟酰苯胺标记湖北钉螺,示踪观察不同时间烟酰苯胺进入螺体组织和脏内的分布和进入途径。结果显示,钉螺接触药物从２２分钟开始检测组织,脏器内氚含量,以后逐渐增高,至１４４０分钟达最高峰;合计不同时间各组织和脏器药物含量由高至低排列次序为外套膜,胃肠,肝脏,肠仙粪便,睾丸,卵巢,鳃,神经节,心脏;转换氚含量为烟酰苯胺剂量,证实了烟酰苯胺杀螺的低用量与高效性,由单位重量组织和脏器中药物含量排位,     

日本血吸虫毛蚴对钉螺的钻穿及在螺体内的分布和移行

采自安徽省池的钉螺每粒感染５０只湖南株日本血吸虫毛后的组织学观察说明：毛蚴钻穿钉螺有从螺鳃部、头足总后有皮以及实质组织（外套膜、触角和阴茎）等三方面途径,其中以前二者尤为重要;毛蚴进入螺鳃丝后直接进入血液循环系统,从头足表皮进入的毛蚴,除了少数在钻穿部位附近滞留外,多数继续向头足部深层的肌肉和窦状组织间隙移行,以前头足窦、直肠和消化道外的组织间隙以及肾脏为主要的移行部位;从外套膜、触角、阴茎等部位     

钉螺的基础组分及溴乙酰胺对它的作用

本文对安徽省贵池地区钉螺软体的生化组成进行了分析,并进一步探讨杀螺药溴乙酰胺对钉螺的怍用。溴乙酰胺浸泡钉螺不同时间后,钉螺组织内糖原含量随作用时间不同而异。杀螺药氯乙酰胺与氯硝柳胺同样拉可减少钉螺体内的糖原含量。     

钉螺的基础组分及φ溴乙酰胺对它的作用

本文对安徽省贵池地区钉螺软体的生化组成进行了分析,并进一步探讨杀螺药溴乙酰胺对钉螺的作用。溴乙酰胺浸泡钉螺不同时间后,钉螺组织内糖原含量随作用时间不同而异。杀螺药氯乙酰胺与氯硝柳胺同样也可减少钉螺体内的糖原含量。     

山丘区土壤环境因子对钉螺(Oncomelania Snail)分布的影响

土壤是自然界钉螺孳生繁殖的重要场所,钉螺的分布与土壤环境因子密切相关。对山丘区9种不同土地利用类型土壤环境对钉螺分布影响的研究结果表明：耕地、荒草地、河滩地及灌溉沟渠存在钉螺分布,活螺框出现率的高低顺序为耕地＞河滩地＞灌溉沟渠＞荒草地,活螺密度的大小顺序为河滩地＞灌溉沟渠＞耕地＞荒草地;有螺土壤环境与无螺土壤环境的方差分析结果不显著,土壤全K含量与0.02~0.002mm的土壤颗粒含量存在显著差异;土壤环境因子对钉螺分布影响的灰色关联分析表明,0.02~0.002mm的土壤颗粒、土壤全P含量和土壤水分是影响钉螺的最重要的3个因子,且土壤环境因子对钉螺活螺框出现率及活螺密度影响的大小规律基本一致,不同之处在于土壤全K含量对活螺密度的影响更显著。研究结果可为我国山丘区改造钉螺孳生环境、控制血吸虫病流行及发展区域经济提供依据     

山丘区土壤环境因子对钉螺 (Oncomelania Snail)分布的影响

土壤是自然界钉螺孳生繁殖的重要场所,钉螺的分布与土壤环境因子密切相关。对山丘区9种不同土地利用类型土壤环境对钉螺分布影响的研究结果表明：耕地、荒草地、河滩地及灌溉沟渠存在钉螺分布,活螺框出现率的高低顺序为耕地〉河滩地〉灌溉沟渠〉荒草地,活螺密度的大小顺序为河滩地〉灌溉沟渠〉耕地〉荒草地;有螺土壤环境与无螺土壤环境的方差分析结果不显著,土壤全K含量与0.02-0.002mm的土壤颗粒含量存在显著差异;土壤环境因子对钉螺分布影响的灰色关联分析表明,0.02-0.002mm的土壤颗粒、土壤全P含量和土壤水分是影响钉螺的最重要的3个因子,且土壤环境因子对钉螺活螺框出现率及活螺密度影响的大小规律基本一致,不同之处在于土壤全K含量对活螺密度的影响更显著。研究结果可为我国山丘区改造钉螺孳生环境、控制血吸虫病流行及发展区域经济提供依据。     

