陆地土壤碳循环的研究动态

１　引　言陆地碳循环不仅关系到陆地生态系统生产力的形成，同时也影响到整个地球系统的能量平衡，是陆地生态系统结构和功能的综合体现。近几十年来，由于人类活动引起大气ＣＯ２浓度的急剧上升，并可能导致全球气候变化，而且这种变化与陆地碳循环之间存在复杂的相互反馈机制，陆地碳循环已成为生态学、气候学、土壤学、生理学及地质学等众多学科研究的共同目标。在国际地圈生物圈研究计划（ＩＧＢＰ）中，碳循环也是全球尺度模型化工作最初集中的主要目标［１３］。然而由于陆地生态系统的多样性和复杂性，目前在陆地碳循环研究中仍存…     

陆地碳循环研究中的模型方法

陆地碳循环是全球变化研究中的重要内容,碳循环模型已成为研究陆地碳循环的必要方法．其中气候变化、大气ＣＯ２浓度上升以及人类活动引起的土地利用和土地覆盖变化导致陆地生态系统在结构、功能、组成和分布等方面的变化及其反馈关系对陆地碳循环的影响是模型模拟的关键问题．生物地理模型和生物地球化学模型是碳循环模型的两大类型,建模方法、模型性质、特点和应用范围各异．碳循环模型的发展方向是综合两类模型的特点,建立全球动态碳循环模型．     

CO_2倍增对植物生长和土壤微生物生物量碳、氮的影响

关于大气ＣＯ２浓度倍增（即为７００μｍｏｌＣＯ２·ｍｏｌ－１空气）将对植物生长产生诸多影响,已有大量报道［１,２］。但ＣＯ２倍增对植物及所在土壤中微生物影响的研究甚少［３,４］。土壤微生物是陆地生态系统中最活跃的成分,担负着分解动植物残体的重要作用,...     

CO2浓度升高对植物-土壤系统地下部分碳流通的影响

目前 ,由于化石燃料的燃烧和土地利用的改变 ,每年释放到大气中的碳大约有 7Ｇｔ[2 4 ] ,其中 ,有 3Ｇｔ留在大气中 ,2Ｇｔ被固定在深海中 ,另 2Ｇｔ被植物固定在生态系统中[19,4 8] ,事实上 ,陆地生态系统中的碳大部分都贮存在土壤中[4 4 ] ,所以植物与土壤之间的碳流通对全球碳循环极为重要。大气ＣＯ2 浓度升高有可能通过生态系统中的各种生理过程来改变植物 -土壤系统中碳通量的变化 ,使输入土壤的碳量增加 ,另一方面 ,地下部分碳通量的增加使土体成为一个潜在的碳汇 ,有可能缓解大气中ＣＯ2 浓度的升高。但有关高ＣＯ2 对地下部分植物…     

大气CO2浓度升高与森林群落结构的可能性变化

大气ＣＯ２浓度升高的所引起的森林生态系统稳定性的变化会导致森林在结构和功能上的变动,概述了大气ＣＯ２浓度升高和陆地森林生态系统可能性变化之间的相互关系的研究情况。由于大气ＣＯ２浓度升高出现了额外多的Ｃ,供应,讨论了以这些额外多的Ｃ经大气－植物－土壤途径的流动走向,来研究大气ＣＯ２浓度的升高,与森林结构的相互作用,探讨了大气ＣＯ２浓度升高对森林植物生长、冠层结构、引发的生物量增量的分配、凋落物质量和     

用于测定陆地生态系统与大气间CO2交换通量的多通道全自动通量箱系统

陆地生态系统与大气间CO2交换是全球碳循环的最重要组成部分,科学地测定其CO2交换通量一直是陆地生态系统碳循环研究的核心工作之一。提高观测的效率和减少观测对自然的干扰,是科学精确地估算区域和全球尺度上的陆地生态系统与大气间CO2交换量的关键。在参考国内外已有的陆地生态系统与大气间CO2交换通量箱式法观测技术的基础上,发展了一套多通道全自动通量箱系统用来连续观测陆地生态系统或土壤与大气间的CO2交换通量。在黄土高原中国科学院长武农业生态试验站的麦田和苹果园中进行了系统测试,结果表明,该系统不但能够实现自动、连续、多点观测,而且对自然环境的影响比较小,在田间的实验观测中,该系统运行稳定,能够比较客观地得到陆地生态系统与大气间的CO2交换通量。     