冬季水淹后洲滩钉螺组织化学与超微结构的变化

实验表明，冬季持续水淹６０天以上，湖沼地区洲滩钉死亡率增高，繁殖力下降。为探索其机制运用组织化学与透射电镜技术观察了受淹钉螺软体组织。结果显示：水淹３０、６０天螺体内糖原含量减少；ＡＬＲ、ｍｇ＾＋＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ，Ｇ－６Ｐａｓｅ活性下降；ＳＤＨ．ＬＤＨ．ＡＣＰ活性增高；ＣＨＥ活性无明显变化。水淹６０天螺头足部软件 体与肝脏组织细胞肿胀并伴有线体肿胀，嵴断裂或空泡状变，粗面内质网脱颗粒，高尔基体囊状     

对黑蜗牛生物学特性的初步研究

利用对比观察法,研究黑蜗牛的形态结构、生殖特点、死亡原因,发现黑蜗牛的螺旋贝壳短,只有壳顶和两个螺层,体螺层不能完全容纳软体,螺旋贝壳中碳酸钙含量约为60．3％,易软化。体背上生长着外套膜和外壳膜,外套膜在螺旋贝壳内包裹着内脏囊,外壳膜覆盖在螺旋贝壳的表面,能向不同方向伸展。壳口处的外壳膜上有排泄孔,排泄孔与外套膜上的呼吸孔连通,具有呼吸、排泄粪便和排泄尿液的多种功能。证明黑蜗牛是一种新的软体动物——最原始的蜗牛,也是陆生软体动物贝壳退化成内壳的过渡物种。隶属于琥珀蜗牛科（Zonitidae）,夏威夷琥珀蜗牛属（Hawaiia）,沂水琥珀蜗牛种（Hawaiia yishuiusculeLi）。     

水淹对钉螺卵影响的透射电镜观察

春汛期钉螺繁殖期在洞庭湖现场进行水淹螺卵试验，观察螺卵结构的动态变化。结果显示，对照组螺卵胶膜由胶原纤维层和基底膜组成，卵细胞核大，呈圆形或椭圆形，染色质丰富，细胞内含丰富线粒体、内质网和分泌颗粒等。水淹１０ｄ时，结构尚未见明显变化；至２０ｄ时，胶膜胶原纤维横纹不清，断裂有空洞，线粒体肿胀，嵴结构不清，核内染色质减少；３０ｄ时，出现核固缩或崩解，线粒体消失。说明在螺卵发育期水淹能很快使其发生病理损     

南水北调工程对日本血吸虫中间宿主湖北钉螺(Oncomelania hupensis)分布的影响

中国南水北调工程是缓解北方缺水和生态环境恶化的重大战略性工程.从长江下游引水北上的南水北调东线工程,因其引水口处在有日本血吸虫中间宿主湖北钉螺孳生的江苏省江都市,并且输水干线将穿过我国钉螺分布区及其最北点的宝应县(北纬33°15′)进入钉螺非分布区.为探讨因南水北调将钉螺带到北方钉螺非分布区后,钉螺能否生存与繁殖并形成新有螺区,研究沿工程输水干线在江苏徐州(北纬34°21′)和山东济宁(北纬35°23′)现场设点,采用螺笼放养定量观察法,对北移钉螺生存繁殖力及其子代钉螺的适应性作了为期8a的纵向观察;采用组织学、组织化学、酶组织化学及电镜技术,观察了北移钉螺生殖腺变化.结果:北移钉螺及其子代在徐州存活时间不超过8a,在济宁存活时间不超过1.5a;钉螺北移3～6个月后,其雌、雄生殖腺均呈萎缩状,相关代谢酶和组化成分含量出现异常变化.研究认为,南水北调若将钉螺移至北纬33°15′～34°21′地区,钉螺虽然能存活一定时间,但其繁殖力逐年下降,种群呈逐渐消亡趋势;若移至北纬35°23′以北地区,钉螺则难以存活.因而,随南水北调移至北纬33°15′以北地区的钉螺难以正常生存繁殖形成新的有螺区.     

Distribution and function of an Aplysia cardioexcitatory peptide, NdWFamide, in pulmonate snails

The distribution and function of an Aplysia cardioexcitatory peptide, NdWFamide, were examined in the nervous system of pulmonate snails. We chemically identified the authentic NdWFamide from a land snail (Euhadra congenita) and a freshwater snail (Lymnaea stagnalis). NdWFamide potentiated the heartbeat of those snails. Immunohistochemistry using anti-NdWFamide antibody demonstrated the distribution of NdWFamide-containing neurons and fibers in the central nervous system, as well as peripheral tissues, such as the cardiovascular region and accessory sex organs. These results suggest that NdWFamide is a neuropeptide mediating the neural regulation of the activity of the cardiovascular and reproductive systems of snails.     

Trichobilharzia ocellata: physiological characterization of giant growth, glycogen depletion, and absence of reproductive activity in the intermediate snail host, Lymnaea stagnalis

Giant growth, depletion of energy stores, and inhibition of reproductive activity are striking effects of many trematode parasites on their intermediate snail hosts. Two hypotheses have been put forward to explain these phenomena: (1) host and parasite compete for energy rich and other essential nutrients, with the parasite as the winner, and (2) the parasite intervenes in the endocrine control of reproduction of the snail. These hypotheses were tested in the present study with the Trichobilharzia ocellata/Lymnaea stagnalis association. The snails were infected at a juvenile stage, and release of cercariae started on Day 55 after exposure. It was shown that enhanced growth of infected snails is not paralleled by a greater increase in dry weight, but hemolymph volume does increase, being 35% greater than in the noninfected controls. Control snails, on the other hand, showed an increase in the percentage body dry weight during sexual maturation. The conclusion is that infected snails retain an essentially juvenile body structure. In control snails, glycogen was depleted from the mantle store at the start of egg laying but the onset of cercariae production marked a severe glycogen depletion from the headfoot and the mantle in infected snails, being nearly complete on Day 68 after exposure. The hemolymph glucose concentration was only slightly lower in infected than in control snails and it did not change (in both groups) during glycogen mobilization. This suggests that glycogen mobilization does not result from the snail and the parasite competing directly for metabolites within the hemolymph. Infection inhibited the maturation of the accessory sex organs: there was no increase in the relative wet weights nor in the amounts of DNA and secretion products in the albumin and prostate glands. Infected snails did not lay eggs. It is presumed that the parasite produces one or more agents which intervene in the action of the gonadotrophic hormones. The release of these agents commences at an early stage of infection.     

不同壳色福寿螺形态性状与体质量的关系

【背景】福寿螺因其食性杂、抗逆性和繁殖力强以及自然天敌少等不断扩散,侵害农作物,被列为我国首批外来入侵物种。国内外学者一直致力于研究对其的防治与监控。自然界中福寿螺存在2种壳色——黄色和黑色,壳色受遗传因素和环境因素的双重影响。广东省福寿螺多以黑色为主,福寿螺倾向于与不同壳色的螺交配。壳色在一定程度上影响其交配的选择性,但2种壳色的福寿螺繁殖力指标差异不显著。而关于这2种壳色的螺在形态学上的差异鲜有报道。【方法】利用生物统计软件和分析方法进行相关性分析、通径分析及多元回归分析,计算相关系数、通径系数和决定系数,研究2种壳色福寿螺形态性状与体质量的关系。【结果】2种壳色福寿螺的体质量、层高的变异系数较大,且黄色比黑色变异系数大。对黄色福寿螺体质量影响较大的依次为壳高、口宽;对黑色福寿螺体质量影响较大的依次为口宽、层高。【结论与意义】2种壳色福寿螺在形态性状方面差异显著,可以将壳色作为特征标记,为福寿螺的监测与灾害评估提供参考。     

Effects of snail size and age on the prevalence and intensity of avian schistosome infection: relating laboratory to field studies