气候变暖与稻谷生产的相互影响及对策

稻田是大气甲烷的一个排放“源”,但稻株却从大气中吸收ＣＯ２,因而是大气ＣＯ２的一个“汇”,两乾构成稻田生态系统的碳循环。根据稻田生态系统的碳循环和我国稻谷生产 史,进一步论述气候与我国稻谷生产的相互影响。结果表明,我国稻谷生产不会加速气候变暖的进程,并提出保持好生态环境的发展稻谷生产对策 。     

UV-B辐射增强对陆地生态系统碳循环的影响

作为全球变化的重要现象之一,紫外射线B(UV-B,波长280～320 nm)辐射增强对陆地生态系统碳循环具有重要影响.UV-B辐射增强主要通过改变植物的光合作用、凋落物分解以及土壤呼吸来影响陆地生态系统碳的输入和转化输出.其他气候因子(大气CO2浓度、温度和水分)可能会促进或减缓UV-B辐射对陆地生态系统碳循环的作用.本文介绍了UV-B辐射增强的背景,综述了国内外近年来UV-B辐射增强及与其他气候因子交互作用对陆地生态系统碳循环的影响,总结了目前研究存在的不足,讨论了未来的研究重点和方向.     

菌根真菌在陆地生态系统碳循环中的作用

在陆地生态系统中,土壤、植被与大气之间有着可观的碳交换通量,陆地生态系统碳循环也和全球气候变化密切关联。菌根真菌可与绝大多数陆地植物建立菌根共生关系,通过矿质养分-碳交换连接起生态系统地上与地下部分,深度参与和影响陆地生态系统的碳循环过程。该文从碳的输入,土壤有机质的形成、稳定和分解等4个关键环节分别论述了菌根真菌在陆地生态系统碳循环中的作用。研究表明,菌根真菌在陆地生态系统碳的输入过程中扮演关键角色,其通过改善植物矿质营养,参与植物逆境响应,影响植物的光合作用强度,以及调控植物多样性与生产力之间的关系等多种途径,维持或提高植被初级生产力;大气中的CO₂被植物固定后,一部分碳经由菌丝网络输送到土壤中,随后经微生物的分解和转化,与矿物结合或被团聚体包裹而被稳定在土壤中;同时,菌根真菌通过影响根际激发效应和菌丝际生物化学过程,如分泌特定胞外酶,与菌丝际微生物互作,驱动芬顿反应,以及与腐生微生物竞争等,调控土壤有机质的分解和转化过程。考虑到菌根真菌对环境和气候变化的敏感性,该文还探讨了全球变化因子对菌根真菌介导的碳循环过程的影响。最后,该文对未来研究方向进行了展望,并提...     

陆地生态系统碳源与碳汇及其影响机制研究进展

全球碳循环研究中发现,目前已知碳源与碳汇不能达到平衡。存在一个很大的碳失汇。大气、海洋和陆地生态系统是人工源CO2的3个可能的容纳汇,其中陆地生态系统最复杂、最具不确定性,因此陆地生态系统碳源与碳汇研究是全球碳循环研究的核心问题之一。大气成分监测、CO2通量测定、森林资源清查以及模型模拟等方面的研究都表明,CO2施肥效应、氮沉降增加、污染、全球气候变化以及土地利用变化,是影响陆地生态系统碳储量的主要生态机制,但不确定在过去的10～100年以及未来哪一种机制起最主要的作用。     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望。     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

2017年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2017年中国植物科学继续保持高速发展态势, 重大成果频出, 具体表现在中国植物学家在国际顶级学术期刊发表的文章数量平稳上升。中国植物科学领域的研究工作者成果精彩纷呈, 如新型广谱抗病机制的发现、水稻广谱抗病遗传基础及机制和疫霉菌诱发病害成灾机制研究等。2017年中国生命科学领域十大进展评选中, 有两项植物科学领域的研究成果入选。水稻生物学、进化与基因组学和激素生物学等领域学科发展突出。另外, 值得一提的是, 长期从事高等植物与代谢途径调控分子网络研究和水稻品种设计育种的李家洋院士的研究成果“水稻高产优质性状形成的分子机理及品种设计”荣获2017年国家自然科学一等奖。这一具有重大国际影响的开创性贡献标志着中国植物科学在该领域的国际科学前沿居于引领和卓越地位。该文对2017年中国本土科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了系统梳理, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域发展的最新前沿动态, 与广大读者共同分享我国科学家所取得的辉煌成就。     

Morphine-potentiated platelet aggregation in in vitro and platelet plug formation in in vivo experiments

The detailed mechanisms underlying morphine-signaling pathways in platelets remain obscure. Therefore, we systematically examined the influence of morphine on washed human platelets. In this study, washed human platelet suspensions were used for in vitro studies. Furthermore, platelet thrombus formation induced by irradiation of mesenteric venules with filtered light in mice pretreated with fluorescein sodium was used for an in vivo thrombotic study. Morphine concentration dependently (0.6, 1, and 5 microM) potentiated platelet aggregation and the ATP release reaction stimulated by agonists (i.e., collagen and U46619) in washed human platelets. Yohimbine (0.1 microM), a specific alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist, markedly abolished the potentiation of morphine in platelet aggregation stimulated by agonists. Morphine also potentiated phosphoinositide breakdown and intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization in human platelets stimulated by collagen (1 microg/ml). Moreover, morphine (0.6-5 microM) markedly inhibited prostaglandin E(1) (10 microM)-induced cyclic AMP formation in human platelets, while yohimbine (0.1 microM) significantly reversed the inhibition of cyclic AMP by morphine (0.6 and 1 microM) in this study. The thrombin-evoked increase in pH(i) was markedly potentiated in the presence of morphine (1 and 5 microM). Morphine (2 and 5 mg/g) significantly shortened the time require to induce platelet plug formation in mesenteric venules. We concluded that morphine may exert its potentiation in platelet aggregation by binding to alpha(2)-adrenoceptors in human platelets, with a resulting inhibition of adenylate cyclase, thereby reducing intracellular cyclic AMP formation followed by increased activation of phospholipase C and the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger. This leads to increased intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization, and finally potentiation of platelet aggregation and of the ATP release reaction.     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义.综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望.     

Progress in glial cell studies in some laboratories in China

Glial cells in the central nervous system(CNS) consist of a heterogeneous population of cell types,each characterized by distinct morphological features,physiological properties,and specific markers.In contrast to the previous view that glial cells were passive elements in the brain,accumulating evidence suggests that glial cells are active participants in various brain functions and brain disorders.This review summarizes recent progress of glial cell studies from several groups in China,ranging from studie...     

Changes in aquatic vegetation in Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace in relation to disturbance

Abstract. Changes are described in aquatic vegetation in oligotrophic, groundwater-fed Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace (eastern France), resulting from disturbance. Disturbance factors include changes in nutrients, either permanent ones - effluent from a waste water treatment plant or trout hatcheries - or periodic ones: flooding. Regular inputs of high levels of phosphate and ammonia modified the macrophyte vegetation in these streams. The floristic composition, which was characteristic of oligotrophic waters upstream of the eutrophicated sector, changed to that of a eutrophic situation as originally found downstream. Periodic disturbance by floods which normally occur once a year, irregularly eutrophicates the small streams, causing the development of a mixture of eutrophic and oligotrophic species. Six macrophyte communities are distinguished, indicating different trophic levels. The aquatic vegetation is adapted to the variations of phosphate and ammonia levels. Hence, aquatic macrophytes can be used as bio-indicators of fluctuations in water nutrient levels in relation to the type of disturbance.