Both the prevalence and intensity of patent infection by avian schistosomes (Trichobilharzia ocellata) increase with increasing size of lymnaeid snails (Stagnicola elrodi) collected in Flathead Lake, Montana. Because the size and age of a snail are positively correlated, snails of different sizes may have experienced differential duration of exposure to and development of infection. Another possibility is that infection itself induces snail gigantism. Each of these possibilities could lead to increased prevalence and intensity of infection among the oldest-largest snails. To decouple size variation from many correlated effects of age and to test for parasite-induced gigantism, laboratory experiments standardized snail size-age-at-infection, exposure history, inoculating dose, and duration of infection. The positive relationship between size and prevalence was eliminated in the laboratory, but the relationship between size and infection intensity remained. Laboratory results thus suggest that infection intensity is related to snail size per se, whereas prevalence in the field is related to snail size only through the correlation between size and age. In addition, under these experimental conditions, infected snails were no larger than uninfected snails, so the patterns observed in the field might not be attributable to gigantism.     

Copper in Helix pomatia (Gastropoda) is regulated by one single cell type: differently responsive metal pools in rhogocytes

Like all other animal species, terrestrial pulmonate snails require Cu as an essential trace element. On the other hand, elevated amounts of Cu can exert toxic effects on snails. The homeostatic regulation of Cu must therefore be a pivotal goal of terrestrial pulmonates to survive. Upon administration of Cu, snails accumulate the metal nearly equally in most of their organs. Quantitative studies in connection with HPLC and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry reveal that a certain fraction of Cu in snails is bound to a Cu-metallothionein (Cu-MT) isoform that occurs in most organs at constant concentrations, irrespective of whether the animals had been exposed to physiological or elevated amounts of Cu. In situ hybridization demonstrates that at the cellular level, the Cu-binding MT isoform is exclusively expressed in the so-called pore cells (or rhogocytes), which can be found in all major snail organs. The number of pore cells with Cu-MT mRNA reaction products remains unaffected by Cu exposure. Rhogocytes also are major storage sites of Cu in a granular form, the metal quickly entering the snail tissues upon elevated exposure. The number of rhogocytes with granular Cu precipitations strongly increases upon Cu administration via food. Thus, whereas Cu-MT in the rhogocytes represents a stable pool of Cu that apparently serves physiological tasks, the granular Cu precipitations form a second, quickly inducible, and more easily available pool of the metal that serves Cu regulation by responding to superphysiological metal exposure.     

Schistosoma mansoni: influence of Biomphalaria glabrata size on susceptibility to infection and resultant cercarial production

Biomphalaria glabrata snails of the same age, but different sizes, were used to determine size-related susceptibility to Schistosoma mansoni miracidial infection and the influence of snail size on total cercarial production. Snails with shell diameters from less than 5 to greater than 17 mm were individually exposed to one or several miracidia, depending on the experiment. In snails exposed to multiple numbers of miracidia, the percentage of snails which developed patent infections was lower in snails with larger shell sizes. This was also reflected by fewer primary sporocysts per infected snail found in tissues of the larger snails. Upon determining cercarial production in these groups over a 1-month period there were no statistical differences between any groups in the numbers of cercariae produced per snail. However, upon determining the number of successful primary sporocysts found in cohort snails of each size group, cercarial production increased as a function of the number of successful primary sporocysts. This was verified by examining cercarial production in various size snails with known monomiracidial infections. Our data therefore confirm and extend earlier work using snails infected with unknown numbers of miracidia and clearly show that total S. mansoni cercarial development and decreased susceptibility of snails is a direct reflection of snail size and not necessarily age of the snail.     

Activities of glutamate dehydrogenase and aspartate and alanine aminotransferases in freshwater snails Helisoma duryi and Lymnaea natalensis exposed to copper

In this paper we investigate the potential of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and aspartate and alanine aminotransferases (AST and ALT) as biomarkers of water pollution due to copper in the freshwater snails Helisoma duryi and Lymnaea natalensis. Snails were dosed with copper(II) ion concentrations of 0.01, 0.1 and 1 mg kg^-1 breeding water for a period of 96 h, after which those surviving were shelled. The copper content in the breeding water, in whole snail tissue and in the snail shells was determined at the end of the period of exposure. For enzyme determinations, whole snail tissue was first homogenized and fractionated by centrifugation at 500 g to remove the nuclei. The resulting supernatant was then centrifuged at 10 000 g to give a pellet fraction representing the mitochondrial fraction and a supernatant representing the cytosolic fraction. Copper was very toxic to both snail species at concentrations above 0.2 mg l^-1, with only 3% of the Helisoma and 12% of the Lymnaea surviving at concentrations of approximately 1 mg l^-1. The copper content in the shells and tissues of snails rose with increasing copper concentration in the breeding water, and was 2.1- to 4.9-fold in snails exposed to copper ion at a dose of 1 mg kg^-1 water compared with undosed snails. Similarly, the activities of GDH and AST rose by up to 4.7-fold in the homogenate and the mitochondrial and cytosolic fractions with increasing concentrations of copper. These activities, however, fell at copper concentrations of approximately 1 mg l^-1, which coincided with massive death of snails. Mitochondrial ALT disappeared at copper ion concentrations of approximately 0.2 mg l^-1 for Lymnaea and 1 mg l^-1 for Helisoma, possibly indicating mitochondrial degeneration. These results show that GDH, AST and ALT have the potential to be biomarkers of suplethal copper pollution in these two snail species, since their activities were significantly altered by low copper concentrations.     

The population density effects on the reproductive biology of the snail Bradybaena similaris (Férussac, 1821) (Mollusca, Gastropoda)

The influence of population density on some aspects of the reproductive biology of the snail Bradybaena similaris was studied. Molluscs were maintained under 0.2 (isolated), 0.3, 0.6, 1.0, 1.3 and 1.7 snail/m(2) densities. The animals maintained under 0.3 and 0.6 snail/m(2) showed the lowest numbers of eggs laid/snail, being the highest value observed to the 1.7 snail/m(2). The hatching of the snails maintained under 0.3 snail/m(2) density, begun at the 21st day after laying, and the maximum time required to the hatching was 36 days was observed to the eggs came from snails maintained under the densities 0.6, 1.0, 1.3 snail/m(2), respectively. The highest percentage hatchability (55.56%) was observed to isolated snails. The galactogen content in the albumen gland did not seem to accompany the alterations occurred in the reproduction of B. similaris in response to the different population densities.     

几种杀螺细菌的筛选与功效研究

湖北钉螺是日本血吸虫的唯一中间宿主,生物杀螺具有环保、成本较低以及对钉螺定向特异的优点。从鄱阳湖草洲土壤及病螺体内分离出4株对钉螺具有高毒性作用的细菌。革兰氏染色和显微镜观察表明,一株为芽孢杆菌,其余3株均为革兰氏阴性杆菌。16srDNA扩增及序列比对鉴定其种属类型,结果显示分别为Enterobactersp．、B．cereus、S．putrefaciens和Aeromonassp．。杀螺研究结果表明,4株细菌的发酵液、发酵上清液和菌体对钉螺均表现出不同程度的毒杀作用,其中S．putrefaciens和Aeromonassp．的杀螺效果最好,72h发酵液和发酵上清液对钉螺的毒杀作用分别达100％和95％以上。各细菌发酵上清SDS-PAGE结果发现了丰富蛋白带,推测这些蛋白中存在对钉螺具有毒杀功效的组分。     

The effect of some biological and physical factors on infection of Biomphalaria glabrata with Angiostrongylus cantonensis.

Several biological and physical factors which may influence infection of Biomphalaria glabrata snails with the first stage larvae of Angiostrongylus cantonensis were studied. These factors were: the size of snails, the number of first stage larvae to which snails were exposed, the age of larvae, individual exposure compared with mass exposure of snails, the length of exposure period and the effect of temperature and light. The results showed that young snails, 2 mm in diameter, became infected with significantly smaller numbers of third stage larvae than larger snails (4, 8, 12 and 16 mm). No significant differences in the intensity of infection were evident between the larger size groups. The number of third stage larvae recovered from snails was directly related to the number of first stage larvae to which the snails were exposed. The mean percentage recovery per snail was more or less constant regardless of the infective dose. First stage larvae showed a slight reduction in their survival rate within 7 and 4 days, at 24 degrees C and 26 degrees C respectively, after which a sharp decrease in their survival rate occurred. However, the infectivity of larvae was progressively reduced from the second day at these two temperatures. The mean intensity of infection in snails was independent of whether the infection was by mass or individual exposure. The average number of first stage larvae entering a snail was greatest during the first half hour of exposure, this decreased considerably during the second half hour, and thereafter the number of larvae which entered a snail was low. It was concluded that 26 degrees C was the optimal temperature for infection and that the presence or absence of light had no effect on the infection.